EFFICACY AND ECONOMICS OF VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT MODULES

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1 Agric. Sci. Digest, 32 (4) , 2012 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE ccjournals.com / indianjournals.com nals.com EFFICACY AND ECONOMICS OF VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT MODULES AGAINST TOMATO FRUIT BORER, HELICOVERPA A ARMIGERA (HUBNER) S.M. Chavan*, Sushilkumar 1 and S.S. Arve N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari , India Received: Accepted: ABSTRACT The field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of various pest management module against tomato fruit borer er, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Navsari Agricultural University,, Navsari with an objective to test the efficacy of different pest management modules with their economics and effect on larval population and fruit infestation. The results revealed that IPM module was found most promising in reducing larval population (1.04/plant), fruit infestation (15.35%) and increasing yield (36445 kg/ha). The insecticidal module was equally effective in reducing larval population (1.09/plant), fruit infestation (16.33%) and increasing yield (34684 kg/ha) as compared to IPM module. The biological module (1.13 larvae/plant, 20.19% infested fruit, kg/ha yield) was found next to insecticidal module, whereas botanical module (1.19 larvae/plant, 17.74% infested fruit, kg/ha yield) was next to biological module. The sole non-pesticidal module remained least effective. The net ICBR obtained in IPM module was 1:9.45 which was comparable with insecticidal module (1:15.92). Key words: Chrysoperla, HaNPV, Helicoverpa, Indoxacarb, Marigold, NSKE, Spinosad, Tomato, Trichogramma, ThiamethoxamSpinosad,Spinosad,. INTRODUCTION In India, as many as 16 pests of different groups have been observed feeding on tomato, commencing from germination to harvesting stages which not only reduce yield but also spoil quality (Butani, 1977). The most common and serious insect pest of tomato is fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, due to its direct attack on fruits, high mobility, voracious feeding habit, high fecundity, multivoltine and overlapping generations. Since early period, the farmers are mainly following plant protection schedule based on plant growth and time of appearance of pests. In tomato, where pest management plays an important role in harvesting its maximum potential, number of insecticidal applications though increases the yield, but they are economical up to a certain extent. The increased insecticidal applications coupled with high insecticidal cost result in escalation of cost of cultivation which further makes the crop *Corresponding author sachinento@gmail.com 1 ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, uneconomical due to non-remunerative price of crop produce. Their massive overuse and frequent misuses has led to the problems viz.; Resistance of pesticides, Resurgence of pest and Residues as well as toxicity hazards to non-target animals. The present study was undertaken to evaluate efficacy and economics of various pest management modules for management of tomato fruit borer. MATERIALS AND METHODS To work out suitable pest management module against tomato fruit borer, a field experiment was conducted at College Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during rabi season of The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module ) was compared with four modules viz; non-pesticidal (NPM) pest management module (M 1 ), botanical pest management module (M 2 ), biological pest management module (M 3 ), insecticide based pest management module (M 4 ) and untreated control

