PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF RABBIT FARMING UNDER FARMERS CONDITION IN YOGYAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA

Transcription

1 PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF RABBIT FARMING UNDER FARMERS CONDITION IN YOGYAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA SUMANTO and E. JUARINI Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production PO Box 221, Bogor Indonesia ABSTRACT The population of rabbits is not comparable with other livestock population in Central Java, but it has been beneficial for households in rural areas, especially around tourist areas. This study aimed to see the productivity and financial benefits of rural scale of rabbit business. Information obtained through interviews with 40 breeder rabbits around Yogyakarta in August Results showed that the main job of respondents is farmer/ farm worker (80%) that also maintained rabbit as secondary job. The average experience of rearing rabbit was more than 5 years. The number of rabbits reared, varied from heads (averaging 25 does + 3 bucks) and "Flemish Giant" was dominating the rabbit breed and partly in combination with other rabbit breeds, such as Rex, Angora and New Zealand White. The average Litter size: 5 kids, kidding interval 4 6 times/year. Post weaning mortality, is still quite high: > 42%, so the production of doe/year was only about 12 heads. Dominant forage (grass) was used as feed for rabbits and in the dry season it was difficult to be obtained, the concentrate feed as an additional was given occasionally. The average initial scale was 28 rabbits (25 does, 3 bucks), overall this rabbit business gave benefit as much as IDR 10,039,700/year, at the B/C ratio of Demand for rabbit from other district/province was quite a lot, meanwhile the groups of farmers were unable to meet the demand. To overcome these constraints, this request is commonly diverted to other farmers group. Key words: Productivity, Benefits, Rabbit INTRODUCTION Seventy percent of the people population in Indonesia is rely on agricultural sector, mainly as farmers. This situation is also found in the Yogyakarta area. Yogyakarta is the city of multi-function, as a trader, tourism, education, government administration and as an agribusiness city. Because it s multi-function, many ethnic group has come to Yogyakarta. This situation drive to the availability of various food and meat for their life. Rabbits business has a good prospect to be developed in some areas surrounding Yogyakarta, such as in Sleman, Kulonprogo. Farmers have raised rabbit traditionally due to some reasons and it has caused in low productivity. None of technology practices has been applied and managed it only as secondary job. The rabbit production has also been affected by the Merapi eruption, that occured at the end of 2010, and most of them died. After two years period, this time being rabbit businesses have started back to normal and to meet rabbit s demand in this areas, it has still come from the other districts/provinces. Potential demand for rabbit product in Yogyakarta is considered high, because it s needed by the various parties, such as tourism, education and trade. This paper will discuss a range of rabbit productivity, its profit and a model of development efforts in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search and determination of the location of this activity is carried out through coordination and discussion between Indonesian Research Institute Animal Production (IRIAP) and related institutions such as Assessment Institute for Agriculture Technology (AIAT) and Local Animal Husbandry Services. Selected farmers had been chosen from a group of rabbit farmers in Kulonprogo, Sleman, and 359

2 Magelang. A structured questionnaire, through interviews with 40 of rabbit farmers has been used to gather information in August The information collected included human resources, rabbit productivity, feed management, disease and input-output operations and its prospects along with a development model of rabbit farming. Results are presented as descriptive information and financial analysis of business methods using B/C ratio (Pervaiz and Knipscher, 1989). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Location and number of respondents Survey was conducted in three villages i.e. Sidomulyo (district of Kulonprogo), Margorejo (district of Sleman) and Pandean-Ngablak, (district of Magelang). The villages were purposive selected due to the more house hold which experiences of doing rabbit farming, some of the rabbit farming have taken place since The number of respondents in total was 40 rabit farmers. Farmers characteristics The main job of respondents was as farmers/farm workers (80%) with a small portion as traders, civil servants and others. The average number of family is about 4 people per reares, only few families who have about 6 people per reares. The age of majority reares (85%) are still within the productive limits (45 years). Besides having the main work as farmers or other work, most farmers have also beef cattle, goats, chickens or ducks as seasonal business. While business experience on raising livestock including rabbits also varies, some of them have only less than 2 years (7 families) and some of them have quite long experience (12 years) to rear the rabbit (85% of farmers have reared rabbits since 2000). The purpose in raising rabbit is mostly due to faster growing of animal and this may increase, the farmers income, along with the use of solid and liquid manure as fertilizer for horticultural crops rice, and corn. The business of rabbit farming in each village are generally incorporated within a group or coorporation. This will help more easily to get information and access to get new breed, feed, training, marketing and others. Productivity of rabbits Types of rabbits are varied, i.e. Flames rabbit, Rex, Angora, Spot, New Zealand white, Holland, Loop, Reza, and many other local types. The number of rabbits per family ownership also varied between heads with the average of 25 heads/reares in a various age. Production of does per year reached 12 heads, with the condition of litter size between 5 6 heads, cyclus of does production (kidding interval): 4 6 times/year, mortality 29.17% before weaning and 18.58% after weaning. Age of Rabbit that ready to cut is 5 6 month and its average weight is around 2.5 kg/head. Management of rabbits Rabbit was placed in a cage that built mostly from bamboo and roofed so that they are saved from rain, and provided food and drink. The does was placed in an individual cage so that it can give birth with no disturbance. Cage models are individuals or groups that are fitted to their needs. For example the doe that just gave birth, then the cage is the individual models. Rabbit age after weaning, were placed in cages within groups. The forage (grasses) was mostly fed to rabbits. Grass/forage are obtained by cutting around the yard or the neighbour s yard. In the dry season, farmer usually get forage from further places because the availability of grass in the yard is somewhat diminished. Rabbits were also given additional solid food, in the form of rice bran, concentrates that has usually been given to cattle, rice brand, pulp and polard. Concentrates are generally purchased in the market for animal feed. Daily maintenance of rabbit farming commonly do not involve wage labor and mostly done by the family labour, such as wife and son. Only two families who hire wage labor, which sometime also maintained other farming activities such as cattle practices or other job in farming. 360

