Integrated Pest Management. Michael Bomford, PhD AFE 217 Plant Science 10/9/12

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1 Integrated Pest Management Michael Bomford, PhD AFE 217 Plant Science 10/9/12

2 What are agricultural pests? Compete with humans for food / fiber Well-adapted to agricultural environments Represent all kingdoms Bacteria Archea Eucaryota Fungi Plants Animals Insects Mites Invertabrates Vertebrates Diseases or Pathogens Weeds Pests

3 Pests: Defined and created by people Product of habitat Food Breeding opportunities Overwintering locations Destruction of competition predators parasites diseases

4 Pest Management Approaches 1. Genetic Host Resistance 2. Cultural Practices 3. Chemical Applications 4. Biological Control 5. Government Regulation

5 Genetic Host Resistance Occurs naturally Susceptible plants die out Resistant plants survive and reproduce Can be introduced through classical plant breeding Plant breeders select for resistant traits in agricultural crops Need natural source for resistance genes in related plants Can be introduced through genetic modification E.g. bacterial genes for production of protein toxic to caterpillars introduced into agriculturally important crops ( Bt crops ) Any species can be source of resistance genes

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8 Hairy potato stems Resistance to Colorado Potato Beetle

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10 Cultural Practices Modify agro-ecosystem to favor crop growth over pest Cultivation Planting Density, row spacing Mulching Water management Irrigation Drainage Fertility management Crop rotation Cover cropping Sanitation Equipment Field

11 Disease Triangle Organism Environment Host

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13 Chemical Applications Pesticides Herbicides kill weeds Insecticides kill insect pests Miticides kill mites Antibiotics kill bacteria Fungicides kill fungi Nematicides kill nematodes Biocides kill all sorts of living things Pesticides can come from natural sources or be chemically synthesized

14 Biological Control Use of organisms that kill or suppress pests Parasites Competitors Diseases Organisms may be introduced or naturally existing populations may be encouraged

15 Government Regulation Inspection Isolation Quarantine Trade barriers Eradication programs

16 Economic Threshold Level of infestation or infection at which economic value of crop is compromised No treatment needed below economic threshold Sometimes economic threshold is zero E.g. lettuce

17 Pest lifecycle (e.g. Anthracnose)

18 Plant lifecycles Annual Complete lifecycle every year Lots of seeds Long-lived seeds Biennial Complete lifecycle every other year Can act like short-lived perennials Perennial Lives many years Vegetative propagules Fewer seeds Deep roots Image: Land Institute

19 Johnsongrass roots

20 Problem Weeds Often Have Similar Lifecycle and Needs to Crop Both corn and pigweed are annuals with high nitrogen demand Corn Pigweed in Corn

21 Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients. Early removal is critical.

22 Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients. Early removal is critical. Early removal Late removal

23 Cultural weed control Crop planting date Late planting allows pre-plant weed control and rapid crop growth Crop row spacing Tight spacing helps crop compete Crop rotation Alternate crops with different lifecycles Flooding Cover crops Including allelopathic crops Mechanical control Mowing Burying Between-row cultivation Mulches, solarization Fire Flame weeding Burning

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26 Biological Weed Control Use organisms that kill or stress weeds Specialist insects Diseases Comparatively slow Repeated releases can be expensive Cheap if organism establishes itself

27 St. Johnswort Medicinal Anti-depressant Increases susceptibility to sunburn Weed in rangelands Controlled through combination of Chrysolina beetles and Anthracnose fungus

28 Chemical Weed Control Selectivity Non-selective (e.g. Roundup) Broadleaf only (e.g. 2,4-D) Grasses only (e.g. Fusilade) Timing Burn down Pre-plant Pre-emergent Post-emergent

29 EPA, 2011

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32 Herbicide Resistance Repeated use of herbicides with similar modes of action selects for weeds that can tolerate the herbicide Rapidly growing number of herbicide resistant weeds Some super weeds are resistant to multiple herbicides Combine different modes of action and different weed management strategies to avoid resistance

33 WorldWatch, 2000

34 Organic weed control Depends mainly on cultural and biological control No synthetic herbicides Very limited natural herbicides Acetic acid, corn gluten meal Often more dependent on cultivation One of the biggest production challenges for new growers Often more labor intensive

35 Biodiversity (Based on taxonomists counts) Daly, 1978

36 Dual View: Taxonomists' counts (pie chart) suggest that insects dominate the diversity game, but new analyses reveal that microbes are the real winners. Service, 1997

37 Five Largest Insect Orders 1. Coleoptera Beetles, weevils 2. Lepidoptera Butterflies, moths, caterpillars 3. Hymenoptera Bees, wasps, ants 4. Diptera True flies 5. Heteroptera True bugs and buglike insects Most insects (>99%) aren t pests! Many are beneficial!

38 Insect lifecycle - metamorphosis

39 Insect lifecycle - metamorphosis

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41 Insect Pest Management Genetic host resistance Biological control Cultural control Physical control Chemical control

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44 LD 50 LD=Lethal Dose Oral dose that kills 50% of test subjects Milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight <50: DANGER POISON (FATAL) : WARNING (MAY BE FATAL) >500: CAUTION

45 Pesticides also have non-lethal effects Representative drawings of a person by 4-yearold (left) and 5- year-old (right) Yaqui children from the valley and foothills of Sonora, Mexico. Guilette et al., 1998

46 Bomford disagrees

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