2 Vol. 32, No. 4, 2012 (T 6 ). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with the plot size of 3.6 x 2.7 m with four replications. In case of vegetative stage of the tomato crop, population of fruit borer was counted on five selected plants from net plot in each replication at weekly interval. At every picking, damaged and healthy marketable fruits obtained from all the plants of each treatment plot were separated and per cent damaged fruits were worked out. The details of treatments are given in Table 1. RESULTS TS AND DISCUSSION (a) Efficacy of different pest management modules against fruit borer : IPM module showed consistent suppression of Helicoverpa population during vegetative as well as reproductive stages of the crop and recorded minimum per cent fruit infestation (15.35%). Mathur and Singh (1997) recommended planting of 40 and 25 days old seedlings of marigold and tomato after every 16 rows of tomato for management of H. armigera. The mechanical control by way of removal and destruction of infested fruits helped in early reduction of fruit borer infestation. In the present investigation, marigold was exclusively used as trap crop in M 1 which hosted significantly lower population (1.17/ plant) and fruit infestation (22.07%) than untreated control (2.09 larvae/plant) and 26.33% fruit damage (Table-2), whereas as component of IPM module ), assisted in recording significantly lower larval population (1.04) and minimum fruit infestation (15.35%). Divakar and Pawar (1987) showed effectiveness of mass release of three species of egg parasitoids viz. Trichogramma. chilonis (Ishii), T. brasiliensis and T. pretiosum for control of H. armigera in Karnataka. In the present investigation the biological control module (M 3 ) comprised of release of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) larvae at 10000/ha, T. chilonis parasitized eggs at 1,60,000/ ha and spraying of 250 LE/ha, while in IPM module, they were used as one of the components. These components were found effective in lowering the larval population and reducing fruit infestation. In the former case, both Helicoverpa population (1.13/plant) and fruit infestation (20.19%) was third in order of efficacy. These findings indicate more or less same results as reported by earlier workers and said to be in conformity with them. 297 The botanical module (M 2 ) ranked second last in overall order of efficacy (1.19 Helicoverpa population/plant) while ranked third in reducing fruit infestation (17.74%). However, throughout the crop season, it remained comparable with M 5. From the results, it is also evident that application of NSKE, an essential component of botanical module as well as one of the components of IPM assisted in lowering larval population and fruit damage of Helicoverpa. Devraj and Nandihalli (2002) showed that 60 percent of Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) dust recorded higher pupal mortality and lowest adult emergence of H. armigera. Insecticidal module (M 4 ) ranked 2 nd in order of effectiveness and was effective for the control of H. armigera in recording lower larval population (1.09/plant) and fruit infestation (16.33%) and was comparable with IPM module ) (1.04 and 15.35%, respectively). These findings are in accordance with report of Sharma and Krishnamurthi (1998) who revealed effectiveness of combination products viz; cypermethrin 4 + profenophos 40 EC, Profenofos per cent and endosulfan 0.07 per cent was reported to be effective against H. armigera (Rana et al. 2002). Similarly, Thakor and Patel (2008) concluded that spinosad per cent, indoxacarb per cent and profenophos + cypermethrin (Polytrin-C) per cent were most effective in killing eggs of H. armigera. (b) Economics of different pest management module against tomato fruit borer er, H. armigera migera: As far as yield and economics are concerned, highest fruit yield was recorded in IPM module ) (36445 kg/ha) and was statistically at par with M 4 (34684 kg/ha) which was followed by M 3 (30813 kg/ha which in turn did not differ significantly from M 2 (30350 kg/ha). M 1 recorded appreciably lower fruit yield (23598 kg/ha) which in turn at par with untreated control recording lowest fruit yield (21579 kg/ha) (Table-2). Praveen and Dhandapani (2003) observed that combined use of T. chilonis, C. carnea, B.t. and HaNPV effectively controlled H. armigera coupled with increase in fruit yield (23292 kg/ha). The treatment module based on use of insecticides (M 4 ) generated highest net ICBR (1:15.92) followed by IPM module ) wherein net ICBR was 1:9.45 (this is due to higher cost of different

3 298 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST TABLE 1: Details of treatments for the management of tomato fruit borer, H. armigera. Treat.(modules) Components and practices of respective modules Dosage/conc. Time of application T 1 (M 1 ) 1.Trap crop (marigold 2 rows/5 rows of tomato) 25 days old seedlings of marigold and 40 days old seedling 2. Collection and disposal of immature stages of of tomato were transplanted togetherat weekly intervals H. armigera and infested tomato fruits commencing from transplanting T 2 (M 2 ) 1. Neemazal (two applications). 5 % One pre-flowering + one post-flowering 2. Ginger rhizome extract (two applications). 5 % One pre-flowering + one post-flowering 3. Garlic bulb extract (one application). 5 % One pre-flowering T 3 (M 3 ) 1. Release of Chrysoperla larvae (2 application) /ha Two pre-flowering 2. Spraying of (two applications). 250 LE/ha One pre-flowering + one post-flowering 3. Release of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii adults /ha One post-flowering (one release). T 4 (M 4 ) 1. Thiomethoxam 25 per cent WG (two applications) % One pre-flowering + one post-flowering 2. Spinosad 45 per cent SC (one applications) One pre-flowering 3. Indoxacarb 15 per cent SC (two applications) Two post-flowering T 5 ) 1. Collection and disposal of immature stages of At weekly intervals commencing from transplanting same H. armigera and infested fruits as in treat. T1 2. Marigold as trap crop 3. Release Chrysoperla larvae 10000/ha One pre-flowering 4. Spray NSKE 5 % One pre-flowering + one post-flowering 5. Spray Endosulfan 35 EC 0.07 % One pre-flowering 6. Release of T. chilonis adults /ha One post-flowering 7. Spray profenofos 40 % + cypermethrin 4 % 44 EC % One post-flowering T 6 Control (untreated) Water spray - T 1 (M 1 ) - Non-pesticidal pest management module, T 2 (M 2 ) - Botanical pest management module T 3 (M 3 ) - Biological pest management module. T 4 (M 4 ) - Insecticidal pest management module, T 5 ) - Integrated pest management module, T 6 - Untreated control (M-module).

