CASE STUDY OF SAMPLE VILLAGES

Transcription

1 Chapter VIII CASE STUDY OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 REASONING FOR SAMPLING OF VILLAGES 8.3 KOLVE 8.4 KHARSAI 8.5 VARSE 8.6 SHRIGAON 8.7 WAVE DIWALI 8.8 SHILOSHI 8.9 KADAV 8.10 TUPGAON 8.11 DODHANI 8.12 WARANDH REFERENCES

2 Chapter - VIII CASE STUDY OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 8.1 INTRODUCTION The regional pattern of general land use, agricultural land use and land degradation is described in chapters- III, IV, and V and brings the temporal and spatial variations in general and agricultural land use in Raigarh district The cropping pattern in the study region is a reflection of physiography, soil type, slope, irrigation and other socio-economic factors.. Raigarh district has 1919 revenue villages and 26 towns. To carry out an in depth study of each village is practically difficult and time consuming and it is also not possible to record every peace of land. To study each and every village in detail requires large man force, time and money. Lot of geographers in the world and India has emphasized for such sample land use survey. Hence, it is imperative to save time, money and manpower by studying sample villages. The present investigation has attempted to make an in depth study of ten sample villages in Raigarh district. Temporal analysis of general land use, agricultural land use and land degradation has been studied in detail for the period of twenty years ( to ). Spatial distribution for general land use and crop land use has been analyzed for year Spatial analysis of agricultural land degradation was also carried for same year to find out the problems of the agriculture and certain suggestions were made for its better development. The data for general land use and agricultural land use collected from villages and tahsil revenue department and the data for agricultural land degradation was obtained from District Soil Testing Laboratory and agricultural department for The data collected, was converted into percentage. The data on land use and cropland use from was gathered for computing trends. The primary data was collected though questionnaires from farmers, talathi and gramsevak. Besides this, 209

3 personal visits were made to selected sample villages and observations are noted for getting more information. 8.2 REASONING FOR SAMPLING OF VILLAGES The systematic purposive sampling was chosen for selecting the sample villages. The selection of these sample villages was based on geographical variation. Crop combination regions found in the district are also considered for selecting sampling village. Two villages from each geographical area were selected by considering the aspects like relief, rainfall, slope, irrigation, population, etc. The locations of selected sample villages are shown in Table 8.1.and Fig.8.1. Satellite images are used to study the geographical features and land use. Two different types of questionnaires were prepared and discussed with farmers and concerned authorities. First questionnaire is related to family information, crop land use, agricultural practices, agricultural inputs, irrigation, agro equipments, yield, income-expenditure and problems filled from the farmers. Second questionnaire is prepared to obtain the data on physiographic background, population characteristics, general land use, crop land use, irrigation, and other infrastructural facilities in the village filled by talathi, gramsevak and sarpanch. 210

4 Sr. No. Geographical regions 1. Kharland Zone Table Raigarh District Sample Villages in the Study Region Crop combination One Crop Rice Villages Tahsil Area (In hect.) Populat -ion Kolve Pen Kharland Zone 3. Coastal zone 4. Coastal zone 5. Plateau Zone One Crop Rice Two Crops Rice - Nachni Two Crops Rice Fodder crops Two Crops Rice Nachni Kharsai Mhasala Varse Roha Shrigaon Alibaug Wave Diwali Mangaon Plateau Zone 7. Hilly base of Sahayadri hills 8. Hilly base of Sahayadri hills 9. Ghat/Hilly Zone 10. Ghat/Hilly Zone Two Crops Rice Fodder crops Two Crops Rice Pulses Two Crops Rice Fodder crops Two Crops Rice Fodder crops Two Crops Rice Fodder crops Source Computed by Researcher 2009 Shiloshi Sudhagad Kadav Karjat Tupgaon Khalapur Dhodhani Panvel Warandh Mahad

5 Fig

6 8.3 KOLVE Introduction Kolve village is lies in Pen Tahsil, situated at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of 7.62 metre from mean sea level. Kolve is located 13 km to the west of Pen tahsil headquarter and connected by road. It is located on the coastal plain near to the creek. It is surrounded by village Wave at south Wadkhal at west, Shinganwata at northwest, Kasbe, Washi and Bori at the north and Bandhat at east side. The village extends 144 hectare land with 960 population as per 2001 census. This village is lies in khar land region of the district (Image 8.1) Physiography, Climate and Soil Physiographicaly Kolve is situated on the coastal plain land. Gentle slope is observed towards the west side. Village is situated on slightly high central land and surrounded by plain land which is used for other land use. Western and southern side of the village is near the creek having the height less than one meter from sea level used for salt pans. The soil observed in the village is of two types. Saline soil is found in west and south west side and lateritic soil in other part of the village. Kolve receives 2969 mm rainfall from south west monsoon. The highest temperature is recorded in the month of May ( C) and lowest in the month of December. The climate is hot and moist and not much variation is observed in temperature. The range of temperature is very low Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) The total area of the village Kolve is 144 hectares and this village is situated near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on 213

