Soil structure and Field Traffic Management. Tim Chamen CTF Europe

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1 Soil structure and Field Traffic Management Tim Chamen CTF Europe

2 What are the physics of a good soil structure? A diverse mix of solids, air and water with a continuous network of pores that allow free movement of air, water and roots the economics of creating and maintaining this have to work as well!

3 Recognising good and bad soil structure Good Bad

4 Examples of good & poor soil structure Good Poor in parts

5 Examples of good & poor soil structure Reasonably good Very poor

6 Examples of good & poor soil structure Good Poor

7 Examples of good & poor structure Good Poor

8 What can we influence or manage? With acknowledgement to R.C. Palmer, Independent Soil Assessment Specialist The volume of soil that we can influence

9 How do we improve soil structure? Increase organic matter levels Maximise level and duration of green or other cover Avoid stresses on the soil: compaction tillage starving wildlife bare fallows at any time raindrop impact

10 The importance of SOM! Without soil organic matter (SOM), soils have no structure or life SOM is the primary food source for all soil living animals and micro-organisms SOM initiates aggregation of soil particles and thus porosity Animals and roots create further porosity

11 The dynamics of SOM Plants add SOM Soil micro-organisms break it down - Addition or loss of SOM is the balance of these two processes Inappropriate tillage increases loss by exposing more of the soil to microbes

12 Increasing SOM There is no controversy about increasing SOM it is beneficial on practically all levels

13 High yielding crops Manures Addition of SOM Composts

14 Addition of SOM Cover crops with large vigorous roots as much growth and over as long a time period as possible must be compatible with cash crops

15 Loss of SOM Vigorous tillage in poor soil conditions

16 Whole crop removal Loss of SOM only cover cropping has any chance of maintaining status quo in this situation

17 Cover cropping with maize? Cornwall in mid May can we avoid these bare soils? by growing this over-winter and using strip tillage to plant?

18 Causes of soil compaction Machines pressure and weight under tyres or tracks pressure dominates effects in topsoil weight dominates effects in subsoil Livestock high pressure, low weight effects mostly confined to topsoil W P P/2 D = W Rule of thumb for tyres pressure (P) at the surface reduces to half its value at a depth equivalent to the width of the tyre

19 Dynamics of soil compaction Effect of increasing weight at same surface pressure Effect of soil moisture content From:

20 Causes of soil compaction Tillage thin bands at tillage depth caused by poorly set or maintained machines, particularly discs magnitude of effect much less than traffic and livestock Rainfall impact surface layer recognised as crusting

21 Water dynamics

22 Compaction stops water getting into and draining out of soils After: Chyba, 2012

23 Outcomes of poor water dynamics Soil, chemical and nutrient losses

24 Outcomes of poor water dynamics!

25 The effect of pore size on drainage

26 Effect of pore size on drainage Hinge narrow end

27 Water drainage

28 Effect of impervious layers on soil water content A practical demonstration of drainage constraints in the field this afternoon

29 Compaction makes soils stronger First video, random traffic no-till for 3 years Second video, zero traffic no-till for 3 years

30 Compaction makes soil management more difficult and costly Energy to loosen. Energy to re-compact Loss of moisture Random traffic Uneven germination and growth Non-trafficked soil Timeliness effects on subsequent chemical applications

31 FIELD TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

32 Addressing the principles Choosing and using tyres correctly Learn the principles manufacturer s literature and training workshops tyre data book or pdf lowest inflation pressure for load and speed

33 Tyres what s the correct inflation pressure? Example from tyre data book 18.4R34 tyre Tyre rolling radius, mm Max speed, km/h Load, kg at: Pressure 0.8 bar 1.0 bar 1.2 bar

34 Choosing the right tyres Axiobib - 20% more load at same pressure Xeobib 40% more load at same pressure

35 Tyres have very different characteristics

36 What can be achieved Combine on standard tyres

37 What can be achieved Same day, same combine but on low pressure tyres

38 Differently priced options!

39 Recorded pressure, bar Tracks Lay down area in length rather than width but pressure not even under this length 3.0 Run No. 4\3\1\009 Ground pressure time history combine track combine rear wheels Time, secs Accepted thinking: most stress under tracks is dissipated in the topsoil

40 Tracks Advantages Less area tracked on each pass More efficient pulling power 4% compared 265 kw with tracked 10% slip tractor 25% premium compared with equivalent wheeled tractor of 425 kw Less rutting Disadvantages Heavier than wheels More expensive than wheels Can do more damage to crops on turning Good Not so good

41 Tracks 265 kw tracked tractor 25% premium compared with equivalent wheeled tractor of 425 kw

42 Setting up machinery combinations properly Mounted cultivators correct ballasting 3-point hitch geometry top link position should ensure weight transfer onto rear wheels Trailed cultivators correct ballasting particularly important with single tracks

43 Fuel savings Adaptive driving 10-20% Appropriate settings 5-10% Engine maintenance 5-10% Diesel quality 3-5% Appropriate ballast 5-8% Correct tyre pressures 5%

44 Keep an eye on weight Take time to remove excess weight Not always easy or appropriate and can remove too much!

45 Predicted pressure at 0.5 m depth, bar The effects of increasing weight It s load that does damage at depth 2.5 t vehicle 21 t vehicle Timeline from the 1930s to the present day 850 kg Horse R /70 R /65R /50R32

46 And we apply weight to a big area Traditional: Average: 85% tracked Min till: Average: 65% Wheat Czech Republic straw baling straw carting grain carting Kroulik et al,

47 Another approach Controlled Traffic Farming - CTF any system that confines all tracks to least possible area of permanent traffic lanes CT is NOT prescriptive about tillage CT is NOT just about keeping tramlines in the same place Commitment to continual improvement

48 Why CTF? Soil damage from traffic: increases costs more energy needed for tillage reduces crop yields average reduction of around 12% compromises no-till systems wheel ruts formed in wet seasons extra loss in yield in first few years increases greenhouse gas emissions nitrous oxide and CO 2

49 CTF can turn tracking on its head! CTF: 85% not tracked

50 Match as many track gauges as possible CTF how? Match implement widths Introduce a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with RTK correction Rover Base station Radio aerials GPS receivers

51 Matching track and implement gauges OutTrac CTF system Cereal harvesting Grain auger Cultivator/drill Trailer Chemical application Harvester e.g. 2.8 m Other vehicles e.g. 2 m

52 Example of OutTrac for maize OutTrac CTF System 3.35 m harvester track gauge 6 m, 9 row maize planter, 0.67 m rows 2.01 m tractor track gauge

53 CTF has a lot of benefits Yield improvements Improved fertilizer use efficiency Lower and less intensive tillage Large fuel savings Lower operating and capital costs Improved soil health 4 x better water infiltration & conductivity lower greenhouse gas emissions more soil-living animals

54 but CTF also has some drawbacks It needs careful planning and attention to detail matching track gauges matching implement widths Cereal harvesting Grain auger Trailer Chemical application Cultivator/drill It requires investment in auto-steer It introduces an element of inflexibility Needs a change in agronomy less and shallower tillage different soil structure

55 Take home messages Improving soil structure is a long-term commitment involving lowering soil stresses tillage and traffic choosing and using tyres correctly increasing organic matter levels less tillage cover cropping retaining residues adding composts and manures

56 Take home messages Improving soil structure Controlling traffic can be part of the solution It can also: make farming simpler lower inputs raise yields reduce negative environmental impacts

57 Join the Smart Agri-Systems Platform for information on soils, precision farming & CTF

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