2016 U.S. Animal Food Consumption Report

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1 2016 U.S. Animal Food Consumption Report Prepared for: Prepared by: December 2017

2 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Contents List of Figures... 4 Executive Summary... 5 Introduction... 7 Historical Production of Farm Commodities... 7 Grains and Oilseed Meals Feed Mill Distribution in the United States Methodology Broilers Egg-Laying Hens Turkeys Hogs Dairy Cows Cattle on Feed Sheep Horses Aquaculture Results Totals Broilers Egg-Laying Hens Turkeys Hogs Dairy Cows Cattle on Feed Sheep Horses Aquaculture References Appendix A, Animal Food Consumption Tables Page 2

3 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Totals Broilers Egg-Laying Hens Turkeys Hogs Dairy Cows Cattle on Feed Sheep Horses Aquaculture Appendix B, Subject Matter Experts Page 3

4 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 List of Figures Figure 1, Grains Figure 2, Oilseed Meals Figure 3, Cities with at Least One Feed Mill Figure 4, Cities with at Least One Pet Food Manufacturing Facility Figure 5, Broiler Diet Regions Figure 6, Layer Diet Regions Figure 7, Turkey Diet Regions Figure 8, Hog Diet Regions Figure 9, Dairy Cow Diet Regions Figure 10, Cattle on Feed Diet Regions Figure 11, Estimated 2016 Total Diet Composition Figure 12, 2016 Total Animal Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 13, Estimated 2016 Broiler Diet Composition Figure 14, Broiler Chickens 2016 Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 15, Estimated 2016 Egg-Laying Hen Diet Composition Figure 16, Egg-Laying Hens Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 17, Estimated 2016 Turkey Diet Composition Figure 18, Turkeys Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 19, Estimated 2016 Hog Diet Composition Figure 20, Hogs Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 21, Estimated 2016 Dairy Cow Diet Composition Figure 22, Dairy Cows Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 23, Estimated 2016 Cattle on Feed Diet Composition Figure 24, Cattle on Feed Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 25, Estimated 2016 Sheep Diet Composition Figure 26, Sheep Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 27, Estimated 2016 Horse Diet Composition Figure 28, Horses Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Figure 29, Estimated 2016 Aquaculture Diet Composition Figure 30, Aquaculture Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 4

5 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Executive Summary For more than ten years, the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) has provided general numbers that show the amount of food consumed by animal species. AFIA compiled these numbers using data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture s National Agricultural Statistics Service on the number of animals processed for food each year and, working backwards, estimated a general diet per animal species to get the total amount of food consumed by livestock and poultry. Although these estimates proved helpful to the industry, AFIA sought to drill down even further into the ingredients used throughout the course of each species lives by state and region to help its members better articulate the value of this industry to public and policymaker audiences. The Institute for Feed Education and Research (IFEEDER), AFIA s public charity, hired Decision Innovation Solutions (DIS) with the primary objective to more thoroughly estimate the amount of animal food consumed by animal species by life stage (as appropriate) by state and region. DIS worked with roughly 25 industry and university nutritionists and subject matter experts, who have significant practical industry experience, to determine the specific diets that animals are fed at different times of their lives, taking into account regional differences due to supply and general practices. This bottom-up approach helped DIS more accurately estimate animal food consumption by the various segments within animal agriculture. Using methodology described herein, DIS estimated the overall quantities of animal food ingredients that normally pass through feed mills. DIS found that approximately million tons of food were fed to the top nine livestock, poultry and aquatic animal species in In descending order of quantity fed by species, the ranking is as follows: million tons fed to 24.2 million cattle on feed million tons fed to 8.7 billion broiler chickens million tons fed to 6 million sows, 54.9 million nursery pigs and million hogs million tons fed to 9.3 million dairy cows million tons fed to million egg layers, 72.6 million pullets and 58.2 million breeder layers million tons fed to million turkeys 7. 8 million tons fed to 8.8 million horses ,000 tons fed to million catfish, 1.4 billion shrimp, million trout, 44.5 million tilapia, 7.4 million hybrid striped bass and 25.9 yellow perch ,000 tons fed to 3.3 million lambs and 3.1 million ewes Five states topped the list in tons of animal food fed to animals in 2016: 1. Iowa, 21.1 million tons, primarily to hogs, cattle on feed and egg-laying hens Page 5

6 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December Texas, 17.3 million tons, primarily to cattle on feed, broilers and dairy cows 3. Nebraska, 15.4 million tons, primarily to cattle on feed and hogs 4. North Carolina, 12.6 million tons, primarily to hogs, broilers and turkeys 5. Minnesota, 11.3 million tons, primarily to hogs, cattle on feed and turkeys Looking forward, it is important to note that demographical shifts in export markets, diet preferences, nutritional requirements, regulatory environments and production economics will continue to have a significant impact on where and how livestock, poultry and aquaculture are raised in the United States. As animal populations and production numbers fluctuate over time, both in total numbers and geography, the tables, charts and maps contained in this report will change, particularly for those species that consume large amounts of feed procured through feed mills (e.g., cattle on feed, broilers and hogs). Page 6

