NREGA / Watershed Development; Implications for Green Jobs and Climate Change. Prof. Ravindranath Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
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1 NREGA / Watershed Development; Implications for Green Jobs and Climate Change Prof. Ravindranath Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
2 What is the issue Can Employment Generation, Rural Development, Agricultural Development and Poverty Alleviation programs create Green Jobs? lead to adaptation to climate risks and climate change contribute to Mitigation of Climate Change generate Environmental Services YES
3 Developmental Programs 1. MG-NREGA Rural Empl. program 2. Watershed Development 3. National Afforestation Program Community forestry/jfm/greening Mission 4. Desert Development 5. Minor irrigation program 6. Soil and Water Conservation program 7. Sustainable Agriculture Development
4 Implications of Developmental Programs Most of these program aimed at Natural Resources lead to conservation / regeneration of NR Soil, Water, Forest, Grazing land Generate Environmental Services Ground water recharge, Soil and Water conservation, Biodiversity conservation Climate Change related implications Adaptation; Ground Water recharge, soil & Water conservation, Agro-forestry, soil organic matter enhancement, etc Mitigation; Agro-forestry, Afforestation, Soil Org. Matter enhancement
5 Two Programs 1. MG NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2. Watershed Development
6 Objectives of MNREGA Program To enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work
7 Works / Activities implemented under NREGA 1. Water conservation and water harvesting; 2. Drought proofing, including Afforestation and tree plantation; 3. Irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works; 4. Provision of irrigation facility, plantation, horticulture, land development 5. Renovation of traditional water bodies, including desilting of tanks; 6. Land development; (Conservation bench terracing (CBT), Contour and graded bunding, field bunding, pasture development) 7. Flood-control and protection works, including drainage in waterlogged areas; 8. Rural connectivity to provide all-weather access. 9. Any other work that may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with the State Government.
8 NREGA Employment Generation Type of works No. of households provided employment 3,82,94,824 5,57,63,244 52,8,64,608 4,55,18,907 3,43,26,563 No. of households who have demanded employment Person days in millions 3,78,55,866 5,49,54,225 5,25,30,453 4,51,15,358 3,39,09,132 Total Women
9 NREGA Activities & Employment Type of works Land Development 107, , , ,517 Flood control 34, ,054 95,953 62,554 Water conservation & Harvesting 121, , , ,167 Drought proofing 48, , ,843 75,443 Micro Irrigation Works 26, , ,655 66,173 Provision of Irrigation facility to Land Renovation of Traditional Water bodies 116, , , ,088 39, , ,736 92,519
10 Environmental and socio-economic Services: NR conservation & Socio-Economic Benefits from NREGA Works Water conservation & harvesting Groundwater recharge Reduced water erosion Irrigation availability Sustained livelihoods Irrigation Irrigation water availability Improved agricultural crop yields, sustained yields Secured livelihoods Land development Reduced soil erosion, hence improved soil quality Improved / sustained agricultural yields Drought Proofing - Afforestation Renovation of traditional water bodies Agricultural productivity Fuelwood and fodder availability Biodiversity conservation Erosion control and soil quality improvement Flood control Ground water recharge, soil fertility
11 Environmental Services from NREGA Local ES 1. Soil fertility improvement 2. Groundwater recharge 3. Increased irrigation water availability 4. Increased drinking water availability 5. Soil & water conservation 6. Increased grass, fuelwood, NTFP availability 7. Erosion & Flood control Regional / Global ES 1. Carbon Sequestration 2. Biodiversity conservation 3. Improved adaptive capacity 4. Vulnerability reduction to current climate risks
12 Approach for assessment of Environmental Services
13 Desilting of water storage bodies Loss of vegetation cover, over grazing and inappropriate cultivation practices in the catchment leads to soil erosion and silting loss of water storage capacity Reduction of ground water recharge due to silt pan formation Desilting activity involves removal of silt from the water body using human labour Farmers are encouraged to collect the silt and apply to crop fields to improve soil fertility The tanks are largely used as percolation tanks
14 Environmental services from desilting: indicators and methods Environmental services Increased water availability Groundwater recharge Increased and stable crop yields Indicators of environmental service and units Groundwater level in bore wells (meters water level) Area irrigated (hectares) Water storage capacity (cubic meter) Groundwater level in bore wells (meters water level) Water percolation (cubic meter) Soil fertility (percent organic matter, silt and clay percent, nitrogen in kg/ha) Changes in crop yield (percent) Methods of estimation PRA and hydrological measurements PRA and secondary data Hydrological modeling PRA and hydrological measurements Hydrological modeling Soil sampling and laboratory analysis PRA