7 the land use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table 8.2 and Fig Net shown area was per cent in increased by 8.69 per cent in and reached up to per cent. The area not available for cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels. The northern and north-western part of the region is covered by the branch of Dharmtar Creek. Some part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used for paddy cultivation in monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the soil. It occupied 4.85 per cent are in increased by 2.82 per cent in study period and reached up to 7.69 percent. The other uncultivated land shows declining trend in the study period in 1999 it was percent and it was decreased by per cent and observed 4.5 per cent in Fallow land also shows decreasing trend in the village. It was 2.2 per cent in and decreased by 1.27 per cent and reached up to 0.93 per cent. It shows the increase in net sown area of the village. Forest is not observed in the village. Table 8.2 The Village Kolve General Land Use Pattern Land use Type Year Change in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage 214

8 Village Kolve Located on Kharland Region of Raigarh District Satellite Image General Land use Pattern in Kolve Village ( ) Landin% Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Kolve Village Area in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of the Crop ( ) ( ) Fig

9 8.3.4 Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) Location of the village influenced on the land use. The net sown area is observed on eastern and southern side of the village. It covered 125 hectares land which is per cent of the total cropped area. The net sown area in the village is more than Pen tahsil average (30.93 per cent) and district average (28.96 per cent). The area not available for cultivation was 7.96 per cent less than the tahsil and district average observed into west and northern side of the village. This land is observed in the north and north western side of the village. Cultivable waste land was 4.5 per cent in Follow land was also less than one per cent of the total cropped area. Forest is seen in the village area Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) Cropping pattern of the village is a result of topography, rainfall and slope in the village. Rice is the dominant crop in the village. Rice occupied per cent land in and per cent in decreased by 2.77 per cent. Fresh rainwater reduces the salinity of soil thus maximum area used for paddy cultivation. Some of land is not available for cultivation in kharip season. Wal and Tur are grown on the north slope of the village occupied 2.95 per cent in increased by 1.59 and reached up to 4.5 per cent in Fruits and vegetables was 2.27 per cent and 3.05 per cent in increased by 0.78 per cent during the study period. These are the only crops grown in the village. The variation is shown in Table 8.3 and Fig

10 Table 8.3 The Village Kolve Agricultural Land Use Pattern Sr. Name of the Year Year Change No. Crop ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Rice occupied per cent land in the village grown at all sides of the village in kharip season. The area under rice is more than Pen tahsil (80.05 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Pulses area taken as a kharip crop in the region. It was recorded 4.54 area of the total cropped area. Wal and Tur are the main pulses grown in the village. Fruits and vegetable occupied 3.05 per cent area in the village. Salt tolerated vegetables like bittleguard, sweetgurard, cucumber etc vegetables are grown in the village. Mango is a common fruit crop observed in the village. Oil seeds, fodder crops, wari and nachani crops are not observed in the village Land Degradation Land degradation is a common phenomenon observed in all surveyed sample village but the causes are differ from village to village. The village Kolve has observed the problems like salt accumulation (Kharland) salt affected land, soil erosion, increasing ph of the soil etc. 217

11 Salt accumulated (khar land) observed towards eastern and northern boundary of the village. The total salt accumulated land was hectares. Deposition of salt by creek channel water is the major cause for Kharland. The high tides also caused for the degradation of agricultural land in the transition zone of Kharland and fertile land. Survey No. 34 to 42 has more affected by salt accumulation in the village. Soil erosion is another problem observed in the slope land of the village Kolve it is observed at the eastern part of the village. Survey No. 67, 93, 111, 129, 138 covering approximately 10 hectares land is the most affected land by soil erosion. It is cleared from the Satellite Image No 8.1 During the average ph of the agricultural land of the village was 6.60 and it was increased by 0.5 in The soil electrical conductively was measured during and it was 0.67 mmhos/cm suitable for agricultural production. In the formal discussion with farmers it is observed that the farmers are not testing the soil for using the chemical fertilizers is one of the causes for increasing salinity of the soil. 8.4 KHARSAI Introduction Kharsai village is lies in Mhasala Tahsil, situated at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of 5.79 metres from mean sea level. Kharsai is located 07 km to the north-west of Mhasala tahsil headquarter and connected by road. It is located on the coastal plain near to the creek. It is surrounded by village Banoti at south, Dadadgaon at south east, and Mendadikond at the north side. East side is covered by creek. The village extends 1138 hectare land with 2826 population as per 2001 census. This village is lies in khar land region of the district (Image 8.2) 218

