DEVELOPING COUNTRY - SPECIFIC EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN COLOMBIA

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1 DEVELOPING COUNTRY - SPECIFIC EMISSION FACTORS FOR LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS IN COLOMBIA EDGAR ALBERTO CÁRDENAS ROCHA Associate Professor Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic National University of Colombia Bogotá Workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development November Rome, Italy

2 OUTLINE - Pastures distribution in the world - Strategic areas for cattle production in Colombia - Latin America countries - Research Consortium - Standardized methodologies (GHG) in Fontagro-project - How to reduce costs in SF 6 and SCC

3 PASTURES DISTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD Pastures Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 2005

4 CATTLE SYSTEMS IN COLOMBIA 9 th World position in cattle inventory Prod. Syst mill. of head 1 Altitude Temp (%) (masl) C Soil Fertility Beef >24 L M - H Dual purpose Low Dairy Medium Fedegan 2013

5 STRATEGIC AREAS FOR BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA ANDEAN REGION (Dual purpose) g/h/d < 800 l/y

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8 BEEF AND MILK PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA PRODUCT Year 2012 CO 2 eq/kg Beef, ton/y ? Milk, mill. kg/y 7.200?

9 THE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM FONTAGRO PROYECT COUNTRIES Climate Change and Beef Cattle Production: Quantification and Mitigation of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Grazing Beef Cattle

10 CLIMATE CHANGE AND BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES ( ) INTA Argentina INIA Chile UNAL Colombia IDIAF Dominican Rep. INIA Uruguay 30% 70% FONTAGRO 2010 Regional Fund for Agriculture MAF- NZ Global Research Alliance

11 CLIMATE CHANGE AND BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES Long Term OBJECTIVES Contribute to the mitigation of climate change caused by GHG emissions (CH 4 and N 2 O) from the livestock sector General Research Reduce the uncertainty in the development of national GHG s (CH 4 and N 2 O) inventories of the countries within the consortium and to develop mitigation options adapted to the farming conditions of each country

12 CLIMATE CHANGE AND BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES However!... Utilization of Default Emission Factors Therefore... Important uncertainties around estimated emissions - There is an urgent need among the countries of South and Central America to elucidate country specific EFs (CH 4 and N 2 O); and - To develop mitigation techniques to reduce GHG emissions from the agricultural sectors

13 MADR UNAL - CORPOICA MAF - FONTAGRO MAF - FONTAGRO

14 SF 6 TRACER TECHNIQUE SF 6 : - Inert gas, chemical and biologically with similar conditions to CH 4 in rumen (300 potential gases) (Machmüller and Hegarty 2006) - Lower atmospheric concentration, but detectable in gas chromatograph (ppt) - GWP = 23, IPPC, Physical Science Basis, 8º Chapter

15 EMISSION CALCULATION CH 4 (g/d) = (CH 4j CH 4e ) (SF 6j SF 6e ) * SF 6 PT Johnson et al CONSIDERATIONS - Costs - Animals (pref. >7/tto) - Intake measurement - Forage quality

16 STATIC CLOSED CHAMBER TECHNIQUE Vials preparation Chambers (acryl PVC) Chromatographic analysis Where: N 2 O flux: Hourly N 2 O emission (mg N 2 O-N/m 2 /h) δc/δt: Increase in headspace N 2 O during the enclosure period (ppm) A: Area covered (m 2 ) T: Temperature inside of the chamber on the deploytment moment ( C) M: Molar weight of N in N 2 O (g/mol) H: Height of the chamber

17 VARIATION ON FORAGE QUALITY BY REGION (DIGETIBILITY, INTAKE) Medium digestibility Panicum maximum Dichanthium annulatum Echinochloa polystachya Bothriochloa pertusa Low digestibility Melinis minutiflora Paspalum notatum Homolepis aturensis Low digestibility Brachiaria humidicola Brachiaria decumbens Axonopus purpusii High digestibility Cynodon nlemfuensis Digitaria decumbens Dichanthium aristatum High digestibility Lolium spp. Pennisetum clandestinum

18 EMISSION FACTOR EQUATION GROSS ENERGY FOR CATTLE/BUFFALO AND SHEEP EQUATION CH 4 EMISSION FACTORS FOR ENTERIC FERMENTATION FROM A LIVESTOCK CATEGORY GE= NEm+ NEl + NEa + NEw + NEp REM DE % NEg + NEwool REG EF= Ym GE * * GE = gross energy, MJ/day NEm = net energy for maintenance, MJ/d NEa = net energy for activity, MJ/d NEl = net energy for lactation, MJ/d NEw = net energy for work, MJ/d NEp = net energy for pregnancy, MJ/d REM = ratio of net energy available in a diet for maintenance to digestible energy consumed NEg = net energy for growth, MJ/d NEw = net energy for wool, MJ/d REG = ratio of net energy avail. for growth in a diet to digestible energy consumed DE% = digestible energy expressed as a percentage of GE EF= emission factor, kg CH 4 /head/yr GE= gross energy intake, MJ/head/day Ym= methane conversión factor, per cent of gross energy in feed converted to methane The factor (MJ/kg CH 4 ) is the energy content of methane

19 HOW TO REDUCE COSTS TO MEASURE GHG USING SF 6 AND STATIC CLOSED CHAMBERS TECHNIQUES? METHANE It is necessary to measure digestibility, intake, milk production or liveweigth gains. Only methane data is not enough to estimate specific EF (vol conc). - Measure enteric methane with SF 6 tracer is expensive, but is possible to reduce cost collecting samples each 10 days from cattle (Gere Argentina-NZ). - Other method to reduce costs is to estimate CH 4 emissions from CH 4 /CO 2 ratio or voluntary intake under grazing, they are a good indicators to predict methane emissions. NITROUS OXIDE - Reduce frecuency of sampling through trial.

20 CONSIDERATIONS - Colombia needs to estimate at least 4 EF due to its different ecosystems characterized by differences in the quality of their forages and cattle systems. - We can use modifications in SF 6 and Static Closed Chambers for measure GHG with lower costs. THANKS!!!