15 Impacts on groundwater level and area irrigated pre and post NREGA Depth of borewells
16 Changes in soil organic carbon of cropland soils with silt application In all 6 villages silt was removed and transported In 5 of the villages silt was applied to cropland
17 Vulnerability Climate Risks Assessment 1. Water vulnerability index changes in groundwater level (m) area irrigated (ha) irrigation availability (days/y) storage capacity of the water body (cubic meter) 2. Agriculture vulnerability index area irrigated (ha) irrigation availability (days/y) soil fertility index (OC and NPK) groundwater level (m) 3. Livelihood vulnerability index work availability during summer changes in wage income financial investment under NREGA at the village level 4. Overall vulnerability index linear aggregation of Water agriculture and livelihood indices
18 Vulnerability Reduction; different indices- water, Agric., Livelihood Dharmapura Kandikere Water Agriculture Livelihood Water Agriculture Livelihood Gowdanahalli Koverahatti Water Agriculture Livelihood Water Agriculture Livelihood Bars represent Pre and post NRGEA respectively
19 Overall Vulnerability Reduction Pre and post NREGA Dharmapura Gowdanahalli Kandikere Koverahatti Pre NREGA Post NREGA
20 Conclusions from NREGA - Chitradurga Study The study demonstrated the potential of Employment Focused NREGA activities to provide environmental services Increased ground water percolation & recharge Enhanced water storage in water bodies Increase in soil fertility Reclamation of degraded lands Carbon sequestration Reduce vulnerability of production systems and livelihoods Improved Water supply, soil fertility improvement,
21 Conclusions 1. Rural Employment programs aimed at Natural Resources (soil, water, forests, grassland) contribute Generation of Env Services + Conservation / Regeneration of NR + Adaptation to CV / CC Sustain water, Agric production, livelihood 2. Need for convergence of Empl Scemes with NR conservation - National level at the Ministry level - Village level technical capacity 3. Adaptation current climate risks also enhances Adaptation to future CC
22 Watershed program; Mitigation and Adaptation Synergy
23 National Watershed Development Programme Ministry of Rural Development has administered 3 area-based watershed programmes for development of wastelands/degraded lands namely Drought Prone Areas Programmes (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP) and Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) Details of projects sanctioned and funds released from to No. of project sanctioned Area covered (in million ha.) DDAP Total funds released by Centre (Rs. in crores) DDP IWDP Grand Total
24 Watershed program CC/CV Adaptation; Vulnerability Reduction ACTIVITIES Water conservation Land development Soil conservation Agro-forestry Diversified agriculture and livelihoods Afforestation Horticultural crops LEAD TO - Reduced vulnerability - Enhanced - adaptive capacity of the poor THROUGH Land development improved soil water holding capacity, reduced soil erosion Water conservation Potential for dry season crops, increased irrigation Multiple crops & tree crops to cope with the fluctuating rains Employment security Forestry & horticultural incomes, income during nonagricultural seasons
25 Watershed program - Mitigation & Green jobs Climate change mitigation Soil carbon enhancement Mulching Organic matter addition crop residue turnover Multiple cropping Carbon sequestration thro tree planting Afforestation of catchment area Agro-forestry on crop lands Horticulture on crop lands Creation of Green jobs thro watershed activities Desilting of tanks Renovation of traditional water bodies Afforestation of catchment area Land development Water conservation Provision of irrigation facility Agro-forestry
26 Mitigation Adaptation Synergy in Watershed 1. Watershed provides excellent opportunity for promoting M&A synergy 2. Multiple environmental and socio-economic benefits 3. Cost effectiveness of investment due to multiple benefits 4. Political acceptability of both M&A strategy to address climate change 5. Attractiveness to Donor agencies
27 CC Impact & Adaptation Strategy Need for research for assessing the CC impacts at district / watershed level to assist decision making Water resources, droughts, floods, crop yields, forest distribution and fire, biodiversity, fisheries.. Need to identify and rank vulnerable; Sectors, regions / areas /communities. Study the adequacy of current traditional adaptation practices to droughts, floods, forest fires, etc Need to develop adaptation practices and strategies Mainstream CC adaptation in developmental progs: Agricultural development, forest management, watershed development, fisheries development, irrigation projects, drought relief programs, etc What incremental actions needed Develop and implement pilot adaptation projects
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