7 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Introduction The total amount of feed for U.S. livestock, poultry and aquaculture that passes through feed mills is not well understood. This is primarily because estimates have been driven by animal production numbers with assumed feed conversion ratios 1 without regard to life-stage diet changes or regional differences. While this approach shows estimated changes year over year, the fact that diets are not adjusted for geography, stage of life, and in many cases, economics, makes it impossible to accurately quantify the amount of food that is consumed by animal species in the United States each year. IFEEDER hired DIS of Urbandale, Iowa, to conduct research on animal food consumption using a different approach. The methodology DIS utilized differed from historical analyses conducted by AFIA in a few important ways. In general, DIS used a bottom-up approach to estimate animal food consumed from the beginning of the production cycle, rather than the end (i.e., working backwards from pounds of meat or eggs produced). DIS focused on the appropriate diets fed to the many segments of animal agriculture for the nine animal agriculture segments included in this analysis. These diets were adjusted for geography, stage of life and economics present in Included in this report is an overview of why and where certain feed ingredients are fed to livestock, poultry and aquaculture and additional background on feed ingredient allocation in the United States. Historical Production of Farm Commodities Corn, soybeans, alfalfa hay, distiller s dried grains with solubles (DDGs), oats, barley, sorghum, and wheat are key crops used in animal food diets. Learning more about the trends within these crop markets provides insight into animal food pricing as well as the variety of inputs in animal diets. Furthermore, these markets are influenced by a number of issues ranging from poor harvests to government policy changes. DIS used data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), Economic Research Service (ERS), and the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) to provide historical background to the commodity markets in this section. Ethanol production also increased sharply in the early to mid-2000s due to a number of technological advances (e.g., dry milling) and policy changes (e.g., renewable fuels standard). Increased ethanol production fueled an increase in DDGs production. Although the early production of DDGs was fraught with inconsistency between and within producers (i.e., ethanol plants), great improvements over the years have been made as ethanol production margins 1 A feed conversion ratio is a measure of the number of pounds of feed required to produce one pound of weight gain. Page 7

8 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 have come down, incentivizing investment in quality improvements of DDGs. The following charts summarize the historical production of the main feed ingredients and indicate that from 1980 to 2016, the production of small grains (i.e., wheat, barley and oats), sorghum and alfalfa decreased. However, during the same time period, corn, DDGs, and soybeans (meal) increased. Page 8

9 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Grains and Oilseed Meals Corn is the most highly consumed grain in animal diets. The quantity of corn used as a feed ingredient is dependent upon the crop s supply and price. The supply and price of corn is greatly affected by advances in technology (both genetic and mechanical) as well farm policy. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a steady decrease in the amount of grains other than corn (i.e., grain sorghum, barley, oats and wheat) used in feeds. This is represented by the red dotted line in Figure 1, which shows corn percentage of total animal consumption increasing over time. (USDA ERS, Capehart) In addition, there have been decreases in the total consumption of animal food from the 2004/05 marketing year (MY) through the 2012/13 MY, but this decreasing trend reversed in 2013/14 MY. This is partly due to drought conditions in the Midwest, which were at their worst in These conditions had the most significant effects on cattle on feed, which rely on corn for nearly 50 percent of their feed. Page 9

10 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Figure 1, Grains As seen in Figure 2, there have been notable increases in the amount of total oilseed meals fed to livestock and poultry. Oilseed meals have increased in total consumption over the last 25+ years, but the dominance of soybean meal in animal diets in relation to other oilseed meals has decreased. Much of the increase in oilseed supply for feed is due to increases in corn production and the need for a rotation crop. Furthermore, advancing genetics and processing technology have increased, making a stronger market for oilseeds. Additionally, support of minor oilseed crops was boosted by the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, which decreased the risks of planting less popular oilseed crops, thereby increasing the farmer profits. Other oilseed meals, such as canola meal (or rapeseed meal), have gradually taken up more of total consumption since Soybean meal has decreased slightly from 86 percent of oilseed meal market share to 81 percent. Canola meal consumption has increased from 4.2 million metric tons (MMT) between 1990/91 and 2016/17. Soybean meal consumption has also increased 10.1 MMT during the same period. This is due to the increased availability (thus decreased price) as well as the increasing awareness of the protein value of oilseed meals as a feed additive, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cows and pigs. (USDA ERS, Ash) Page 10

11 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Figure 2, Oilseed Meals 2017 Feed Mill Distribution in the United States Across the United States, more than 9.6 billion 2 food-producing animals are raised annually. These include broilers, turkeys, egg-laying hens (layers), hogs, dairy cows, cattle on feed, horses, aquaculture, and sheep. As such, U.S. animal agriculture, mainly farmers and ranchers, are the animal food manufacturing industry s primary customers. To best serve its customers and meet demand requirements, feed mills strive to minimize two aspects of their business through selecting a strategic location. The first is to select a location that is within close proximity to feed inputs (e.g., grains and oilseeds), and the other is a location that minimizes feed transportation costs to the animals that will consume the feed. With these two considerations in mind, it is clear why the areas with the most feed mills coincide with the most concentrated populations of animals on feed and inputs for feed processing. Figure 3 represents the distribution of the 2,200 animal feed mills across the United States, where each dot represents a city that has at least one feed mill, based on data from the Food 2 Source: American Feed Industry Association, AFIA Industry Infographic Page 11

12 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 and Drug Administration. 3 With the data presented, a clear conclusion can be made that the concentration of animals on feed as well as the production of the necessary feed ingredients occurs in the midwestern, southern and eastern regions of the United States. The distribution of pet food manufacturing facilities is also relevant for results in this analysis. Figure 4 shows the cities that have at least one of the 517 U.S. pet food manufacturing facilities, based on data from the FDA. Figure 3, Cities with at Least One Feed Mill 3 FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (accessed on 09/27/2017): Page 12

13 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Figure 4, Cities with at Least One Pet Food Manufacturing Facility Page 13

