Agriculture and Society. Pa E & E Standards 4.4

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1 Agriculture and Society Pa E & E Standards 4.4

2 I. Background 1. Let s look at Agriculture in the U.S. and in Pennsylvania. 2. Agriculture in the U.S. has changed a lot in the last 200 years. In 1790, 95% of the population were farmers. In 2000, only 2% of the population are farmers.

3 3. Despite the small percentage, the U.S. supplies: 25% of the world s beef. 15% of the world s grain, milk, and eggs. 25% of the world s food exports. 4. The U.S. has some of the most fertile soils and favorable climates, but most of all, the most advanced farm practices and equipment.

4 5. In PA, farms cover about 1/3 of the state with southeastern part the most fertile. There are roughly 60,000 farms. Rank 18 th out of 50 states in annual income produced by farms.

5 6. Milk is probably the most important agricultural product. Mushrooms are the number one crop. Other crops grown in PA include corn, oats, potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes, apples, peaches, grapes, strawberries. Non-food farming include cut flowers, houseplants, landscaping plants, and Christmas trees.

6 II. Food Production 1. When we think farming, we often picture the small family farms. 2. However, most of the food produced are on large farms owned and operated by large corporations.

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9 3. It is interesting that small family farms still outnumber large farms but have been declining due to competition. 4. The number of farms has decreased from 6.5 million to about 2 million in At the same time, farm size has increased from 143 acres to 434 acres.

10 III. The Green Revolution 1. One the keys to success of U.S. agriculture (and to other industrialized countries) has been the green revolution. 2. The green revolution is the result of improving farming methods by using genetically engineered crops (GMO s), the latest farming technology, and increases in fertilizers, pesticides, and water all to increase crop yields.

11 3. Everything is done on a large-scale with less land. Food production has doubled without increasing the amount of land. Facilities can raise large numbers of livestock with machines providing food and water. Irrigation allows food to be produced in previously unsuitable areas.

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13 4. The extra production means that: Lots of choices for food. People have more food to eat. The standard of living improves. Surplus food can be sold as exports.

14 5. Problems/Drawbacks of the green revolution. Large scale livestock facilities sometimes means problems handling animal wastes and odors. Large scale farms rely heavily on oil-based machinery, fertilizers and pesticides. GMO s tend to need a lot of water and fertilizers to grow correctly.

15 V. The Progression of Farming 1. Most of the developed countries of the world use the highly industrialized agriculture practiced in the U.S. 2. However, agriculture in the developing countries of the world varies due to location, economics, and climate. 3. Most of the developing countries cannot afford all the technologies of the green revolution.

16 4. Most countries still practice traditional subsistence farming. Subsistence farming is farming that just meets the needs of the farmer and their family. 5. In subsistence farming, farmers mainly use human or animal labor. 6. Crop yields are low due to the smaller scale and lack of fertilizers and pesticides. 7. Sometimes there are traditional intensive farms (similar to ones in developing countries). Traditional intensive farming use more labor and some technology to produce more food to provide for both the family and for income.

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20 8. Subsistence farmers in tropical areas still practice ancient farming techniques: Shifting cultivation where plots of land are cleared and only farmed for a few years before moving to a new plot of land. Slash and burn cultivation where plots of land are cut and burned and farmed similar to shifting cult.

21 9. Problems with farming in tropical areas of the world. Most of the nutrients in tropical areas are held in the plants not the soil. Farming is limited to 2 to 5 years on a plot of land. New land needs to be cleared. Heavy rainfall promotes soil erosion and nutrient loss. Exposure to the sun, bakes and hardens the soil.

22 VI. Important Agricultural Advances. 1. Farming has come a long way over the past 11,000 years. Farmers now use computers, satellite technology, and genetically modified foods and animals to maintain food production.

23 2. Here are some the important agricultural advances that made farming easier and more efficient: Cotton Gin (1793) Eli Whitney made cotton easier to clean. Cast-Iron Plow (1797) - stronger than the wooden plow. Made tilling faster and better. Reaper (1831) Cyrus McCormick cut the time and labor to harvest wheat crops.

24 Steel Plow (1837) John Deere strong enough to plow the thick soils of the Midwest. Chemical Fertilizers (1849) allowed farmers to replace nutrients in depleted soil. Transcontinental Railroad (1869) opened up new areas for agriculture and trade.

25 Barbed Wire (1874) ability to fence off fields from roaming cattle. Pasteurization (mid- 1880s) - Louis Pasteur killing bacteria and other harmful microbes in dairy products and wines. Tractor (1926) - allowed farmers to work the land faster, leading to increase in farm production.

26 3. The latest advance in agriculture is biotechnology. Biotechnology is the management or manipulation of living organisms for the benefit of people. Most well-know form is genetic engineering which alters the characteristics of plants and animals by transferring genes. Scientists are especially interested in genes that code for desirable traits like: greater nutrients, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, etc

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28 VII. Major Agricultural Regions of the U. S.

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