AP Environmental Science II. Unit 2-6: Soil, Agriculture, and Land Management

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1 NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-6, Soil, Agriculture and Land Management AP Environmental Science II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ID#: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE AP Environmental Science II Unit 2-6: Soil, Agriculture, and Land Management REQUIRED READING FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SCINECE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET (BOTKIN & KELLER): CHAPTER 11, AGRICULTURE, AQUACULTURE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT (PG ) CHAPTER 12, LANDSCAPES: FORESTS, PARKS AND WILDERNESS (PG ) Additional resources available at Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Part Description Grade Out of LECTURE 2-6-1: SOIL 1 SG 2-6-1: ATMOSPHERIC BASICS 2 LECTURE 2-6-2: AGRICULTURE 3 SG 2-6-2: AGRICULTURE LECTURE 2-6-3: LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT SG 2-6-3: LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT TOTAL 30

2 NOTES 2-6-1: SOIL 2

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7 SG 2-6-1: SOIL 1. Which of the following soil horizons is composed of partially weathered parent material? a) O Horizon b) C Horizon c) B Horizon d) E Horizon e) A Horizon 2. What is the relationship between farming and ecological succession? a) farming keeps the land in a late successional stage b) farming abbreviates succession, skipping the middle stage c) farming promotes the premature change to late successional stage d) farming keeps the land in an early successional stage e) land succession is a process in natural ecosystems, and crop land cannot be discussed in the same terms 3. Which of the following factors does not limit land available for agriculture? a) slope b) elevation c) floodplain d) river delta location e) all of the above limit land available for agriculture 4. Econuts will grow in great abundance in the presence of certain minimum amounts of sunlight, water, and nitrogen in the soil. Industrial Farms Inc. has abundant sunlight and water, but terrible yields of econuts. What is the technical term for nitrogen in this example? a) limiting factor b) synergism c) base resource d) artificial fertilizer e) a Liebeg 5. According to the Environmental Science text, what is the key to food production in the future? a) increased usage of fertilizers b) increased food production per unit area c) increased water availability d) conversion of forests to crop lands e) introduction of macronutrients to the soil 7

6. Liebig s Law of the Minimum says that: a) missing macronutrients contribute to the growth of crop species b) the limiting factor in agriculture can be overcome by simply applying fertilizers c)

8 6. Liebig s Law of the Minimum says that: a) missing macronutrients contribute to the growth of crop species b) the limiting factor in agriculture can be overcome by simply applying fertilizers c) only limited application of fertilizers is beneficial to the growth of a crop species d) some single factor determines the presence and growth of a given species e) the lowest yielding crop species is the most sustainable 7. The process of soil formation creates a vertical gradient of layers that are known as a) loam. b) aeration. c) infiltration. d) horizons. 8. The residue of partly decomposed organic matter is called and is found in high concentrations at the bottom of the O horizon. a) desertification b) decomposition c) humus d) topsoil 9. Mineralized soils can be revitalized through the addition of a) compost and other organic matter. b) materials from the C horizon. c) topsoil. d) all of the above. 10. When detritus, mineral particles, and the detritus food web interact, they form a) leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds. b) leached minerals. c) nitrogen fixation. d) topsoil. 11. According to the figure below, soil with roughly 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay is called a) loam. b) silt loam. c) sandy clay loam. d) loamy sand. 8

9 12. Explain soil fertility and why soils in humid areas are often nutrient poor. 13. What is an agricultural limiting factor? 14. Describe each of the 3 main components of loam and how to distinguish them. 15. Explain why soil conservation must be a topic of environmental concern in the future. 9

10 NOTES 2-6-2: AGRICULTURE 10

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16 SG 2-5-2: AGRICULTURE 1. Which of the terms below refers to crops grown as food for domestic animals? a) forage crops b) subsistence crops c) aquaculture d) mariculture e) agriculture 2. Which of the following is not a major technological approach to agriculture? a) mechanized agriculture b) resource-based agriculture c) organic food production d) genetic engineering e) all of the above are major technological approaches to agriculture 16

17 3. Which of the following refers to lack of a specific chemical component of food? a) malnourishment b) famine c) undernourishment d) miasma e) nonnourishment 4. What is the relationship between farming and ecological succession? a) farming keeps the land in a late successional stage b) farming abbreviates succession, skipping the middle stage c) farming promotes the premature change to late successional stage d) farming keeps the land in an early successional stage e) land succession is a process in natural ecosystems, and crop land cannot be discussed in the same terms 5. Monoculture is associated with: a) gain of chemical elements in the soil b) decreased likelihood of crop diseases c) constant agro-ecosystem d) decreases in organic matter in the soil e) a high variety of crops produced 6. Which of the following factors does not limit land available for agriculture? a) slope b) elevation c) floodplain d) river delta location e) all of the above limit land available for agriculture 7. Irrigation of plants refers to: a) artificial addition of fertilizers b) the spraying of pesticides c) the crossing of one or more varieties of species to produce an offspring with particular desired qualities d) artificial addition of water e) the growing of plants in a nutrient rich solution 8. Plowing, the regular mixing of the top layer of the soil, is precisely like what natural process? a) glacial action b) flooding c) wind erosion d) earthquakes e) no natural process is much like plowing 9. Which of the following is not a water-saving irrigation method? a) drip irrigation b) night time irrigation c) surge flow d) mulching e) all of the above are water-saving irrigation methods 10. Increased production of food in the past has depended on and. a) improving weather conditions, genetically engineered crops b) improved soil types, cash crops c) expanded irrigation, growing use of fertilizer d) critical trace elements, hydroponics e) increased soil age, high-yield crop strains 17

