CTAHR Research Update: Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Organically
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1 CTAHR Research Update: Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Organically Koon-Hui Wang Department of Plant & Environ. Protection Sci. University of Hawaii at Manoa Oct 2011
2 Okra Beet tomato
3 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plantparasitic Nematodes Organically Focusing on Soil Health Management Strip-till living mulch Targeting on the vulnerable stage of plant-parasitic nematodes Adding biologically active soil components drenching vermicompost tea avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community
4 Soil Health Characteristics of a Healthy Soil 1. High biological diversity 2. Maintenance of soil nutrient cycling 3. Stability to disturbance or stress 4. Suppression of multiple pests and pathogens 5. Improvement of plant health
5 Using nematodes to indicate soil health Bacterivore Fungivore Herbivore Omnivore Predator EI=Enrichment index CI=Channel index SI=Structure index + richness, diversity (Ferris et al, 2001; Neher, 2001)
6 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Focusing on Soil Health Management Strip-till living mulch Targeting on the vulnerable stage of plant-parasitic nematodes Adding biologically active soil components drenching vermicompost tea avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community
7 Strip-till Planting of Cucurbit Crops in Sunn Hemp Living Mulch System Legume, fix nitrogen. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) Rapid growing, > 4 tons dry biomass/ acre, 163 lb N/acre at 60 days of growth (40 lb seeds/acre) during summer in Hawaii. Enhance beneficial nematodes, and soil arthropods involved in soil nutrient cycling. Suppress plant-parasitic nematodes when incorporated into soil. Problem: decomposed quickly, nutrients will not last for whole cropping cycle, conventional cover cropping disturbed soil ecosystem.
8 Strip-Till Cover Cropping (STCC) Preplant Treatment: Sunn hemp (SH): 40 lb seeds/acre Marigold (MG): 2.6 lb seeds/acre Bare ground (BG): fallow with weeds 2008, 2009 Trials Advantage: STCC reduced tillage. Periodical clipping of the living mulch as surface mulch provide additional inputs of organic matter over time. (CSREES, Crop at Risk, )
9 Effect of STCC on Soil Health Using Nematodes as Bioindicators (2008 results) (Wang et al., Applied Soil Ecology )
10 Cucumber Yield Cucumber yield was lower in SH vs BG partly due to more severe fruitfly damage and shading effect of the cover crops.
11 STCC Cycle II April 2009: Winter gourd intercropping with Sunn hemp (SH): 30 lb seeds/acre Marigold (MG): 2.6 lb seeds/acre Bare ground (BG): fallow with weeds Aug 2009: finished harvesting. Intercropping with cc SH BG
12 Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Winter Gourd Roots (8/13/09) Numbers of nematode / 50 g roots Root-knot nematode SH MG BG Reniform nematode a ab b SH MG BG 4. SH suppressed multiple plant pathogens and diseases.
13 Measurement of Disturbance (Structure Index) Index (%) SI a b b 6/27/08 8/1/08 8/12/08 9/25/08 11/20/ SI SH MG BG a a b 1/5/09 6/18/09 8/20/09 3. SH treatment resulted in less disturbed (high SI) and less stressful (low CI) soil conditions.
14 Winter Gourd Yield Fruit weight (Kg)/ plot A marketable a unmarketable b B b B SH MG BG 5. SH increased plant health and thus resulted in higher crop yield.
15 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Focusing on Soil Health Management Strip-till living mulch Targeting on the vulnerable stage of plant-parasitic nematodes Adding biologically active soil components drenching vermicompost tea avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community
16
17 Targeting on vulnerable stages of Root-knot Nematodes Active a a Dry Inactive Irrigate 1000 Cucumber bioassay b A Dry B C Irrigated Cucumber leachate Pi=5890 root-knot nematodes (CL) 0.4 Si for Meloidogyne female No. of Meloidogyne/250 cm3 soil Cucumber leachate Si=females in MG/females in cucumber Before planting Marigold then cucumber a 0.2 b b 0 Dry Irrigated CL Marigold suppressed root-knot nematodes most efficiently if planted into soil with active stage of nematodes. (Sharadchandra Marahatta Dissertation)
18 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Focusing on Soil Health Management Strip-till living mulch Targeting on the vulnerable stage of plant-parasitic nematodes Adding biologically active soil components drenching vermicompost tea avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community Can vermicompost tea speed up the enhancement of soil health?