14 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Methodology DIS s primary objective has been to estimate animal food consumption by animal species by life stage (as appropriate) by state and region. Efforts to ascertain animal food consumption has been undertaken in the past, but this methodology differed in a few important ways. In general, DIS s approach of estimating the total amount of animal food consumption started at the beginning of the production cycle, rather than the end (i.e., working backwards from pounds of meat or eggs produced to ascertain the total number of animals to food provided). DIS focused on determining the appropriate diets fed to the nine main segments of animal agriculture, essentially employing a bottom-up approach to estimating animal food consumption by animal agriculture segments. To better understand the current state of the animal food industry, DIS contacted more than 25 industry and university nutritionists and subject matter experts, who have significant practical industry experience (see Appendix A for a complete list of experts), to understand the following attributes for each of the animal species within the study: 1. Total animal population by state and region a. Broken out by stage of life, as appropriate b. Relevant production and practice trends taking place i. Recognition and identification of geographic shifts in production areas taking place as part of a mid- to longer-term trend; and ii. An understanding of best management practices with regard to diets that may be changing in a way that has implications for the overall demand for animal food. 2. Typical ration ingredients and associated inclusion rates a. Regional differences in production practices and ration ingredient availability and their impact on animal diets. DIS used the above outline to collect notes in numerous phone, web conference, and interviews with the chosen subject matter experts. The subject matter experts identified specific conditions unique to some species and DIS incorporated that into its estimates of total animal food consumed. The report shows an explanation of the approach DIS took to estimate the animal food consumed by species. Page 14

15 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Broilers DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by broilers: 1. Calculated the total broiler production by state a. Broiler production and slaughter numbers are available in monthly and/or annual reports produced by USDA/NASS for 19 major broiler-producing states. i. While this covers a majority of the annual production, the reports did not provide a sound basis for distributing the Other States data. ii. Using publicly available data and internally developed methodology and resources, DIS allocated the Other States data to the missing states. 2. Accounted for the distribution of broiler production by target weight a. Data needed to account for varying finishing weights: broilers are typically raised to one of four target weights (3.70 lbs. for fast food, 5.50 lbs. for whole birds, 7 lbs. for tray packs, and 9.20 lbs. for big birds). b. Since the grow-out period and resulting feed consumption is different for each weight range, the numbers of birds grown to each target weight were also estimated. c. DIS used the finish weight distribution from a weighted (by head and average live weight) summary of 52 weekly NW_PY002 reports (CY2016) from the USDA s Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA/AMS). i. This distribution was then applied to USDA NASS production data, which did not differentiate by finishing weights. 3. Calculated the feed intake by finishing weight a. The average finishing weight (by head) of broilers in 2016 was approximately 6.15 pounds. b. The average life-cycle feed intake ranged from 7.4 pounds for Fast Food birds to 18.3 pounds for Big Birds. c. Diets were adjusted to four finishing weights to account for varying total feed intake and weighted by their respective shares in each state. 4. Determined regional diets a. Worked with Justin Fowler of the University of Georgia to determine three regional diets (see Figure 5). b. These diets were then weighted based upon their estimated usage. For example, Nebraska s applied diet was 75 percent weighted to the Midwest diet and 25 percent weighted to the Rest diet. Similar weighting was done for other states as applicable. (The shading in the map denotes which diet was weighted most heavily.) Page 15

16 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December Summarized consumption of diet ingredient by quantity (in tons). Figure 5, Broiler Diet Regions Page 16

17 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Egg-Laying Hens DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by layers: 1. Recognized that there are four general types of layers for which to account, each of which has differing nutritional requirements and feed intake. These types of layers are: a. Table-egg layers i. Layers that lay eggs for table-egg consumption. b. Table-egg layer pullets i. Pullets ages 0-18 weeks of age that will become table-egg layers. c. Breeder layers, table i. Laying hens that lay eggs, which become table-egg pullets. d. Breeder layers, broiler i. Laying hens that lay eggs, which become broiler pullets. 2. Obtained monthly table-egg layer inventory data from the USDA s Chicken and Eggs Summary report, which contains inventory estimates by state for table and broiler layers. a. Used this report as the basis for estimating all four types of layers. 3. Worked with Justin Fowler of the University of Georgia to determine the appropriate diets for each type of layer. a. Breeder layers, broiler diet b. Table-egg layer pullets diet c. Created three regional, peak-layer diets (see Figure 6); breeder layers, table were assumed to have the same diet as peak-layers. i. These Peak diets were then weighted based upon their estimated usage. For example, Missouri s applied diet was 75 percent weighted to the Midwest diet and 25 percent weighted to the South diet. Similar weighting was done for other states as applicable. The shading in the map (Figure 6) denotes which diet was weighted most heavily. 4. Summarized consumption of diet ingredient by quantity (in tons). Page 17

18 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Figure 6, Layer Diet Regions Page 18

19 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Turkeys DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by turkeys: 1. Obtained 2016 turkey production from USDA s Poultry Production and Value, 2016 Summary report. This report included data for 19 major turkey-producing states. a. While this covers a majority of the annual production, the reports did not provide a sound basis for distributing the Other States data. Using publicly available data and internally developed methodology and resources, DIS allocated the Other States data to the missing states. 2. Worked with Meghan Schwartz, a private turkey nutritionist, to determine four regional diets (see Figure 7) for turkeys. These diets were then weighted based upon their estimated usage. For example, Oklahoma s applied diet was 75 percent weighted to the South diet and 25 percent weighted to the Midwest diet. Similar weighting was done for other states as applicable. Shading in the map on Figure 7 denotes which diet was weighted most heavily. 3. Feed consumption per finished turkey was adjusted by the following categories: a. Toms (50 percent of total turkeys) b. Light Hens (65 percent of 50 percent of total turkeys) c. Heavy Hens (35 percent of 50 percent of total turkeys) 4. Summarized consumption of diet ingredient by quantity (in tons). Figure 7, Turkey Diet Regions Page 19