12 8.4.2 Physiography, Climate and Soil Physiographicaly Kharsai is situated on the coastal plain land. Gentle slope is observed towards the east side. Village is situated on slightly high central high land and surrounded plain land is used for other land use. Southern and eastern side of the village is near the creek having the height less than one metre from sea level used for salt pans. The soil observed in the village is of two types. Saline soil is found in east side and lateritic soil in other part of the village. Kharsai receives 2909 mm rainfall from south west monsoon. The highest temperature is recorded in the month of May (34 0 C) and lowest in the month of December. The climate is hot and humid. The range of temperature is very low Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) The total area of the village is 1138 hectares and this village is situated near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on the land use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table 8.4 and Fig Net shown area was per cent in increased by 5.98 per cent in and reached up to per cent. The area not available for cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels. The north east and eastern part of the region is covered by the branch of Mhasala Creek. Some part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used for paddy cultivation in monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the soil. It occupied per cent are in decreased by 5.98 per cent in study period. The other uncultivated land remains constant in the study period. Fallow land is not observed in the village. Forest land was 1.84 per cent in and remains same in the study period. 219

13 Table 8.4 The Village Kharsai General Land Use Pattern Land use Type Year Change in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) The total area of the village Kharsai is 144 hectares and this village is situated near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on the land use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table 8.4. Net shown area was per cent in increased by 5.98 per cent in and reached up to per cent shown in Table The area not available for cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels. The northern and north-western part of the region is covered by the branch of Dharmtar Creek. Some part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used for paddy cultivation in monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the soil. It occupied per cent area in decreased by 5.98 per cent in study period. The other uncultivated land remains same in the study period. Fallow land is not observed in the village. Forest land was 1.84 percent and remain constant into study period. 220

14 8.4.5 Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) Cropping pattern of the village is a result of topography, rainfall and slope in the village. Rice is the dominant crop in the village. Rice occupied per cent land in and per cent in decreased by 0.84 per cent. Fresh rainwater reduces the salinity of soil thus maximum area used for paddy cultivation. Some of land is not available for cultivation in kharip season. Wal and Mug are grown on the north slope of the village occupied only 1.61 per cent in and in Other crops are not observed in the village. The variation shown in Table 8.5 and Fig Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.5 The Village Kharsai Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Rice occupied per cent land in the village grown at all sides of the village in kharip season. The area under rice was more than Mhasala tahsil (30.77 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Pulses area taken as a kharip crop in the region. It was recorded only 1.61 per cent area of the total 221

15 cropped area. Wal and mug are the main pulses grown in the village. Fruits and vegetables, oil seeds, fodder crops, wari and nachani crops are not observed in the village Land Degradation Village Kharsai also observed similar condition like village kolve. The causes for land degradation are salt accumulation, and increasing of soil. Kharland is observed towards the eastern side of the village near the creek. Survey No. 159 and 103, 104, 110, 130 are most affected by salt accumulation. It is clearly visible from the satellite image 8.2. The average soil ph was observed 6.98 in and it was slightly decreased 0.18 and recorded 6.70 in By observation it is noticed that most of the farmers toward coastal side are not taking much efforts to mention the fertily of the soil. Wrong ploughing methods also observed in the village caused for soil erosion of the farm land in the village. 8.5 VARSE Introduction Varse lies in Roha tahsil located at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of metre from mean sea level. It is 12 km far from the Roha town connected by road. This village is situated near river Kundalika. It covered by village Yehaya to the west, Bhuvaneshwar at north west, Navi at south, Dhatav at south east, Roth kurd at the east and Asthani in the north side. The total geographical area of the village is hectares having 1909 population in 2001(Image 8.3) Physiography, Climate and Soil Varse is situated near river Kundalika lies at metre above mean sea located level on coastal plain. The general slope of the village is towards 222

16 Village Kharsai Located on Kharland Region of Raigarh District Satellite Image -8.2 General Land Use Pattern in Kharsai Village Land in % Net sow n area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig. 8.4 Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Kharsai Village Land in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of The Crop ( ) ( ) Fig

