ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - STRATEGIES TO SUSTAIN RICE INDUSTRY THROUGH R&D

Transcription

1 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - STRATEGIES TO SUSTAIN RICE INDUSTRY THROUGH R&D Zainal Abidin Bin Hassan Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, MARDI, Serdang, Selangor

2 STATUS OF RICE INDUSTRY

3 BACKGROUND OF RICE INDUSTRY (2012) Total Planting Area Average Yield National Paddy Production 687,940 ha t/ha million tonne Padi Price / tan without subsidy RM 1,158 Total Population Consumption per capital Annual Rice Comsumption Annual Rice Production Annual Rice Import Self-Sufficiency Level (SSL) 70 % No. of Seed Producer million Total Rice Grower 296,000 No. of Rice Miller kg/person/year million tonne 1.68 million tonne 1.01 million tonne (RM1,854 million) including 0.63 million tonne aromatic rice (RM1,096 million)

4 TOTAL PRODUCTION AND AVERAGE YIELD ( ) Source: DOA (2012)

5 Average Yield Per Season (t/ha) MS 2008/ 09 OS 2009 MS 2009/10 OS 2010 MS 2010/11 OS 2011 MS 2011/12 OS 2012 Malaysia Peninsular Granary Sabah/Sarawak OS=Of Season MS-Main Season Source: Laporan Penyiasatan Pengeluaran Padi, Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (2013)

6 PRODUCTION AND AVERAGE YIELD IN ALL RICE GRANARY ( )

7 AVERAGE YIELD ACCORDING TO GRANARY AREA ( ) Source: DOA (2012)

8 Average Yield In Granary Area (Off Season 2012) Granary Area Average Yield (t/ha) MADA 5.3 KADA 3.7 IADA Kerian/Sg. Manik 4.5 IADA Pulau Pinang 5.8 IADA Ketara 5.5 IADA Barat Laut Selangor 6.2 IADA Seberang Perak 4.9 IADA Kemasin/Semerak 3.9 Source: Laporan Penyiasatan Pengeluaran Padi, Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (2013)

9 ISSUES FACING IN RICE INDUSTRY Population growth and the need to increase rice self-sufficiency level (SSL) Decreasing of rice planted area Demand in high quality rice Requirement for environmental quality High production costs The need to increase productivity and income with low-cost environmentally friendly

10 ISSUES FACING IN RICE PRODUCTION o The average farm productivity is still low & unstable Quality seeds (varieties and certified) Biotic and abiotic stress (drought, floods, disease and pests) Weedy rice and weeds (agronomic practices) Climate change (adaptation and mitigation) Source and water management Post harvest losses of ~ 10 to 30%

11 RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

12 GENE BANK MARDI has the largest collection of rice genetic resources in country > 12,000 accessions

13 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RICE VARIETY NEEDS FOR INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER o HIGH YIELD VARIETY - increasing production capacity per unit area planted, better than existing varieties o HIGH QUALITY VARIETY - to satisfy the tastes of consumers and the reduction of import and quality fragrant rice o VARIETI RESISTANT TO DISEASE AND PEST - help towards reducing reliance on pesticides and disease in realizing the production capacity and the preservation of the environment rice field o SPECIALTY VARIETY (Specialty) - to meet consumers and industry needs The introduction of new rice varieties that are better than the existing innovation is to be implemented to improve the country's rice production

14 RELEASED RICE VARIETIES 1. MURNI MASRIA JAYA S. MALAYSIA S. MALAYSIA P. MALAYSIA SETANJUNG SEKENCANG SEKEMBANG KADARIA P.SIDING MANIK MUDA SEBERANG MAKMUR MR MR MR MR P. HITAM MR MR MR MR MR MR MRQ MR MR MRQ MR MR220CL MR220CL MR MR MRQ MR MRIA MR 219 and MR 220 planted more than 20 seasons in more than 90% of the planted area in the country

15 HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES OF MR 219 & MR 220 SIGNIFICANT: In the main season 2009/10 both varieties cover 97% of the rice planted area in Malaysia. Relevant: Until now MR 219 were grown for 20 seasons and MR 220 for 15 cycles (10 yea

16 VARIETY MR 253 Characteristic MR 253 MR 219 Agronomy Maturation (hari) Plant height (cm) Panicle length(cm) Grain Lenght (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf blast Panicle blast Bacterial leaf blight Sheath blight Tungro (PMV) Brown plant hopper Tolerant Tolerant Tolerant Yield Potential t/ha Suitable variety for peat soil, low ph

17 VARIETY MR 263 Characteristics MR 263 Agronomy Matang (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) Grain Length (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf Blast Panicle Blast Bacterial leaf Blight Sheath Blight Tungro Brown Plant hopper Tolerant Tolerant Yield Potential 9.1 t/ha

18 VARIETY MR 269 Characteristics MR 269 Agronomy Maturation (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) Grain Lenght (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf Blast Panicle Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight Shealth Blight Resistant MR269. High yield variety and dan disease resistant

19 SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF WILD RICE o o Crop loss due to infestations of weedy rice per year is estimated at RM 180 million (Manual Teknologi Kawalan Padi Angin, 2004). Approximately 10% of rice bowl area (40,000 ha) are experiencing serious problems weedy rice, involving about 20,000 farmers, where rice production is only around 3 t / ha / season, while production capacity in that area of not less than 6 t / ha (50% loss of yield)