20 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Hogs DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by hogs: 1. Obtained marketing data from the USDA s Meat Animal Production, Disposition, and Income 2016 Summary report. 2. Worked with Nick Shelton of NutriQuest to determine three appropriate regional diets for hogs at their various life stages (see Figure 8). These diets were then weighted based upon their estimated usage. For example, Colorado s applied diet was 75 percent weighted to the Rest diet and 25 percent weighted to the Midwest diet. Similar weighting was done for other states as applicable. The shading in the map (Figure 8) denotes the diet that was weighted most heavily. 3. Three regional diets reflected the following: a. A composite Gestation/Lactation ration, based upon two sub-phases; b. A composite Nursery ration, based upon four sub-phases; and c. A composite Grower/Finisher, based upon six sub-phases. 4. Adapted the hog inventory by weight and breeding stock data from the USDA to correspond with the diets provided by Shelton. 5. Summarized the consumption of diet ingredient by quantity (in tons). Figure 8, Hog Diet Regions Page 20

21 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Dairy Cows DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by dairy cows: 1. Obtained monthly inventory data by state from the USDA NASS. 2. Calculated the annual average inventory. 3. Worked with Mike Hutjens of the University of Illinois to determine four appropriate regional diets for lactating dairy cattle in These diets were then weighted based upon their estimated usage (see Figure 9). For example, Iowa s applied diet was 75 percent weighted to the 70/30 Corn Silage/Alfalfa diet and 25 percent weighted to the 50/50 Corn Silage/Alfalfa diet. Similar weighting was done for other states as applicable. Shading on the map in Figure 9 denotes the diets that were weighted most heavily. 4. Summarized consumption of feed by ingredient (in tons). Figure 9, Dairy Cow Diet Regions Page 21

22 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Cattle on Feed DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by cattle on feed: 1. Obtained livestock slaughter data from the USDA s monthly Livestock Slaughter reports. Under guidance from the subject matter experts, DIS used data classified as Heifer Slaughter and Steer Slaughter in which to factor the diets against. 2. After working with Eric Bailey of the University of Missouri and other subject matter experts to determine the appropriate regional (northern and southern) diets for cattle on feed (see Figure 10), the following diets were created: a. Creep feed for young calves at or around weaning time; b. Receiving diets for producing calf-feds and yearlings, including: i. Regional diets fed to calf-feds placed on feed between 400 and 600 pounds; and ii. Regional diets fed to yearlings placed on feed between 650 and 750 pounds. c. Finishing diets for cattle on feed (for both calf-feds and yearlings) i. Regional diets fed to calf-feds between 600 and 1,250 pounds; and ii. Regional diets fed to yearlings between 750 and 1,350 pounds. 3. Additional assumptions: a. Feed conversion ratio of 6.0. b. Created transition diets for moving cattle from receiving diets to finishing diets. This included gradual steps toward finishing diets made in four steps, 5-7 days each, during the last four weeks of the receiving diet. c. Average daily gain for fed-calves was 3.6 and 4.2 pounds for yearlings. d. Corn gluten feed was favored 20 percent of the time in e. Ratio of calf-feds to yearlings at slaughter is 1:2 for all states, except Texas, which was assumed to be 56 percent calf-feds and 44 percent yearlings. This assumption was derived from the USDA s Cattle on Feed monthly reports. f. Roughage included any ingredient high in fiber (e.g., various types of hay, cornstalks and cottonseed hulls). g. Diet supplements typically contained minerals, vitamins and feed additives. Supplements were generally fed to the cattle via fine ground corn, which represented roughly 75 percent of the supplement. This portion of corn was included as corn in the summary. 4. Summarized consumption of diet ingredient by quantity (in tons). Page 22

23 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Figure 10, Cattle on Feed Diet Regions Sheep DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by sheep (ewes): 1. Obtained annual production data by state from the USDA NASS (annual Sheep and Goats report). 2. Due to low production and relatively low inclusion of prepared feeds, regional diets were not determined for sheep. 3. Except for during pregnancy and lactation, ewes do not consume large amounts of prepared feeds. Prepared feed ingredients are typically confined to shelled corn and soybean meal and changes depending on the state of pregnancy and number of lambs delivered (i.e., feeding of triplets by an ewe during lactation requires more supplemental feed than for a single-born lamb) were taken into account. 4. Summarized consumption of feed by ingredient (in tons). Page 23

24 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Horses DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by horses. 1. DIS used data from the American Veterinary Medical Association s (AVMA) 2012 U.S. Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook, to determine the number of horses in the country. a. This document provided estimates of horses per household for 2011 and estimates of total animal populations for the years 1996, 2001, 2006 and b. Data from this report were used as a basis to estimate horses by state for Used historical horse population data from the AVMA to estimate the horse populations by state for Worked with James Lattimer of Kansas State University to determine average food consumption rates for horses. 4. Due to low production and relatively low inclusion (up to five pounds per day) of prepared feeds, regional diets were not determined for horses. 5. The average daily consumption of animal food ingredients was factored against total 2016 estimated horse populations by state. Aquaculture DIS used the following methodology to estimate the total tonnage of animal food consumed by fish. 1. The U.S. Department of Agriculture s 2012 and 2013 Census of Aquaculture reports provided information on the number of aquaculture operations by species within each state and related sales information (by sales dollars, head count and live weight for species of fish and crustaceans raised for food and/or distribution in the United States). 2. Five major species were included in the study, including: a. Catfish b. Trout c. Tilapia d. Yellow perch e. Hybrid striped bass f. Shrimp (including saltwater shrimp and freshwater prawns) 3. In most species of food fish, the sales information is reported in four life stages: brood stock, fingerlings and fry, stockers and food size. g. This breakdown is not available for hybrid striped bass and yellow perch and is not applicable to crustaceans. Page 24