3 Marketing of rabbit Farmers have sold rabbit product such as bunnies, buck and young does for breeding purpose. However, revenue from sales of rabbit urine has already done besides its manure, and it has been used for vegetable crops fertilizer. The rabbit can be sold by farmers directly, where consumers come to the farmer house, or through broker who arrived at farmer house. Rabbits are sold in a form of meat, or young rabbit for breeding. The price of rabbit meat is around of IDR 40 thousand/kg, while the price of young doe or young buck range from IDR 40 to 200 thousand/pairs. The selling price of a rabbit is specified for breeds, which is about IDR thousand/pairs. Several types of specific rabbit (Rex, Loop, Spot-for contest) seems to have higher prices when sold as young rabbit for breeding. Financial analysis of rabbit business Analysis of rabbit business is conducted using various technical assumptions which have been obtained and refers to the price that occurred during the survey, is shown in Table 1. The input-output analysis of rabbit bussiness was estimated using a size operation of 25 does and 3 bucks that can be showed in the Table 2. Table 2 shows that farmers with the initial number of 28 rabbits has produced up to 225 rabbits breed and 75 young rabbits in a year. This is assuming that each does can give birth and life of her kid as much as 12 kids per year. The financial benefit obtained will be about IDR 10,039,700/year with B/C ratio is From these results, it can be derived that the initial effort rabbit breeders with smaller, for example with nine heads (8 does and 1 buck), Table 1. Technical and price assumptions Technical assumptions Information Kidding interval/year (times) 4 6 Litter size (heads) 5 6 Number of kid living/female/litter/cyclus, until sexual maturity (> 5 months ages) (heads) Feed forage grass land, kale, rendengan (grams/head/day) 200 Feed, concentrate (grams/head /day) 100 Medicines: (IDR/head/year) 2000 Hired labor - Cage, housing (IDR/25 heads ) 4 years durability 1,000,000 Mortality rate (%) of the kid living until adult (> 5 months) Age of selling for doe/buck (months) > 5 Age of selling for young rabbit (months) < 5 Production of rabbit s urine (20 heads/30 days/liters) 20 Price assumptions (IDR) Kid (ages < 2 month)/head 20,000 Young (ages 2 5 months)/head 65,000 Adult (ages > 5 months)/head 100,000 Concentrate (kg) 2000 Kale (bound) 1000 Rabbit meat (kg) 40,000 Rabbit manure (kg) 100 Rabbit urine (liter)

