The Need for Coherent Food Policy. Kelly D. Brownell Sanford School of Public Policy Duke University
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1 The Need for Coherent Food Policy Kelly D. Brownell Sanford School of Public Policy Duke University
2 World Food Issues Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture The Policy Picture Obesity Food Safety and Security
3 Hunger
4 Number of SNAP (Food Stamp) Beneficiaries Source: CBO April, 2012:
5 Childhood malnutrition is responsible for over 2.5 million childhood deaths every year UN, World Food Program, 2010 FAO, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2012
6 Under-5 Causes of Death Pneumonia$ Preterm$birth$complica7ons$ Diarrhea$ 33% underlying cause: 41%$ malnutrition 18%$ 14%$ Birth$asphyxia$ Malaria$ 7%$ 9%$ 11%$ Other$causes$ WHO, 2012
7 Proportion of People Undernourished 30%$ 28%$ 25%$ 20%$ 15%$ 14%$ 10%$ 8%$ 9%$ 5%$ <2%$ 0%$ Asia$&$the$Pacific$ La8n$America$&$the$ Caribbean$ Near$East$&$North$Africa$ SubDSaharan$Africa$ Developed$Countries$ Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012
8 Refugees: Countries of Origin China" Eritrea" Viet"Nam*" Colombia**" Myanmar**" Dem."Rep."of"Congo" Sudan***" Somalia" Iraq" Afghanistan" 0" 500" 1000" 1500" 2000" 2500" 3000" Thousands UNHCR Global Trends 2012 Major&Source&Countries&of&Refugees,&end&2011&
9
10 Are Food Crises the New Normal?
11 2011 FAO Report Food-based Approaches Fortification Dietary diversification Dietary modification Biofortification
12 Golden Rice Genetically modified to contain Vitamin A Most recent breed contains 100% DV Bred with local crops Increase Vitamin A intake in humans Tang et al 2009
13 Expected Time for Population to Double # of Years United States 70 India 37 Mexico Ethiopia The world overall 50
14 Obesity
15 1985 BRFSS, BMI > 30 No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19% 20%
16 1986
17 1987
18 1988
19 1989
20 1990
21 1991
22 1992
23 1993
24 1994
25 1995
26 1996
27 1997
28 1998
29 1999
30 2000
31 2001
32 2002
33 2003
34 2003
35 2004
36 2005
37 2006
38 2007
39 2008
40 2009
41 2010 No Data <10% 10% 14% 15% 19% 20% 24% 25% 29% 30%
42 Projected % Increase in Diabetes, % % % 25 0 Yach, Stuckler, Brownell Nature Medicine, 2006 U.S. China India
43 The Dual Burden Coexistence of hunger and obesity Early nutrition experiences (stunting and obesity)
44 The Environmental Impact of Agriculture
45 Water depletion Water contamination Land degradation Monoculture Dead zones Deforestation Antibiotic resistance GMOs Animal welfare Biodiversity Fossil fuel use Climate change
46 Water
47 environment/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr4-2012/
48 By 2030 Half the world s population will be in areas of high water stress
49 Global water footprint of production ( ) 4.4% 3.6% 92.0% Agricultural production Industrial Production Domestic Water Supply Hoekstra and Mekonnen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012
50 Trends in Global Water Use United Nations Environment Programme
51 Gallons of Irrigated Water to Produce 1 kg of Pimentel, 2004
52
53
54
55 Shrinking Biodiversity
56 PNAS, 2014
57 Sept 30, 2103
58 Goss s Wilt It has come on like a tidal wave, washing across the Corn Belt from Minnesota to the Texas panhandle, a disease that few farmers had seen until five years ago. 10% of overall corn crop may be lost.. many plant pathologists suspect that the biggest factor is the hybrids chosen for genetic modification by major seed companies like Monsanto, DuPont and Syngenta.
59 The Case of Orange Juice Year round production Uniform fruit Thin skin Few seeds High sugar
60 Climate Change
61 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Fertilizers Feed transport Farm machinery Animal processing & transport Methane Emissions Enteric fermentation in ruminants Release from animal manure Nitrous Oxide Emissions Release from urine and manure
62
63 Global Warming Potential Set carbon dioxide as 1 unit Methane = 23 units Nitrous oxide = 296 units Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture exceed emissions from transportation Steinfeld et al., 2006 Rome, FAO
64 Just Animal Agriculture % of total global emissions for carbon dioxide 9% % of total global emissions for methane 37% % of total global emissions for nitrous oxide 65%
65
66 Agriculture Climate Change
67 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations, 2014
68 All aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including food access, utilization, and price stability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations, 2014
69 Food Safety and Food Security
70
71
72
73 Among the Major Concerns E. coli Salmonella Campylobacter
74 .cdc.gov/ecoli/outbreaks.html
75 U.S. Foodborne Illness 48 million Americans sickened each year 128,000 hospitalized 3,000 die
76
77 Foodborne diseases remain responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality in the general population, but particularly for at-risk groups, such as infants and young, children, the elderly and the immunocompromised.
78 Who Is Watching The Store?
79 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
80 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
81 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
82 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
83 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
84 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
85 Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Obesity Food Safety and Security
86 The Problem Hunger, Food Insecurity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Disconnected Uncoordinated World Food Policy Obesity Food Safety and Security
87 Examples of Conflicts Food industry growth vs public health Green Revolution vs. the environment SNAP benefits and soda Corn to ethanol supports Development and nutrition
88
89 Lancet Global Health, 2014
90
91 A World Food Institute
92 Hunger, Food Insecurity Obesity Environmental Impact of Agriculture Food Safety and Security Expertise Economics Agriculture Nutrition Policy/Politics Business Law Environment More Stakeholders Universities World Organizations Governments Industry Foundations
93 A World Food Institute At Duke?
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