17 south and east. South west of the village area is located on hilly region. Local topography affects on a graphical development of the village. South and eastern part of the village is plain compared to other area of the village having slope towards south side. The village experiences typical coastal hot and moist climate. The highest temperature is observed in the village in May is 32 0 C. The annual average rainfall in this village is 3715 mm. Village receives the rainfall from south west monsoon. It starts in the month of June and ends in the beginning of October. Soil in the village is laterite and alkaline soil covers the northern part of the village. The soil is less fertile compare to the other soils in the tahsil Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) General land use of the village is classified into forest land, land not available for cultivation, cultivable waste, fallow land and net sown area. The rough topography and types of the soil largely affected on the present land use pattern of the village. The net sown area of the village is per cent to the total geographical area in It was increased by 7.00 per cent in (34.46 per cent) and reached up to per cent in The area under net sown area was increased by 16.3 per cent in twenty year. The area under not available for cultivation was per cent in and per cent in decreased by per cent in study period. The other uncultivable land shows 9.14 per cent in and it was 8.22 per cent in The decline in fallow land and other uncultivated land shows increase in net sown area of the village. Forest land in the village shows increasing trend, it was per cent in increased by 7.36 per cent in The temporal variation of general land use pattern is shown in Table- 7.6 and Fig

18 Table 8.6 The Village Varse General Land Use Pattern Year Change Land use Type in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) The net sown are is the land which is being actually cultivated for raising the crop. Table 8.6 shows the spatial pattern of general land use of the Varse village. The net sown area in was per cent of the total geographical area. It is more than the tahsil average (21.49 per cent) and district average (28.96 per cent). The land not available for cultivation was per cent and it was less than the tahsil average (16.48 per cent) and district average (22.68 per cent). The fallow land was 5.87 per cent observed in the central part of the village is less than the Roha tahsil average. The cultivable waste land is recorded in was 9.14 per cent was less than the tahsil average. Forest land was observed per cent was less than tahsil average (35.80 per cent) but more than (21.65 per cent) than the district average.forest land was seen south west part on hillocks of the village. 225

19 8.5.5 Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) Temporal variation in agricultural land use is shown in Table 8.7 and Fig It is revels that from the figure, the under rice and nachni has been reduced in the study period and in other crops it is increased. The area under rice was 82 per cent and per cent in decreased by 8.73 per cent. In there was 3.33 per cent area under nachni and it was decreased by 0.9 per cent in the study area. Pulses are the rabbi crops grown in village occupied 1.88 per cent area at the beginning. Further increased by 0.64 per cent and recorded 2.52 per cent in Gram, Tur, Wal and Chavli are the major pulses in taken in the village due to well irrigation. The area under fruits and vegetable shows upward trend in twenty years and it was increased by 1.32 per cent fodder crops and oil seed are not grown in this village. Mango, cashew and ratambi are the major fruit crops taken in the village Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Cropping pattern in Varse has been influenced by terrain, slope, soil and rainfall. Rice is the major crop grown in the rainfall. Rice occupied per cent area in the village and it was more than the Roha tahsil average (65.64 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Rice is consumed as a major food grain in the village. Nachni is the substitute food crop grown on the slopes of hills covered 3.24 per cent area less than the tahsil average (6.64 per cent). The crops are mainly concentrated in eastern part of the tahsil. Mango, Cashew, Ratambi and Jackfruit are the major fruit in the village. 226

20 Village Varse Located on Coastal Plain of Raigarh District Satellite Image 8.3 General Land use Pattern in Varse Village ( ) Land in % Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Land use Type Fallow land Forest Fig. 8.6 Land in % Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Varse Village Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Name of the Crop Veg. ( ) ( ) Fig. 8.7 Oilseeds Fodder crops 227

21 Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.7 The Village Varse Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage The government s effort for horticulture helped to increase the fruit crops in the village. It occupied per cent area double than the tahsil average 7.73 per cent. Spices are grown in the horticulture garden. Black pepper is the main spice taken in the village covered only 0.32 per cent of the total cropped area. Oilseeds and fodder crops are not observed in the village Land Degradation Village Varse is situated on coastal plain. Due to plain land agriculture and horticulture is well developed. Though it is in coasted plain there are some hillocks in the plain land. Varse village is at the foot hill of the hill. Eastern part of the villages is mostly affected by soil erosion. Terrace farming on the slope caused for large soil erosion in survey No. 94, 96, 115, 118 and 97. Gully erosion is also observed in the village. The average ph of the village was 7.40 in and it was 7.69 was in The farmers are not much taking efforts for soil conservation. The bands of farms are damaged by heavy rainwater in rainy season land slides are also observed near the eastern side of the village. 228