18 11. Agriculture in less developed countries can be significantly affected by all of the following except: a) social disruptions b) droughts c) loss of soil organic matter and accumulation of chemical compounds d) insect infestations e) crop circles 12. According to the Environmental Science text, what is the key to food production in the future? a) increased usage of fertilizers b) increased food production per unit area c) increased water availability d) conversion of forests to crop lands e) introduction of macronutrients to the soil 13. All of the following lead to the loss of soil except a) splash erosion. b) horizon erosion. c) sheet erosion. d) gully erosion. 14. occurs when there is an accumulation of salts in soil as a result of. a) The tragedy of the commons; overgrazing b) Deforestation; logging c) Salinization; irrigation d) Overcultivation; no-till farming 15. The human activities that lead to erosion and desertification are a) overcultivation, overgrazing, and deforestation. b) sustainability, stewardship, and sound science. c) pollution, overcultivation, and sustainability. d) overgrazing, sound science, and hypotheses. 16. Compare and contrast undernourishment and malnourishment. Describe the major drawback of food aid programs to less developed countries? 17. Explain how erosion is a two-fold problem. Explain the role that agriculture plays in the problem. 18

19 NOTES 2-6-3: LAND MANAGEMENT 19

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23 SG 2-5-3: LAND MANAGEMENT 1. Which of the terms below refers to cutting dead and less desirable trees first, and later cutting mature trees? a) subsistence use b) shelterwood cutting c) selective cutting d) edge effect e) rotation use 2. Which of the terms below refers to cutting all but a few mature trees with good genetic characteristics? a) seed-tree cutting b) shelterwood cutting c) selective cutting d) edge effect e) rotation use 3. Modern conflicts about forests center upon which of the following questions? a) What role do forests play in our global environment, such as climate? b) Can a forest be managed sustainably? c) Should a forest be used only as a resource to provide materials for people and civilization? d) all of the above e) a and b only 4. Today, the worldwide rate of deforestation is: a) 2.5 million hectares a year b) 5.2 million hectares a year c) 7.3 million hectares a year d) 8.9 million hectares a year e) greater than the average annual loss in the 20 th century 5. Which one of the following areas would allow the most recreational use by humans? a) nature preserve b) representative natural area c) park d) wilderness e) upwelling area 23

24 6. For the timber industry, the quality of a forest site is classified by: a) the maximum growth of trees in meters per unit time b) the number of trees which differ in height, girth, and vigor per unit area c) the purity of surface runoff from that site d) the maximum timber crop the land can produce in a given time e) soil fertility and water supply 7. The problem of deforestation is especially severe in: a) poor nations of the humid tropics b) developed countries c) the homes of colonial New England d) during the Industrial Revolution e) wealthy ski communities of the U.S. West 8. An area undisturbed by people is called: a) forest reserve b) plantation c) wilderness d) national forest e) wildlife refuge 9. The process of removing small, poorly formed trees in a forest is called: a) seed-tree cutting b) thinning c) shelterwood cutting d) strip-cutting e) clear cutting 10. Which of the following is NOT a natural service provided by ecosystems? a) modification of climate b) maintenance of the hydrologic cycle c) erosion control and soil building d) production of pollutants 11. The highest possible rate of use that a system can match with its own rate of replacement or maintenance is the a) extractive limit. b) optimum yield. c) wise-use threshold. d) maximum sustainable yield. 12. The aim of conservation is to a) preserve the environment in a pristine state. b) actively manage the environment for optimum resource extraction. c) ensure the continuity of the system, regardless of its potential utility. d) fragment the system for human use. 13. The main difference between consumptive and productive use is a) consumptive use is applied to secondary consumers, whereas productive is applied to producers. b) consumptive use is applied to bacteria, whereas productive use is applied to primary consumers. c) consumptive use refers to the use of natural systems for basic human needs, while productive use implies use for economic gain. d) consumptive use refers to the value of an organism to humans, whereas productive use is based on the value of the organism in and of itself. 24

25 14. refers to the problems that arise when the exploitation of common pool resources causes the eventual ruin of the resource. a) Shakespearean tragedy b) Conservation pooling c) Tragedy of the commons d) Restoration pooling 15. farmers live on small parcels of land that provide them with the food for their households and a small cash crop. a) Neolithic b) Commercial c) Subsistence d) Development 16. According to the figure to the right, when a population is at carrying capacity, a) yield is reduced by competition. b) maximum sustainable yield is possible. c) yield is reduced by decreased population sizes. d) recruitment is low. 17. How can deforestation lead to flooding? 18. Forests benefit people and the environment indirectly through public service functions. Name at least three such public-service functions. 19. Describe how management of commons differ from that of private land. 25

Who cares? You do! In India, one child dies every minute from severe acute malnutrition.

Soil & Agriculture Who cares? You do! In India, one child dies every minute from severe acute malnutrition. Case Study: The Dust Bowl In the dirty thirties a large area of cropland was abandoned due to