25 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December For trout and catfish, the USDA also produces annual reports for the previous two years. The data included in these USDA/NASS reports are very similar to the data included in the 2013 Census of Aquaculture in that they provide updated data on catfish and trout production. However, the number of operations data is not updated or included in the annual reports. 5. For all other species, DIS established a growth percentage from the 2013 Census of Aquaculture to create the 2016 estimates. The 2016 populations for each species included an adjustment for losses through the specific life stage growth period. 6. Working with industry experts, DIS developed an average target weight, the applicable feed rations and feed conversion ratios, to determine the estimated feed consumption for each species. In addition, DIS created an estimate for the percent of death losses for each species. A loss factor was established based on the assumption that losses occur evenly over the grow-out period. These factors were used to calculate the estimated feed consumption per head in each life stage category. 7. Summarized consumption of feed by ingredient (in tons). Page 25

26 2016 Animal Food Consumption Report December 2017 Results Using the methodology described previously, this section presents DIS s animal food consumption estimates by species by ingredient for the year In addition to the accompanying charts and tables (see Appendix A), DIS also estimated the ingredients which do not normally pass through feed mills (e.g., corn silage, legume silage and roughage). However, these ingredients were excluded from all charts and tables to keep the focus of the report consistent. Totals As shown in Figure 11 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. livestock, poultry and aquaculture in 2016 equaled approximately million tons. The map in Figure 12 shows how that is broken out by state. The top states for overall food consumed include Iowa, Texas, Nebraska, North Carolina and Minnesota. Slightly more than half of the total amount came from corn, the most abundantly produced crop in the United States. Adding soybean meal and DDGs, two other commodities produced in large quantities, to corn s share represented more than 75 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to livestock and poultry that year include: wet distiller s grains, bakery meal, corn gluten feed, cottonseed meal, wheat midds, grain sorghum, soybean hulls and oats. Figure 11, Estimated 2016 Total Diet Composition Page 26

27 Figure 12, 2016 Total Animal Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 27

28 Broilers As shown in Figure 13 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. broilers in 2016 equaled approximately 56.3 million tons. Nearly 43 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding soybean meal and bakery meal to corn s share represented more than 80 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to broilers in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to broilers that year include: cottonseed meal, DDGs and grain sorghum. The map in Figure 14 shows how the total feed tonnage is broken out by state. The top states are in the southeastern United States, including: Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina and Mississippi, all of which feed at least 4.7 million tons of feed to broilers. Figure 13, Estimated 2016 Broiler Diet Composition Page 28

29 Figure 14, Broiler Chickens 2016 Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 29

30 Egg-Laying Hens As shown in Figure 15 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. egglaying hens in 2016 equaled approximately 16.4 million tons. Nearly 53 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding soybean meal, bakery meal, and DDGs to corn s share represented more than 90 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these four commodities to egg-laying hens in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to egg-laying hens that year include: canola meal, meat and bone meal, and corn oil. The map in Figure 16 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to egg-laying hens is broken out by state. The top states are in the midwestern United States and include: Iowa, Ohio, Indiana Pennsylvania and Texas, all of which feed more than 1 million tons of feed to egg-laying hens. Figure 15, Estimated 2016 Egg-Laying Hen Diet Composition Page 30

31 Figure 16, Egg-Laying Hens Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 31

32 Turkeys As shown in Figure 17 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. turkeys in 2016 equaled approximately 9.9 million tons. About 52 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding soybean meal and grain sorghum to corn s share represented more than 83 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to turkeys in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to turkeys that year include: meat and bone meal, animal-based fat, veg-based fat, DDGs and canola meal. The map in Figure 18 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to turkeys is broken out by state. The top states are in the midwestern and southeastern United States and include: Minnesota, Arkansas, North Carolina, Missouri and Virginia, all of which feed more than 0.7 million tons of feed to turkeys. Figure 17, Estimated 2016 Turkey Diet Composition Page 32

33 Figure 18, Turkeys Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 33

34 Hogs As shown in Figure 19 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. hogs in 2016 equaled approximately 46.3 million tons. About 62 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding DDGs and soybean meal to corn s share represented nearly 90 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to hogs in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to hogs that year include: grain sorghum, canola meal and bakery meal. The map in Figure 20 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to hogs is broken out by state. The top states include: Iowa, Minnesota, North Carolina, Illinois and Indiana, all of which feed more than 2.5 million tons of feed to hogs. Figure 19, Estimated 2016 Hog Diet Composition Page 34

35 Figure 20, Hogs Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 35

36 Dairy Cows As shown in Figure 21 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. dairy cows in 2016 equaled approximately 23.8 million tons. About 68 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding soybean meal and DDGs to corn s share represented about 91 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to dairy cows in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to dairy cows that year include soybean hulls and blood meal. The map in Figure 22 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to dairy cows is broken out by state. The top states include California, Wisconsin, New York, Idaho and Pennsylvania, all of which feed more than 1.4 million tons of feed to dairy cows. Figure 21, Estimated 2016 Dairy Cow Diet Composition Page 36