22 8.6 SHRIGAON Introduction Shrigaon lies in Alibaug tahsil located at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of 5.18 metre from mean sea level. It is at 16 km east from the Alibaug town connected by road. This village is situated in inerior part of tahsil. It covered by village Mondvira to the west, Khatwira at south, Medhekhar at south east, Roth Kalwad at the east and Poynad in the north side. The total geographical area of the village is hectares having 1695 population in 2001(Image 8. 4) Physiography, Climate and Soil Shrigaon is situated 5.18 metre above mean sea located coastal plain area.the general slope of the village is towards North West. South west of the village area is located on hilly region. Local topography affects on a graphical development of the village. North eastern part of the village is plain compared to other area of the village having slope towards south side. The village experiences typical coastal hot and moist climate. The highest temperature is observed in the village in May is 33 0 C. The annual average rainfall in this village is 2383 mm. Village receives the rainfall from south west monsoon. It starts in the month of June and ends in the beginning of October. Soil in the village is laterite and alkaline soil covers the northern part of the village. The soil is less fertile compare to the other soils in the tahsil Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) General land use of the village is classified into forest land, land not available for cultivation, cultivable waste, fallow land and net sown area. The rough topography and types of the soil largely affected on the present land use pattern of the village. The net sown area of the village is per cent to the total geographical area in It was increased by 0.78 per cent and reached up to per cent in

23 The area under not available for cultivation was 4.79 per cent in and 5.08 per cent in decreased by 0.26 per cent in study period. The other uncultivable land was 0.60 per cent in increased by 0.42 per cent in and reached up to Forest land in the village shows stability in study period. The temporal variation of general land use pattern is shown in Table 8.8 and Fig. 8.8 Table 8.8 The Village Shrigaon General Land Use Pattern Land use Type Year Change in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) The net sown are is the land which is being actually cultivated for raising the crop. Table- 8.6 shows the spatial pattern of general land use of the Shrigaon village. The net sown area in was per cent of the total geographical area. It is more than the tahsil average (24.49 per cent) and district average (28.96 per cent). The land not available for cultivation was 4.78 per cent and it was less than the tahsil average (14.48 per cent) and district average (22.68 per cent). The fallow land was not observed in the village. The cultivable waste land is recorded in was 1.02 per cent was less than the tahsil average. Forest land was observed per cent was less than tahsil average (35.80 per cent) but more than (21.65 per cent) than the district average.forest land was east side of the village. 230

24 Village Shrigaon Located on Coastal Plain of Raigarh District Satellite Image -8.4 General Land Use Pattern in Shrigaon Village Land in % Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig. 8.8 Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Shrigaon Village Land in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of The Crop ( ) ( ) Fig

25 8.6.5 Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) Temporal variation in agricultural land use is shown in Table 8.9 and Fig 8.9. It is revels that from the figure, the under rice has been reduced in the study period and in other crops it is increased. The area under rice was per cent in decreased by 2.14 per cent. Pulses are the rabbi crops grown in village occupied 1.23 per cent area at the beginning. Further increased by 0.43 per cent and recorded 1.66 per cent in Gram, Tur, Wal and Chavli are the major pulses in taken in the village due to well irrigation. The area under fruits and vegetable shows upward trend in twenty years. It was increased by 1.7 per cent fodder crops and oil seed are not grown in this village. Mango, chiku and ratambi are the major fruit crops taken in the village. Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.9 The Village Shrigaon Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage 232

26 8.6.6 Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Cropping pattern in Shrigaon has been influenced by terrain, slope, soil and rainfall. Rice is the major crop grown in the rainfall. Rice is the major crop grown in the village. Rice occupied per cent area in the village and it was more than the Alibaug tahsil average (69.64 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Rice is consumed as a major food grain in the village. The crops are mainly concentrated in eastern part of the tahsil. Mango, Cashew, and Chiku are the major fruit in the village Land Degradation Village Shrigaon lies in coastal plain. Increasing soil salinity is the major cause observed in the village. The ph of the soil was 6.98 in and it was 6.36, shows the higher content of the acid in the soil. Survey No. 194, 229, 237, 413, 519 covering 23 hectares land are the main affected area of the village. The average soil electrical conductivity is remain same in the study period ie. 1 mmhos/cm but if increased may affects on the soil quality of the village. 8.7 WAVE DIWALI Introduction Wave Diwali lies in Mangaon Tahsil situated north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of metre from mean sea level. It is well connected by road to the tahsil headquarter (28 kms.) and other villages. It is surrounded by Ratwad in the north, Salsheth in the west, Nitlaj in the east Makti and Potner in the south side. The total geographical are of the village is 691 hectares and the population was 931 as per the census of 2001(Image 8.5) Physiography, Climate and Soil Physiographicaly wave Diwali is situated on the plateau region. The average slope of the village is 48 to 50 metres. Small hillocks on the plateau 233

27 affect on the general land use of the village. Northern part of the village is plain. The village has the highest temperature in the month of May (34 0 C) and lowest in the month of December (24 0 C). The annual average rainfall is recorded 3557 mm. in the village. The soil observed in the village is lateral soil useful for paddy cultivation and horticulture. Table 8.10 The Village Wave Diwali General Land Use Pattern Year Change Land use Type in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) In general, the net sown area shows increasing trend while area not available for cultivation, fallow land cultivable waste shows declining trend in the study period and no change is observed in forest land. The net sown area was per cent in was increased by 10.3 per cent (23.47per cent) in again increased by 5.36 per cent per cent in (Table and Fig ). The total increase is per cent in the study period. The area not available for cultivation was decreased by 1.78 per cent from 234

