MWELO Providing Insight on Soil and Compost Requirements. Will Bakx

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1 MWELO Providing Insight on Soil and Compost Requirements Will Bakx

2 Soils: 2 Sections Soil Management report 492.6(3) Soil Preparation, Mulch and Amendments

3 492.5 Soil Management Report Goal: Reduce runoff and healthy plant growth Soil Sample for analysis and recommendations

4

5 How To Take a Soil Sample Follow directions of lab Look for soil uniformity, 1 test per variable Multiple sites: 15% (e.g. 1 out of 7 units) Small site 5-10, large samples When to sample. Allow time to get results to amend soil Sample when the soil is workable Sample depth: Lawns 3-4, other 6 Amount 2 cups Use form from lab Label your bag correctly

6 Follow the lab protocol Soil Sampling

7 Report Must Contain Soil Texture Infiltration rate ph Total soluble salts Sodium Percent organic matter Recommendations

8 Missing Goal: Reduce runoff and healthy plant growth Essential nutrients for plant growth Element Symbol mg/kg percent Nitrogen N 15, Potassium K 10,000 1 Calcium Ca 5, Magnesium Mg 2, Phosphorus P 2, Sulfur S 1, Chlorine Cl Iron Fe Boron B 20-- Manganese Mn 50-- Zinc Zn 20-- Copper Cu 6-- Molybdenum Mo Macro Micro

9 What is in the soil?

10 Soil Texture Can t change texture Soil Structure What does soil structure do? Affects water infiltration rate and water holding capacity, erodibility. Enhances root penetration, optimizes soil aeration, stimulates microbial diversity

11 Soil Aggregation Tilth, Friability, Soil Structure Aggregation Formation Aggregation Destruction Soil Aeration Root Penetration 90% of roots in top 18 of soil

12 Know your soil Or:

13 But,

14 Infiltration Rate Lab test Table (from Sacramento code)

15 ph

16 Total Soluble Salts Expressed in ppm or mg/l, related to Electrical Conductivity EC EC to TSS = 550 to 700 ppm per ds/m or mmhos/cm Nutrients are salts: Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cl -, SO 4 2-, NO 3-, HCO 3-, CO 3 2- From: University of Georgia Agriculture Extension

17 Sodium Sodium is culprit in salinity problems Clays more affected than sandy soils (leaching) Montmorillonite clay more affected than koalinite Raises ph: lower nutrient availability Causes dispersion, opposite of aggregation Affects water availability Greater Ca and Mg offsets problem

18 Percent Organic Matter

19 Recommendations Need to know what plants Is the management organic or not? Provides specific guidelines to correct soils

20 Submission of Soil Analysis Report Soil analysis will be made available in timely manner to landscape and irrigation design planners Soil analysis report will be submitted with Landscape Documentation Package Unless mass grading: submit with Certificate of Completion Submit documentation verifying implementation of soil analysis recommendations with Certificate of Completion

21 492.6(3) Soil Preparation, Mulch and Amendments Prior to planting improve soil friability. On slopes, may do planting holes only Incorporate soil amendments according to recommendations Compost incorporated at a rate of 4 yd 3 per 1,000 ft 2 of permeable soil, unless surface 6 of soil has > 6% Organic Matter (OM) 3 of Mulch to exposed soil, unless it is turf, groundcover, seeded 5% may be insect habitat. Designated insect habitat must be included in the landscape plan as such

22 Soil Preparation, Mulch and Amendments, cont d Mulch will be applied to slopes that meet engineering standards Hydro-seed application meets mulch standard Organic post-consumer mulch must be used instead of virgin forest floor mulch, unless not available. Organic mulches are not required when prohibited by local Fuel Modification Plan Guidelines

23 What is Composting? Simple definition: Managed Decomposition Composting is a natural form of recycling, which continually occurs in nature. Decomposition is how nutrients are recycled in an ecosystem. This natural decomposition can be refined by managing ideal conditions.

24 Biological Process Food (C,N,P,K ) Water Air Time

25 Guidelines for Compost Process Use a variety of raw materials (such as leaves, prunings, food scraps, manure, sawdust, etc..) Greens = nitrogen materials Browns = carbon materials It s important to keep compost aerobic (turn it!) It must stay heated to 131º F for at least 15 days and be turned 5 times during that process.

26 Monitor the Temperature

27 How to choose your compost Earthy smell Lost identity of original material Stains fingers black when rubbed ph < 8.0 C:N ratio < 20, <17 preferred Stability Maturity

28 Stability Stability an expression of microbial activity; How complete is the composting process. Measured by respirometry Carbon Dioxide Evolution (CO 2 ) Oxygen Uptake (O 2 ) Dewar (Self- heating test) Solvita (CO 2 and NH 3 ) A compost must be stable before maturity can be assessed

29 Maturity Maturity an expression of how well the compost is cured. Use bioassays (best indicator) Other Cucumber seedling emergence and vigor NH 4+ to NO 3 ratio Lower number is better ph < 8.0 C/N ratio < 20:1

30 Ask For a Lab Test: not a fertilizer

31 Compost Mulch In the Soil/On Top On Top of the Soil Supplies Nutrients Zero Nutrient Input Directly Improves Soil Structure Slow Soil Structure Improvement Conserves Water Conserves Water Improves CEC No CEC Change Some Erosion Control Reduced Erosion

32 Soil Health Benefits of Compost 1. Promotes a resilient population of soil organisms 2. Has a symbiotic relationship with plant roots 3. Is in balance with plant pathogens, insect and weed infestations 4. Recycles, conserves and fix nutrients 5. Provides good soil structure to maximize root penetration 6. Improves soil water management 7. Maximizes crop production 1. Diversity of microorganisms 2. Promotes healthy plant growth 3. Tool in IPM 4. Nutrient management 5. Improves soil structure 6. Soil moisture management

33 Focus on Water Conservation 4 inch layer of mulch can save 130,000 gallons of water/acre in vineyards Water holding capacity increased by 40% 49% greater water holding capacity in a soil with sod amended with 25% compost Marin Carbon Project ½ inch compost one time 2600 gallons/acre

34 Carbon Farm Planning CFP places carbon at the center of the planning process and views carbon as the single most important element, upon which all other on-farm/landscape processes depend From: Carbon Cycle Institute

35 With Compost Without

36 Carbon Depletion/Restoration It is estimated billion tonnes of soil organic matter has been lost over the past century. In 2012 it was estimated that 9 billion tonnes of CO 2 are annually released in to the atmosphere from fossil fuel consumption. With the implementation of the appropriate management practices, soil organic matter content could be restored to pre-industrial agricultural levels within 50 years. Source: Future Directions International, August 2016

37 Guidelines Never leave a soil uncovered Keep soil planted Use low or no-till practices Make wisely use of compost and mulch Use mature compost Have a soil test done for baseline Monitor Soil Organic Matter (SOM) levels

38 The Soil Story

39 Thank you Questions? Will Bakx

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