37 Figure 22, Dairy Cows Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 37

38 Cattle on Feed As shown in Figure 23 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. cattle in 2016 equaled approximately 74.7 million tons. Roughly 48 percent of this amount came from corn. Adding wet distiller s grains and DDGs to corn s share represented approximately 93 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to cattle in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to cattle on feed that year include corn gluten feed and soybean hulls. The map in Figure 24 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to cattle on feed is broken out by state. The top states are in the midwestern and southern plains United States and include: Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, Iowa and Oklahoma, all of which feed more than 3.5 million tons of feed to cattle on feed. Figure 23, Estimated 2016 Cattle on Feed Diet Composition Page 38

39 Figure 24, Cattle on Feed Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 39

40 Sheep As shown in Figure 25 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. sheep is about 157,000 tons. About 85 percent of this amount came from corn. The only other relevant ingredient identified was soybean meal, which made up the other 15 percent of the diet. The map in Figure 26 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to sheep is broken out by state. The top states are in the midwestern and western United States and include: Texas, Wyoming, California, Utah and South Dakota, all of which feed more than10,000 tons of feed to sheep. Figure 25, Estimated 2016 Sheep Diet Composition Page 40

41 Figure 26, Sheep Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 41

42 Horses As shown in Figure 27 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. horses is 8 million tons. About 45 percent of this amount came from wheat midds. Adding oats and DDGs to wheat midds share represented roughly 85 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these three commodities to horses in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to horses that year include: corn gluten meal, canola meal, rice bran and soybean meal. The map in Figure 28 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to horses is broken out by state. The top states include: California, Texas, Florida, New York and Arizona, all of which feed more than 250,000 tons of feed to horses. Figure 27, Estimated 2016 Horse Diet Composition Page 42

43 Figure 28, Horses Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 43

44 Aquaculture As shown in Figure 29 and the tables in Appendix A, the total amount of food fed to U.S. aquaculture in 2016 equaled approximately 708,000 tons. More than 27 percent of this amount came from soybean meal. Adding corn, wheat midds and DDGs to soybean meal s share represented about 66 percent of all feed tonnage provided by these four commodities to aquaculture in Other commodities comprising at least 1 percent of tonnage fed to aquaculture that year include: corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, wheat flour and porcine meal. The map in Figure 30 shows how the total feed tonnage fed to aquaculture is broken out by state. The top states include: Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, Idaho and Arkansas, all of which feed more than 30,000 tons of feed to aquaculture. Figure 29, Estimated 2016 Aquaculture Diet Composition Page 44

45 Figure 30, Aquaculture Food Consumed (in 1,000 Tons) by State Page 45

46 References U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Animal & Veterinary, Medicated Feeds. Medicated Feed Mill Licensing. Ash, Mark. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Updated 8/6/2017. Canola. Byrge, Joshua A.; Kliesen, Kevin L. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, The Regional Economist. July Ethanol: Economic Gain or Drain?. Capehart, Thomas. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Updated 9/14/2017. Feed Grain Background. United States Department of Agriculture,Economic Research Service, Oil Crops Year Book. 3/29/2017. Soy and Soybean Products. United States Department of Agriculture, QuickStats. United States Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. United States Department of Agriculture, USDA Census of Agriculture/Publications. Census of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Livestock Slaughter. 11/22/2017. Meat Animals Production, Disposition, and Income Annual Summary. 4/27/2017. Poultry Production and Value. 4/28/2017. Chickens and Eggs. 11/21/2017. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing Service. Livestock, Poultry and Grain List of Reports. United States Department of Health and Human Services, U.S Food & Drug Administration. As of 09/27/2017. FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory. American Veterinary Medical Association, U.S. Pet Ownership &Demographics Sourcebook Page 46

