Article Title: Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Raising in Brazil
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1 Article Title: Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Raising in Brazil Journal: Climatic Change Mercedes M.C. Bustamante 1, Carlos A. Nobre 2, Roberto Smeraldi 3, Ana P.D. Aguiar 2, Luis G. Barioni 4, Laerte G. Ferreira 5, Karla Longo 2, Peter May 3, Alexandre S. Pinto 1, Jean P.H.B. Ometto 2, 1 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Av. dos Astronautas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil 3 Amigos da Terra-Amazônia Brasileira (Rua Bento Andrade, 85, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) 4 Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, SP, Brazil 5 Laboratório de Processamento de Imagens e Geoprocessamento, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil Corresponding Author: Mercedes Bustamante (mercedes@unb.br),
2 Suplement material Cattle emissions: model description Herd composition and technical coefficients Models of methane and nitrous oxide emissions require estimation of feed intake and composition which are function of animal liveweight, physiological state (e.g. lactating, pregnant), breed and performance (liveweight gain, calving rate and milk production). In order to improve accuracy, the IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006) recommends, for Tier 2 analysis, to categorize the animals in the herd and estimate emissions for each category. In this study, the Brazilian cattle herd was divided into 9 categories (Table 1) Table 1. Cattle herd categories for emission estimation Category Variable Min age (Month) Max age (Months) Cows F 0 Sires M 0 Female calves (under 1 yr old) F Heifers (1 to 2 yrs old) F Heifers (2 to 3 yrs old) F Male calves (under 1 yr old) M Steers (1 to 2 yrs old) M Steers (2 to 3 yrs old) M Steers (over 3 yrs old) M The number of animals in each category in the herd was calculated from official animal numbers (IBGE, 2010) for each year and average animal performance indicators, estimated from Agricultural Census data (IBGE, 2010), slaughter numbers and literature reports. Aggregated national data was applied. The model assumed a steady state condition. Calculations are described by equations 1 to 10. The number of calvings is calculated through equations 1 and 2, as a function of the number of cows and heifers, calving rate and mortality of the heifers. 2
3 N=F 0 * α * (1+ ωp *α/2) (1) ωp =,, i=1..3 (2) Where, N is the number of calvings (heads), α is the calving rate (dimensionless), ωp is the mortality rate from birth to first calving (dimensionless), is the mortality rate of each of the female categories, calves and heifers (dimensionless), and, t(f i ) is the residence time of the animals until first calving (months). Residence time is calculated for males and females through equations 3 and 4, respectively. (3) (4) Where, Ix is the maximum age of the animals in each category (months), defined in Tabela 1. βp and βa are ages at first calving and slaughter (months). A proportion of 50% was assumed for males and females calves at birth and constant mortality rate ω 0 along the year (equation 5). (5) The number of Steers and Heifers (F i, M i ) were calculated as function of the population of animals of the same gender in the category immediately younger and from the mortality rate of that category (equations 6 and 7). (6) 3
4 (7) The number of sires was calculated assuming a sire/cow ratio (θ) according to equation 8. (8) The number of females and males slaughtered each year (AF and AM, respectively) are calculated according to equations 9 and 10. (9) (10) Methane emissions Estimates of methane emissions were based on the IPCC Tier 2 model (IPCC 2006) but modifying the dry matter intake estimates. This modification was made because zebu (Bos indicus) have lower requirement for energy for maintenance and, therefore, have lower feed intake than Bos taurus at same weight and performance level. Net energy for maintenance (NEm) was then calculated according to the NRC (NRC, 2000) model (equation 11): NEm = K.LW 0.75 (11) Where: LW = animal liveweight (estimated for each category); K is a parameter with default value of MCal.day -1.kg -0,75. K was multiplied by a factor of 0.9 for Zebu animals (assumed to be 50% of the herd) and by 1.2 for lactating cows according to recommendations of NRC (2000). 4
5 As most of the Brazilian animals are raised under grazing conditions, activity energy expenditure was assumed to be equal to 17% of maintenance energy requirement. Following IPCC (2006) recommendations, for the Tier 2 model with low quality diets, CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation is calculated by applying a Ym (ratio of energy loss to methane by gross energy intake, dimensionless) of 6.5%. Following Tier 1 recommendations manure CH 4 emissions were estimated as 1 kg.head -1.year -1. Nitrogen excretion NEx (kg.head.day -1 ) is calculated from animal liveweight (kg), dry matter intake (DMI, kg.head.day -1 ), crude protein concentration in the diet (CP, dimensionless) and crude protein digestibility (D, dimensionless), according to equation 12. (12) N 2 O is then estimated from nitrogen excretion as in IPCC Tier 1 (equation 13). (13) 5
6 Table 2. Technical coefficients used for the estimates Complete cycle in extensive pastures References Diet digestibility for cows and sires (% of dry matter) 58.0 Diet digestibility for growing animals (% of dry matter) 60.0 Diet Crude Protein Concentration (% of dry matter) 8 Milk production (kg per lactation) 1400 Period of lactation (months) 7 Calving rate (%) 60 Mortality rate (under 1 yr old) (%) 5 Mortality rate (1 2 yrs old) (%) 3 Mortality rate (over 2 yrs old) (%) 1 Cow replacement rate (%) 15% Cow mature liveweight (kg) 420 Sire/Cow ratio (dimensionless) 30 Age at slaughter (month) 38 Age at first calving (months) 30 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NRC. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Eightieth Revised Edition. National Academic Press, Washington, DC. 2000, 248p. IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (2009) Censo Agropecuário SIDRA (IBGE system for automatic data recovery). IPCC IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. 6
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