19 Integrating STCC withvermicompost Tea in Zucchini Cropping System Sunn hemp (SH) SH+CC Subplots: Chicken pellets (F) =60lb N/acre Vermicompost tea (T) --chicken manure based =200 gal/acre F+T None Crimson Clover (CC) Bare ground (BG) 3 replications Twin Bridges Farm, Waialua (Wang, Radovich et al NRCS, )
20 Can vermicompost tea (VT) speed it up? Reniform nematodes/250 cm 3 soil Zucchini planted Fertilizer Fertilizer+Tea *** 4/14/2011 5/19/2011 Predatory nematodes /250 cm 3 soil * 4/14/2011 5/19/2011 VT suppressed reniform nematodes early on, but not at crop harvest. VT did enhanced (P < 0.10) predatory nematodes in one cropping cycle. VT only increased (P < 0.10) bacterivores in SHCC treatment. Bacterivorous nematodes /250 cm 3 soil SH SHCC CC BG
21 Zucchini Yield Zucchini crop produced higher yield in SH planted plots than in BG. Adding compost tea to chicken pellets fertilizers slightly increased crop yield vs chicken pellets alone. Fruit weight (Kg)/plot Fruit weight (Kg)/plot a a UM US#3 US#2 ab US#1 b SH SHCC CC BG a UM US#3 ab US#2 US#1 ab b Fert+Tea Fert Tea None US#1 = firm, no damage; US#2 = firm, no major damage; US#3 = off shape, multiple damages; UM = unmarketable, serious damage.
22 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Focusing on Soil Health Management Strip-till living mulch Targeting on the vulnerable stage of plant-parasitic nematodes Adding biologically active soil components drenching vermicompost tea avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community
23 Emerging Strategies for Controlling Plant-parasitic Nematodes Focusing on soil health management Strip-till living mulch Adding biologically active soil components (Vermicompost tea) Targeting on the vulnerable state MG after a susceptible crop Avoiding a biological vacuum
24 Actinovate AG is a high concentration of a patented beneficial organisms on a 100% water soluble powder. a.i. = Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108 An effective preventative spray for many soilborne and foliar fungal diseases. Effect on nematode suppression is not convincing. Shrimp shell meal is a slow-release organic fertilizer (5% N, 8% P, 15% Ca & 18% chitin & trace minerals), derived from ground-up shrimp shells. Used in Asia for its nematicidal properties. Enhance beneficial soil chitin-feeding microbes. Nematode egg shell is composed of chitin.
25 ActinoStar / Shrimp shell meal Shrimp shell meal (SS) +/- (35 lb/1000 sq ft) Actino-Star (AS) 6 oz/acre Actinovate (AG) 6 oz/acre Untreated control (C) Number of reniform nematodes/250 cm 3 soil Number of root-knot nematodes/250 cm 3 soil SS+ Actinovate ActinoStar Control a b SS+ a Actinovate ActinoStar Control SSa b SS- ab
26 ActinoStar / Shrimp shell meal Control AS &SS+ AS &SS- AG &SS+ AG &SS-
27 ActinoStar /Shrimp Shell Meal Height (cm) A B C Height (cm) * 145 AG AS O 140 SS- SS+
28 Summary Demonstrate a few approaches to manage plantparasitic nematodes organically. We target on suppressing PPN while enhancing beneficial free-living nematodes. Selecting cover crops that have allelopathic effect against PPN. Targeting on planting cover crop during the vulnerable stage of PPN. Strip-till cover cropping followed by surface mulching prolong the effect of enhancing beneficial nematodes. Adding biologically active soil components such as drenching vermicompost tea or avoiding a biological vacuum in the soil community are additional approaches that are compatible with cc for nematode management.
29 Acknowledgement WSARE (tracking #08-037). Crop at Risk (CRIS # ). NRCS EPA TSTAR Natural Industry Technical assistance: Sharadchandra Marahatta Donna Meyer Eliza Zoe Eisenpress
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