47 Appendix A, Animal Food Consumption Tables Totals State Corn DDGS Wet Distillers Grains Corn Gluten Feed Corn Gluten Meal Grain Sorghum Total Corn- Related Soybean Meal Soybean Hulls Total Soy- Related Alabama 3,396, ,347-25,929 20, ,895 4,418,197 1,715,457 8,846 1,724,304 Alaska 6,976 1,698 1, ,328 2, ,626 Arizona 939, ,544-29,112 10,562 10,307 1,366,571 84,064 14,192 98,256 Arkansas 4,087, ,034-34,687 5, ,251 5,336,154 2,005,349 14,675 2,020,024 California 6,480,681 1,630, ,229 32, ,317 8,352,335 1,103,626 94,887 1,198,513 Colorado 2,867,221 1,370, ,305 9,314 77,314 4,442, ,713 30, ,195 Connecticut 49,572 17,830 9,984 3,717 4, ,066 14, ,046 Delaware 1,585,613 91,649 4,533 1,232 17,440 77,102 1,777, , ,140 Florida 860, ,934-18,740 18,744 22,995 1,227, ,158 22, ,064 Georgia 4,156, ,965-17,873 9, ,154 5,261,531 2,162,077 16,442 2,178,519 Hawaii 29,961 25,690-1,182 1, ,777 11, ,657 Idaho 1,974, ,458 1,174, ,993 3,518 5,350 3,452, ,925 32, ,577 Illinois 2,884, , ,330 46,338 8,104 88,276 4,061, ,929 74, ,618 Indiana 3,289, , ,191 38,171 7,487 94,350 4,385, , ,129 1,082,491 Iowa 11,896,935 2,446,131 2,328, ,311 5, ,416 17,316,373 2,406, ,540 2,644,593 Kansas 5,584,920 3,062, ,011 5,680 28,190 8,957, , , ,786 Kentucky 1,647, ,608-28,137 8,808 38,184 2,249, ,544 27, ,509 Louisiana 640, ,370-7,967 4,055 24, , ,162 6, ,703 Maine 115,905 15,346 13,956 5, , ,879 35, ,071 Maryland 968,023 58,722 51,004 12,939 3,169 44,435 1,138, , ,279 Massachusetts 69,954 16,077 7,498 2,525 3,274 5, ,431 24, ,948 Michigan 1,714, , ,950 45,480 7,831 26,969 2,484, , , ,777 Minnesota 6,341,639 1,161,026 1,123, ,248 7, ,805 8,951,860 1,401, ,045 1,584,880 Mississippi 2,528, ,817-15,033 31,572 98,343 3,295,378 1,332,698 9,009 1,341,707 Missouri 3,916,446 1,139,065-46,312 10, ,693 5,276,987 1,298, ,895 1,417,593 Montana 1,108,480 34,836 1,396, ,026 4,655 14,801 2,742,027 42,113 14,814 56,927 Nebraska 6,392, ,748 6,543, ,801 4,601 63,942 14,348, , , ,335 Nevada 260, ,683-11,470 3,221 1, ,329 16,619 2,864 19,483 New Hampshire 42,114 8,688 6,109 2, ,151 12, ,319 New Jersey 45,106 14,908 4,815 1,519 4,090 3,008 73,446 17, ,140 New Mexico 1,338, ,315-43,542 3,841 2,375 1,911,051 96,721 20, ,555 New York 1,373, , , ,154 10,690 21,869 1,946, ,912 4, ,448 North Carolina 5,666,823 1,386,272-11,916 6, ,872 7,372,305 2,616,557 48,896 2,665,453 North Dakota 706,269 46, , ,261 2,626 5,459 1,651,419 45,677 43,420 89,097 Ohio 2,628, , ,657 57,027 10,183 41,252 3,701, , , ,886 Oklahoma 4,172,503 1,690, ,481 7, ,499 6,225, ,006 63, ,308 Oregon 697,682 50, ,656 68,382 5,531 9,908 1,353,298 78,560 9,610 88,170 Pennsylvania 2,774, , ,682 49,820 9, ,298 3,778, , ,732 1,007,487 Rhode Island 12,636 2,085 1, ,287 18,122 4, ,759 South Carolina 1,077, ,276-7,964 4,128 49,191 1,401, ,726 3, ,710 South Dakota 2,344, ,115 1,754, ,954 3,571 44,731 4,648, ,963 83, ,778 Tennessee 1,331, ,135-27,399 8,692 28,668 1,867, ,905 21, ,147 Texas 9,288,707 4,086, ,471 25, ,889 13,948,615 1,594, ,818 1,743,724 Utah 1,050, ,896-26,150 4,630 54,265 1,494, ,944 9, ,403 Vermont 288,443 44,915 37,391 21,749 1,058 6, ,009 72, ,774 Virginia 2,108, ,441-19,943 9, ,818 2,661, ,057 26, ,422 Washington 1,632, , ,540 72,955 7,585 40,812 2,433, ,540 14, ,417 West Virginia 435,589 92,070-6,274 2,123 27, , ,950 3, ,845 Wisconsin 3,348, , , ,504 6,489 6,056 4,973, , , ,335 Wyoming 610,055 24, ,508 96,808 3,154 11,345 1,484,454 29,318 8,970 38,288 U.S. Total 118,767,563 29,777,439 20,004,498 4,102, ,615 3,460, ,501,690 30,103,264 2,874,820 32,978,084 Page 47