4 Table 2. Input-output financial analysis of rabbit business in Yogyakarta region within a year, 2011 Items Cost Volume Unit cost (IDR) Total (IDR) Decrease of 25 does+3 bucks/year (age rejects: 8 years) 28 15, ,500 Cages (female/male/child- (endurance 4 years) (unit) 4 437,500 1,750,000 Feeds (consentrat/forage) for (female/male/child) (kg) 10,760 1,500 16,140,600 Medicines (head) 237 1, ,000 Total cost 18,684,100 Income Selling for rabbit breed (head) ,000 22,500,000 Selling for young rabbit (head) 75 65,000 4,875,000 Selling for rabbit urine (liter) 1,349 1,000 1,348,800 Total income 28,723,800 Advantages/package (25 does + 3 bucks)/year 10,039,700 B/C ratio 1.54 Advantages/package (8 does + 1 bucks)/year 3,227,046 Advantages/package (8 does + 1 bucks)/month 268,921 Remarks: price of buying does/bucks as same as price of rejected selling them The productivity parameter that has been used to estimate financial benefit of rabbit is consider low compared to the existing potential production that has been reported in other places by Raharjo (2011). The result which states that the potential does can give birth to 7 8 times/year with average of 8 kid per birth with mortality < 20%. By fixing rate of productivity in accordance with potential ability, then a more value added can be obtained to increase farmers income. Nur and Subagiyo (2011) showed that rabbit breeding is financially feasible to maintain (B/C = 1.72) by a margin of IDR 26,900,00/year. Taking into account interest rates of 12% per year, Sumanto et al. (2012) reported that the rabbit business is also feasible to do. Other businesses in the form of processed meat, nuggets and meatballs as well as rabbit by products such as the use of urine has been providing more value-added (Budi et al., 2011). other groups. From the farmer sides, business the business prospects of development of rabbit is quite good, because it has been supported by the spirit of individual groups of farmers who are eager to accelerate in the efforts of this rabbit business. Besides breeds and marketing rabbit management, the availability of concentrate feed for rabbits and amount of feed available continually need to be seriously carried out in each group. Efficient feeding of concentrate should be sought in relation to conduct agribusiness rabbits. In anticipation of increased demand for breed, size of scale of rabbit production in the group would have to be improved. This may yield into increasing need of concentrate to be provided. The forage was predicted would not be enough to support its production. Therefore, the business of "mini factory" of concentrate that utilize local material sources was deadly needed. Prospect and efforts in rabbit development Demand for rabbit breed from other districts/provinces is very high in Yogyakarta, which cannot be met by the groups of farmers up to now. To overcome this problem, this demand of rabbit breed has been transferred to Problems and solution The problems that often encountered by farmers in managing rabbit production is some diseases such as bloating, diarrhea, scurvy. Bloating and diarrhea are the most problems in rabbit and may caused to death rabbits. Farmer 362

5 had usually treated the case by giving injections or other traditional medicine. Rabbit sales volume is still low in the location of survey, due to the influence of the eruption of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta even though now the new business has just started again. It is also occurred in the institutional dairy cows reported by Wiranti et al. (2011) that with a well-regarded chairman of the group, the dairy business can still survive after the eruption. CONCLUSIONS Rabbit business is still a sideline, so the target of producing does and buck for the breeding purpose has not been well planned. Respondents have experienced raising rabbits over 5 years with the scale of ownership varies between heads (averaging 25 does + 3 bucks). The type and number of rabbits "Flemish Giant" dominantly maintained, in addition to other types of rabbits, such as Rex, Angora and New Zealand White. Farmers with the initial effort of 28 rabbits (25 does, 3 bucks) has produced 225 rabbits breed and 75 young rabbits for a year. Financial benefits obtained at IDR 10,039,700/years and B/C ratio is 1,54. It can be derived that the initial effort rabbit breeders more smaller, for example with nine rabbit breeds (8 does and 1 bucks), provide the benefits: IDR 3,227,046/year or IDR /month. In the future, the business prospects of development of the rabbit is quite good, because it has been supported by the spirit of individual groups of farmers who are eager to advance the efforts of this rabbit and also the breed rabbit demand is still increased. To scaling up the rabbit business in the farmer group has to be developed and the "mini factory" concentrate that utilize local material sources have to be built. REFERENCES Budi, S., T.J. Siswanto dan Suparjono Value Chain Analysis Usahatani Kelinci di UP FMA Desa Sidomulyo Pengasih Kulonprogo. Seminar Nasional Pemberdayaan Petani Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Spesifik Lokasi. BP2TP, BPTP Yogyakarta, STTP Magelang dan Jurusan Penyuluhan Pertanian Yogyakarta. pp Nur, H. dan Subagiyo Keuntungan Usaha dalam Agribisnis Kelinci dan Peluang Pengembangannya. Seminar Nasional Pemberdayaan Petani Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Spesifik Lokasi. BP2TP, BPTP Yogyakarta, STTP Magelang dan Jurusan Penyuluhan Pertanian Yogyakarta. pp Pervaiz, A. dan H.C. Knipscheer Conducting On-Farm Animal Research: Procedure and Economic Analysis. Winrock International Institute, USA and IDRC-Canada. Raharjo, Y.C Proposal Pengembangan Kampung Kelinci. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi (unpublished). Sumanto, I-G.M. Budiarsana, E. Juarini dan Broto Wibowo Proposal Rencana Pengembangan Peternakan di Jonggol. Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi. 23 p. (had not been published). Wiranti Vishnu E., T.J. Siswanto dan A. Marton Profil Kelembagaan Peternak Sapi Perah Pascaerupsi Merapi Tahun 2010 di Kabupaten Sleman. Seminar Nasional Pemberdayaan Petani Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Spesifik Lokasi. BP2TP, BPTP Yogyakarta, STTP Magelang dan Jurusan Penyuluhan Pertanian Yogyakarta. pp