4 Vol. 32, No. 4, TABLE 2: Efficacy of different pest management modules against tomato fruit borer. Treatments(modules) No. of Per cent Yield Increa-sed Cost of** Gross * Net gain Net Rank Helicoverpa infested Kg/ha yield over TreatRs./ha realization over control I.C.B.R. larvae/ plant fruits controlkg/ha over control Rs./ha (Rs./ha) T -Non-pesticidal pest á 1.26 b #27.89 d 1 management module (M 1 ) (1.17) (22.07) T - Botanical pest management 1.26 b b 2 module (M 2 ) (1.19) (17.74) T 3 - Biological pest management 1.24 ab 26.55c module (M 3 ) (1.13) (20.19) T - Insecticidal pest management 1.23 ab ab 4 module (M 4 ) (1.09) (16.33) T - Integrated pest management 1.20 a a 5 module ) (1.04) (15.35) T 6 - Untreated control 1.55 c e (2.09) (26.33) S.Em. ± C.D. 5% C.V. (%) c : b : b : a : a : c Figures in parenthesis are original values, #Arcsine transformed values, á x +0.5 transformed value Treatment means followed by common alphabets are not significantly differ. Total cost of insecticides used including two labour per hectare for each Rs. 50 per day. *Prevailing market price of tomato= Rs. 7/kg Rs. 4450/l, Rs. 2000/l, Rs. 3700/l, Rs. 350/l Rs 400/l, Rs. 15/Kg, Rs. 250/100LE, Rs. 450/l, C. Rs. 30/100 eggs card, Rs. 25/card, Rs. 0.50/seedling, Rs. 63/kg, Rs. 60/Kg.

5 300 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST components / practices integrated in IPM module) which was not appreciably higher than botanical module (1:8.31). The study was revealed that the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module found to be the most promising module for management of tomato fruit borer, H. armigera. REFERENCES Butani, D. K. (1977). Insect pest of vegetables-tomato. Pesticides, 11: Devraj, K. and Nandihalli, B. S. (2002). Efficacy of neem seed kernel dusts on pupae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Insect Environment, 8(3): Divakar, B. J. and Pawar, A. D. (1987). Bio-control of tomato fruit borer, Heliothis armigera (Hb.) in Karnataka. Indian J. of Plant Protection, 15: Mathur, R. P. and Singh, S. V. (1997). Integrated pest management strategies for vegetables. In : Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture (ed. Bharad, GM, Bonde, RS, Nimbalkar, SA and Sarode, SV) Dr. PDKV Akola, India. pp Praveen, P. M. and Dhandapani, N. (2003). Development of biocontrol based pest management module in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.). In Proc. of the Symposium of Biological Control of Lepidopteran pests, July 2002, Banglore, India. Rana, B. S., Ashok Kumar, A. K., Vyas and Ameta, O. P. (2002). Efficacy of profenofos 50 EC against Helicoverpa armigera and its residue on tomato. Indian J. of Applied Ent., 16(1): Sharma, S. and Krishnamurthy, G. (1998). Bioefficacy of some insecticides against insect pests of tomato. Pestology, 22(12): Thakor, S. B. and Patel, I. S. (2008). Ovicidal toxicity of chemical and botanical insecticides on the eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in laboratory. Insect Environment, 13(4):

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