48 State Oats Wheat Wheat Flour Wheat Gluten Meal Wheat Midds Rice Bran Total Small Grains Canola Meal Cottonseed Meal Bakery Meal Total Plant- Based Meals Alabama 45,724 3, ,952 5, ,696 48, ,056 1,089,043 1,830,519 Alaska 3, , , Arizona 75, ,829 9, ,081 13, ,046 Arkansas 20,981 7, ,496 2,580 66,926 48, ,855 1,072,129 1,615,193 California 228, ,356 28, ,414 46, ,578 Colorado 66, ,263 8, ,313 33, ,100 41,151 Connecticut 31, ,746 3,812 80,661 4, ,352 Delaware 125, ,746 15, ,291 31, ,777 Florida 133, , ,566 16, ,237 25,639 54, , ,887 Georgia 68,066 5, ,953 8, ,855 65, ,905 1,395,977 2,296,393 Hawaii 7,032-3,883-10, ,337 1, ,261 Idaho 25,219-7, ,517 3,101 73,715 4, ,364 Illinois 57, ,214 7, ,853 81, , ,252 Indiana 53,557-2, ,278 6, ,010 99, , ,020 Iowa 40, ,311 4, , , , ,382 Kansas 40, ,378 4, ,381 27, ,232 39,011 Kentucky 62, ,893 7, ,555 28,715 45, , ,149 Louisiana 28, ,642-42,696 3,554 76,991 11, , , ,150 Maine 7, , ,689 1, ,596 Maryland 22, ,668 2,793 59,390 12, ,335 Massachusetts 23, ,807 2,888 61,559 3, ,770 Michigan 56, ,909 6, ,151 34, , ,029 Minnesota 56, ,350 6, , , , ,886 Mississippi 34,425 14, ,852 4, ,846 34, , ,265 1,351,003 Missouri 73, ,047 9, ,015 77,771 57, , ,658 Montana 33, ,283 4,107 87,092 8,889-1,656 10,545 Nebraska 32, ,293 4,018 85,178 54, , ,392 Nevada 23, ,104 2,842 60,207 3, ,263 New Hampshire 6, , ,808 1, ,162 New Jersey 29, ,252 3,603 76,212 4, ,364 New Mexico 27, ,740 3,389 71,867 4,102-1,336 5,438 New York 76, ,185 9, ,631 14, ,719 51,400 North Carolina 42, , ,036 5, ,990 44, ,890 1,353,685 1,777,778 North Dakota 18, ,806 2,317 48,984 6,295-1,861 8,156 Ohio 72, ,627 8, ,146 63, , ,974 Oklahoma 52, ,286 6, ,813 80,917 91, , ,632 Oregon 39, ,269 4, ,034 6, ,735 Pennsylvania 68,717-1, ,637 8, ,876 50, , ,716 Rhode Island 3, , , South Carolina 29,475 4, ,717 3,624 81,211 17, , , ,184 South Dakota 25, ,882 3,151 66,752 30,847-8,888 39,735 Tennessee 62,206 7, ,965 7, ,099 18, , , ,909 Texas 166,647-1, ,337 20, ,164 77, , , ,479 Utah 33, ,029 4,086 86,724 16, ,846 Vermont 7, , ,883 1, ,550 Virginia 66, ,328 8, ,465 25,516 51,338 82, ,807 Washington 54, ,310 6, ,426 16, ,489 West Virginia 15, ,412 1,856 39,575 6, ,044 22,419 Wisconsin 46, ,015 5, ,598 19, , ,630 Wyoming 22, ,469 2,783 59,115 6, ,323 U.S. Total 2,445, ,823 31, ,698, ,620 6,748,721 1,828,319 3,952,008 9,838,465 15,618,791 Page 48

49 State Meat and Bone Meal Blood Meal Fish Meal Porcine Meal Poultry Byproduct Meal Feather Meal Total Animal By-product Meals Corn Oil Soybean Oil Fish Oil Lecithin Poultry Fat Animal- Based Fat Veg- Based Fat Total Fats and Oils Alabama 22, ,454 7, , ,909 59,712 48, ,531 Alaska Arizona 1,060 8, ,041-2, ,101 Arkansas 88, ,390 1, ,434 16, ,481 74, ,818 California 36,279 75,947 1, ,983-60, ,157 12,401 88,973 Colorado 4,175 6, ,298 1,206 6, ,392 5,230 19,914 Connecticut , ,078 Delaware 7, ,829-72, , ,112 Florida 6,861 5, , ,210 9,990 22,274 Georgia 29,054 3, , ,060 64, ,952 Hawaii 2, , Idaho 2,451 26,364 5, ,049 2,188 38,918-2,830 2, ,662 1, ,749 Illinois 4,454 4, ,806 6, ,822 21,946 55,481 Indiana 56,100 7,900 2, ,260 36, ,657 38, ,734 Iowa 38,084 9, ,370 50, ,812 97, ,527 Kansas 1,744 6, ,055 1, ,680 7,102 17,230 Kentucky 8,424 2, ,214 15, ,636 6,248 29,180 Louisiana 5, , ,550 8,632 19,188 Maine 4,018 1, ,501-1, ,850 1,514 5,434 Maryland 6,271 2, ,452-40, ,497 1,225 43,160 Massachusetts 2, ,449-1, , ,945 Michigan 16,466 17, ,734 14, ,833 10,500 38,516 Minnesota 109,324 19, ,366 14, ,346 82, ,464 Mississippi 15, ,774 14, , ,403 44,543 36,444 86,396 Missouri 56,950 3, ,489 22, ,771 46, ,404 Montana 1, , , ,375 1,125 4,582 Nebraska 4,137 2, ,770 8,084 5, ,437 14,267 45,401 Nevada 903 1, , ,543 New Hampshire , ,376 New Jersey 1, ,688-1, ,451 New Mexico 1,004 13, ,795-1, ,444 New York 8,406 26, ,507 5,171 3, ,639 2,977 15,485 North Carolina 100,247 2,082 1, ,761 14, , , ,557 North Dakota , ,629 1,333 3,485 Ohio 24,404 11, ,342 44, ,419 14,252 75,859 Oklahoma 5,797 1, ,573 3, ,121 19,735 47,629 Oregon 4,955 5, ,273-4, ,152 1,761 9,218 Pennsylvania 27,081 22, ,503 28,285 20, ,762 11,260 74,330 Rhode Island South Carolina 9, , ,513 17,601 39,155 South Dakota 11,180 4, ,163 1, ,646 11,983 29,152 Tennessee 6,978 1, ,236 4, ,406 10,968 28,930 Texas 24,766 20,009 1,563 1, ,387-39, ,760 36, ,702 Utah 12,543 4, ,054-9, ,584 6,205 23,674 Vermont 3,715 5, ,553-1, ,725 1,411 4,830 Virginia 49,895 3, ,244-46, ,248 24, ,747 Washington 9,227 11, ,959-38, ,757 2,256 43,501 West Virginia 10, ,857 1,220 9, ,782 3,913 19,878 Wisconsin 8,244 54, ,264 8, ,566 4,554 19,263 Wyoming , , ,133 U.S. Total 854, ,335 39,926 26,559 7,274 5,056 1,335, , ,013 7,002 1,447 15,817 1,070, ,663 2,649,515 Page 49

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