28 Village Wave Diwali Located on Plateau Region of Raigarh District Satellite Image 8.5 General Land use Pattern in Wave Diwali Village ( ) Land in % Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Wave Diwali Village Land in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of the Crop ( ) ( ) Fig

29 to The other uncultivable land also show decline trend and it is decreased by 3.55 per cent in study period. It was in and reached up to in The fallow land was in decreased by per cent in (4.10 per cent). This decrease in fallow land affects on net sown area in the village. The net sown area was increased during in the study period. The forest land was per cent in and remains same in and No change is observed in forest land Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) Topography and slope of the village affects on the land use pattern. Net sown area of the village is recorded per cent was more than the Mangaon Tahsil average (26.33 per cent) and district average (26.62 per cent). The land not available for cultivation is observed in the north-west part of the village, it was per cent and too high than the tahsil and district average. The cultivable waste land is observed in the central part of the village was per cent was less than the district and tahsil average. The fallow land was at the slope of hillocks and it covers 5.87 per cent land less than the tahsil and average. The total land under forest is recorded per cent on the slopes of the plateau was less than the district and tahsil average Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) The cropping pattern of Wave Diwali is influenced by physiographic condition. This village is situated on plateau region. Rice crop is showing upward trend in the village while other all crops shows downward trend in twenty years. The area under rice was per cent in and 75.79per cent in It was increased by 7.3 per cent. The area Wari and Nachni was declined by 1.1 per cent and 1.7 per cent respectively. The crops food crops were grown on the western slope of the village. Pulses occupied 2.36 per cent area in and reached up to 1.73 per cent area in It was 236

30 declined by 0.63 per cent. The major pluses are black gram, mug, and chavli observed in the village. Due to plateau region oil seed are also grown in the village. Ground nut and season were combinely occupied 0.76 per cent in Spices and fodder crops are not observed in the village shown in Table and Fig. 8.11). Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.11 The Village Wave Diwali Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Rice is the main crop of the village occupied per cent in and it was more than Mangaon Tahsil (70.11 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Wari occupied 5.82 per cent land of the total cropped area and it was more than tahsil (5.13 per cent) and district (3.30 per cent) average. The area under pulses was 1.73 per cent was less than the district average. Fruits including Mango and Cashew occupied 7.37 per cent area less than district average. Ground nut and sesame are the important oil seed grown here, occupied 0.43 per cent area in Fodder crops and spices are not observed in the village. 237

31 8.7.7 Land Degradation Village wave Diwali is located on plateau region. Soil erosion ls and increasing the salinity of the soil are the two important cause for the land degradation. Village land slopes towards the eastern side and small water channel are observed in the village passing through the farms caused for soil erosion in survey No. 45, 49, 57, 67, 88. They are the highly affected part of the village. The average ph of the village was 7.36 in and it was observed 6.96 in shows increasing the acid content in the soil. Over use of chemical fertilizers for the Rice, oil seed and pulses are the main cause for this. Eastern part shows high salinity than the other part of the village. The soil electrical conductance is observed more than 1.12 mmhos/cm may caused for damage of the seeds. 8.8 SHILOSHI Introduction Shiloshi lies in Sudhagad Tahsil situated north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of metre from mean sea level. It is at eight kilometer distance and well connected by road to the tahsil headquarter and other villages. It is surrounded by village Burmali in the north, Madhali in the west, Balap in the east, Tamsali in the south side. The total geographical are of the village is 558 hectares and the population was 708 as per the census of 2001 (Image 8.6) Physiography, Climate and Soil Physiographicaly Shiloshi is situated on the plateau region. Small hillocks on the plateau affect on the general land use of the village. Eastern part of the village is plain. The village has the highest temperature in the month of May (33 0 C) and lowest in the month of December (26 0 C). The annual average rainfall is recorded 3480 mm. in the village. The soil observed in the village is laterite soil useful for paddy cultivation and horticulture. 238

32 8.8.3 Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) In general, the net sown area shows increasing trend while area not available for cultivation, fallow land cultivable waste shows declining trend in the study period and no change is observed in forest land. The net sown area was per cent in was increased by 3.96 per cent (15.96 per cent) in and reached up to per cent per cent in (Table 8.12 and Fig. 8.12)). The total increase is 6.65 per cent in the study period. The area not available for cultivation was decreased by 1.09 per cent from to The other uncultivable land also show decline trend and it is decreased by 5.25 per cent in study period. It was in and reached up to in The fallow land was in decreased by 5.25 per cent in (12.04 per cent). This decrease in fallow land (2.54 per cent) affects on net sown area in the village. The net sown area was increased during in the study period. The forest land was per cent in and remains same in and No change is observed in forest land. Table 8.12 The Village Shiloshi General Land Use Pattern Land use Type Year Change in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage 239