20 o MR 220 CL1 dan MR 220 CL2 are two rice varieties developed in 2010 which tolerant to toxic herbicide imidazolinone (Onduty) o Transplanting these two rice varieties combined with imidazolinone herbicide spraying can overcome the problem of weedy rice and other weeds

21 MR 220 CL1 & CL2 & System Clearfield ) Infested rice field (%) 35 >50 Yield loss (t/ha) % Loss Income loss (RM/ha) 3,300 4,110 Yield potential at Seb. Prai MR 220 CL kg/ha MR 220 CL kg/ha MR kg/ha Yield Potential at Seb. Perak MR 220 CL kg/ha MR 220 CL kg/ha

22 o Local quality rice, which alikes its imported basmati rice o Long grain after the rice is cooked o High GABA content: reduce stress o Low GI value, suitable for diabetics o Rice potentially sold more expensive than regular white rice will increase the income of farmers o Implemented under NKEA project, EPP9: Cultivation of fragrant rice in non-granary areas. Expectations of GNI in 2020 is estimated RM 134 million

23 o High quality local rice, which alikes Thailand fragrant rice (Jasmine) o Fragrant and soft o Fragrant rice is more expensive than regular white rice that will increase the income of farmers o Implemented under NKEA project, EPP9: Cultivation of fragrant rice in non-granary areas. Expectations of GNI in 2020 is estimated RM 134 million

24 Characteristics MRQ 76 Maswangi (MRQ 74) Maturation (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) Grain Lenght (mm) Wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight Sheath Blight Yield t/ha t/ha

25 o Local Red rice o Suitable for the preparation of baby food and other nutritious food products o Production in contract farming with MARDI act as technical advisor o Increase the income of farmers in Sarawak involve in contract farming with Nestle

26 Subsidy Fertilizer Formulation i) Federal Government Subsidy Scheme (SBPKP) a) Padi N: 15.5 P: 10 K b) Padi 2 17 N: 20 P: 10 K ii) Additional NPK Fertilizer Scheme (started 2008/2009) 17 N: 3 P: 25 K: 2MgO

27 MECHANIZATION CROP ESTABLISHMENT & CROP CARE Row seeder Transplanter High clearence machine for chemical spraying

28 TECHNOLOGY FOR SOFT/DEEP SOIL 2-half track) Full track 4-half track)

29 PEST MANAGEMENT Strategy: Resistant variety Chemicals (environment friendly) Integrated Pest Management

30 Using of Resistant Variety Priority: Cheap, Easy & Compatible with practice healthy environment All of rice varieties that will be released must be resistance to disease that caused by Pyricularia oryzae. Resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and red disease virus (PMV or Tungro) as well.

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32 Impact of MARDI technologies - Strategies in Sustaining the Rice Industry

33 Improvement In National Rice Production o Rice is food security crop. Target Self Sufficiency Level (SSL) exceeding 70% require an increase in the rice production o In 2020, requiring an average yield of 5 t / ha, with the assumption that there is no increase in the planted area of rice cultivation. In 2050, the average yield should reach t/ha.

34 Increasing of the rice production can only be achieved through three methods o Expansion of rice cultivation area. Difficult to implement due to constraints of suitable soil fertility and competition with industrial and domestic needs o Increase cropping intensity from about 150% at present to %, or o Increase productivity of crops per season

35 Average Yield (t/ha) and the Rate of Annual Productivity of Rice (% /year) Yield (t/ha) % 0.44% 5.01% 0%

36 Productivity of Rice Production <1967 : Static : The surge exceeding 4% / year : The increase in incremental ~ 0.4% / year > 1999 : The increase in incremental ~ 2.4% / year o It is hard to get a jump with the use of current technology or approach. o However there is also possible to reduce the gap between the potential outcomes of a variety of actual on-farm productivity through R & D and continous technology transfer activities (TOT). o New large spike in need of new technology approaches such as hybrid rice cultivation, and so on

37 Enhance the Development of Local Hybrid Rice Hybrid accession HY004H Hybrid accession HY010H Two CMS accessions have been developed from breeding hybrid program

38 Mitigation of Climate Change Water competition Increase in temperature Flood Drought Increase in pests and diseases incident Increase in an average daily temperature by 1 0 C can reduce the yield around 10% High night temperature will reduce CHO reserve which can lead to empty grain Simulation study (DSSAT Model) at MADA: increase 2% in temperature will reduce yield from 8 t/ha to 7 t/ha Early maturation variety ~ 100 days, to reduce the risk of drought condition Drought tolerant variety Production system which require less water aerobic rice

39 Aerobic Rice Production Related Research Using Less Water More Rice

40 CONCLUSION MARDI technologies in rice cultivation has successfully contributed in sustaining rice self-sufficiency level around 70% despite the country high population growth rate has constantly increased. However, in order to continue maintaining this 70% of SSL level, it becomes more challenging in future, requiring continuously R&D activities and strong support from government policy makers Structured and formal cooperation with international R&D institutions, higher education, the private sector, other local research agencies and implementing agencies such as the Department of Agriculture must be improved in order to ensure the sustainability of rice industry.

41 Thank you