33 8.8.4 Spatial Pattern of General Land Use ( ) Topography and slope of the village affects on the land use pattern. Net sown area of the village is recorded per cent was more than the Sudhagad Tahsil average (25.33 per cent) and district average (26.62 per cent). The land not available for cultivation is observed in the north-west part of the village, it was per cent and too high than the tahsil and district average. The cultivable waste land is observed in the central part of the village was per cent was less than the district and tahsil average. The fallow land was at the slope of hillocks and it covers 2.92 per cent land less than the tahsil and average. The total land under forest is recorded per cent on the slopes of the plateau was less than the district and tahsil average Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) The cropping pattern of Shiloshi is influenced by physiographic condition. This village is situated on plateau region. Rice crop is showing upward trend in the village while other all crops shows downward trend in twenty years. The area under rice was per cent in and per cent in It was decreased by 0.18 per cent. The food crops were grown on the western slope of the village. Pulses occupied 6.18 per cent area in and reached up to 5.93 per cent area in It was declined by 0.25 per cent. The major pluses are black gram, mug, and chavli observed in the village. Due to plateau region oil seed are also grown in the village. Ground nut and season were combine occupied 4.56 per cent in Spices and fodder crops are not observed in the village shown in Table 8.13 and Fig 8.13) 240

34 Village Shiloshi Located on Plateau Region of Raigarh District Satellite Image General Land Use Pattern in Shiloshi Village Land in % Net sow n area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Shiloshi Village Land in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of The Crop ( ) ( ) Fig

35 Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.13 The Village Shiloshi Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Rice is the main crop of the village occupied per cent in and it was more than Sudhagad Tahsil (70.11 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). The area under pulses was 5.93 per cent was less than the district average. Fruits including Mango and Cashew occupied per cent area less than district average. Ground nut and sesame are the important oil seed grown here, occupied 0.43 per cent area in Fodder crops and spices are not observed in the village Land Degradation The village Shiloshi has observed the problem like soil erosion, brick klirs, wrong cultivation methods etc. village shiloshi is located on small hill on the plateau region. North western, eastern and south eastern part of the village shows the intensive soil erosion due to the slope in rainy period. Survey No. 20, 22, 29, 19, 6, 16 (A), 40, 48 are the main affected land. 242

36 The average ph of the soil was 7.3 in was observed 7.01 in m shows slight increase in acid content. The soil electrical conduct is remain same in the period. Farmers cultivation methods are mostly unfavorable for soil conservation. It is observed the farmers plaguing the land parallel to the slope caused for soil transportation. Animal grazing is also the cause observed on the eastern part of the village helps to increase the intensity of soil erosion. 8.9 KADAV Introduction Kadav is situated in foot hill base of Sahayadri Mountain range in Karjat Tahsil of Raigarh district. It is located at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of metre from mean sea level. This village is 14 km north east of Karjat tahsil headquarter. It is covered by Gangaon in the north, Takwe in the east, Tav at south, Chand khurd at west and Chinchol at north-west side. The village covers 379 hectares area having 2661 population as per 2001 census (Image- 8.7) Physiography, Climate and Soil Village Kadav is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri mountain range. Three small hillocks are observed in the village, one at the central side, another is in the southwest and northwest boundary. Gentle slope is observed towards west side of the village. Kadav receives 3495cm rainfall from southwest monsoon beginning from June and ends in October. The average maximum temperature in May with 34 0 C and minimum temperature in January with 21 0 C. Soil of the village is mainly of two types black soil and lateritic soil. This soil is comparatively fertile to the other area of the tahsil. Some eastern part of the tahsil is under canal and well irrigation used for rabbi cropping. 243

37 8.9.3 Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern ( to ) The land use pattern of the village is shown in Table-8.14 and Fig Village has 210 hectares total geographical land out of which 55 per cent land (210 hectares) was occupied by net sown area in It was further increased by 8.55 per cent in and reached up to per cent. In it was recorded per cent. The total increase was per cent and shows continuous increasing trend in study period. Land not available for cultivation was per cent was slightly reduced by 3.45 per cent and recorded per cent in This land is utilized for settlement, play ground, road, canal and other infrastructural facilities. Cultivable waste land shows decaling trend in the village. It was 8.79 per cent in and 2.64 per cent in Fallow land was 5.28 per cent at the beginning of study period and decreased by 2.64 per cent and recorded 2.64 per cent in The decrease in cultivable waste and fallow land resulted in increasing the net sown area of the village. Forest land is decreased at alarming level. It was observed 7.77 per cent in subsequently decreased by 2.4 per cent in (5.30 per cent) and again reduced by 2.08 per cent and reached up to only 3.22 per cent in Spatial Pattern of General Land use ( ) Kadav is situated on the plain land near the base of hilly area affected on the land use pattern of the village. Due to large size available plain land per cent area of the village is under net sown area. Area under area not available for cultivation was per cent under the settlements, roads, school, play ground, canal and other infrastructure. Other uncultivated land was found 3.13 per cent where fallow land was 5.29 per cent in the village. The forest land was available only on the slope of hillocks and recorded only 3.54 per cent in the village. 244

38 Village Kadav Located on Foot Hill Plain of Raigarh District Satellite Image 8.7 General Land use Pattern in Kadav Village ( ) Land in % Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land Use Type Fig Land in % Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Kadav Village Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Name of the Crop ( ) ( ) Fig Oilseeds Fodder crops 245

39 Table 8.14 The Village Kadav General Land Use Pattern Year Change Land use Type in % ( ) Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use ( to ) The cultivation of crops is mainly done in the central and eastern part of the village. The village is largely influenced by local relief, soil type and rainfall. Rice, wari, nachni are the major food crops grown in the village. Rice and nachni crops show the slight decline in the area. Rice occupied per cent area in and per cent area in (Table and Fig. 8.15) It was decreased by 8.52 per cent. Similarly the wari crop was per cent and reduced by 1.44 per cent and recorded in Decreasing the area in this food crops show the increased in pulses nachni crops. It shows the changing trend of farmers towards the cash crops. The area under nachni was increased by 2.96 per cent, the area under pulses by 4.54 per cent in the study period. The area under fruit and vegetable was increased by 0.71 per cent in twenty years. Fodder crop also shows the increase of 1.81 per cent. 246

40 Sr. No. Name of the Crop Table 8.15 The Village Kadav Agricultural Land Use Pattern Year ( ) Year ( ) Change ( ) 1 Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg Oilseeds Fodder crops Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use ( ) Kadav is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri mountain range. The cropping pattern of the village is a result of terrain, rainfall and irrigation. Rice, nachni, wari and pulses occupied more than ten per cent land in the village among rice is dominant crop covered more than 50 per cent area in the village. Rice occupied per cent area in the village less than Karjat tahsil average (74.36 per cent) and the district average (57.58 per cent).wari and nachni occupied per cent and per cent used as a substitute food crop in the region. These two crops are mostly grown on sloppy land. Tur, mug, gram and wal are the major pulses grown in the village in the east part near river side. It occupied per cent of the total cropped occupied same area (4.76 per cent) in the village. Mango is the major fruit crop in the village. Fodder crops are sold in the tahsil market. Spices and oil seed were not grown in the village. 247

41 8.9.7 Land Degradation Village Kadav is located foot hill plain. Only the increasing salinity of the soil is the cause observed in the village. the average salinity of the soil was 8.01 in and it was recorded 7.39 in shows the growth of acidic soil in the village. Survey No. 37, 51, 69, 141, 187, 313 are the main affected area of the village. With the discussion of farmers it is noticed that farmers are using chemical fertilizers on large scale by their own way. The soil electrical conductivity is also increase by 0.23 mmhos/cm. Initially in it was 0.43 mmhos/cm and it was 0.66 mmhos/cm in TUPGAON Introduction Tupgaon is situated in foot hill base of Western Ghat in Khalapur Tahsil of Raigarh district. It is located at north latitude and east longitude with an altitude of metre from mean sea level. This village is 12 km north east of Khalapur tahsil headquarter. The village is covered by Chowk Maniwali in the north, Jambhivali in the east, Asroti at south and Pali Khurd at west side. The village covers 238 hectares area having 1323 population as per 2001 census (Image- 8.8) Physiography, Climate and Soil Village Tupgaon is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri mountain range. Two small hillocks are observed in the village, one at the central side, another is in the west boundary. Gentle slope is observed towards eest side of the village. Tupgaon receives 3144 cm rainfall from southwest monsoon beginning from June and ends in October. The average maximum temperature in May with 32 0 C and minimum temperature in January with 22 0 C. Soil of the village is mainly of two types black soil and lateritic soil. This soil is comparatively fertile to the other area of the tahsil. Some eastern part of the tahsil is under canal and well irrigation used for rabbi cropping. 248

42 Village Tupgaon Located on Foot Hill Plain of Raigarh District Satellite Image General Land Use in Tupgaon Village Land in % Net sown area Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivable land Fallow land Forest Land USe Types Fig Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Tupgaon Village Land in % Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits & Veg. Oilseeds Fodder crops Name of The Crop ( ) ( ) Fig