Aquaculture: the coming blue revolution
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1 Aquaculture: the coming blue revolution Albert G. Tacon 1, Marc Metian 2 & Daniel Lemos 3 1 Aquatic Farms, Hawaii, USA; agjtacon@aol.com 2 Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden 3 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
2 Aquaculture s contribution to global feed/food chain Of the different global food production systems, AQUACULTURE, the farming of aquatic animals and plants, has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years, and is widely perceived as an important weapon in the global fight against hunger & malnutrition, particularly within developing countries, including Africa
3 AQUACULTURE 2011 AGRICULTURE Finfish 102 Cereals 10 Fruits & nuts Molluscs 27 Roots & tubers 48 Crustaceans 15 Oilseeds & pulses 26 Vegetables Aquatic plants 12 Livestock 18 >156 SPECIES >158 SPECIES
4 Aquaculture has been fastest growing food sector for over 25 years, with an APR of 8.2%/year, compared with 1.3% for capture fisheries and 2.6% for total agricultural meat production (FAO, 2013) Tonnes 2011 CAPTURE FISHERIES - HUNTING 1.3% Static landings 94.5 Mt 83.7 Mt 8.2% Rapid growth AQUACULTURE - FARMING
5 Farmed meat production (thousand tonnes) GLOBAL FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION (FAO, 2012/2013) APR meat 1970 to to to to to 2010 Total % in 2010 Pig Chicken Cattle Aquatic Goat & Sheep (Mt) th Cattle meat Chicken meat Pig meat Goat and Sheep meat Other terrestrial meat Aquatic meat
6 Farmed meat production (tonnes) FARMED MEAT PRODUCTION IN CHINA (FAO, 2012/2013) APR meat 1970 to to to to to 2010 Total % in Pig Aquatic Chicken Cattle Duck (Mt) nd Other meat Chicken meat Cattle meat Pig meat Aquatic meat
7 Aquaculture production by major species group in 2011 (values given in million metric tonnes & US $ billion; FAO, 2013) AQUATIC PLANTS FISH 4.0% 5.5 $B 25.1% 21.0 Mt 11.2% 15.3 $B FISH 49.8% 41.6 Mt 17.2% 14.4 Mt 7.0% 5.9 Mt FISH 61.6% 83.6 $B 20.8% 28.4 $B By weight Million tonnes By value US $ Billion MOLLUSCS CRUSTACEANS AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES
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9 Top aquaculture producers by country in 2011 (values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013) China 50,170,824 Indonesia 7,888,622 India 4,577,965 Viet Nam 3,052,500 Philippines 2,608,120 Bangladesh 1,523,759 Korea, Rep. 1,499,335 Norway 1,138,797 Thailand 1,008,049 Egypt 986,820 Other 9,220,870 CHINA 60.0% China Indonesia India Viet Nam Philippines Bangladesh Korea, Rep. Norway Thailand Egypt Others
10 Total aquaculture production by region & economic class (For 2011; values given in metric tonnes; FAO, 2013) ASIA (mt) 76,293,471 AMERICAS 2,956,247 EUROPE 2,680,996 AFRICA 1,539,907 ASIA 91.18% OCEANIA 205,040 AMERICAS 3.53% ASIA (APR) 8.46 AMERICAS 7.59 EUROPE 3.99 AFRICA OCEANIA 9.02 EUROPE 3.20% AFRICA 1.84% ,675,661 tonnes DEVELOPING 79,298,341 (94.77%) APR ( ) 9.32% DEVELOPED 4,377,320 (5.23%) APR ( ) 1.70% All APRs calculated from 1984 to 2011
11 Estimated total aquaculture production by continent from 1980 to 2010 (excluding Asia; FAO, 2013) Tonnes APR AMERICAS 7.59 EUROPE 3.99 AFRICA APR AFRICA *
12 Top aquaculture country producers 2011 (Values in metric tonnes; FAO FISHSTAT, 2013) Top 10 countries 89.0% Top countries 1 China 50,170,824 (60.0%) 2 Indonesia 7,888,622 (9.4%) 3 India 4,577,965 (5.5%) 4 Viet Nam 3,052,500 (3.6%) 5 Philippines 2,608,120 (3.1%) 6 Bangladesh 1,523,759 (1.82%) 7 Korea, Rep. 1,499,335 (1.79%) 8 Norway 1,138,797 (1.36%) 9 Thailand 1,008,049 (1.20%) 10 Egypt 986,820 (5.4 Mt 14.3) 11 Chile 969, Japan 906, Myanmar 817, Brazil 630,039 (66.2 Mt F) 15 Malaysia 526, Korea DPR 508, USA 396, Taiwan 319, Ecuador 308, Spain 271,963 Total production 83,675,661 tonnes, valued at US $ 135 billion
13 C a n a d a United States Mexico France Estimated total aquaculture production in Africa by major Spain Estonia Portugal United Kingdom Latvia producing country in 2011 (tonnes; ItalyFAO, Lithuania2013) EGYPT NIGERIA ZANZIBAR UGANDA KENYA GHANA Bahamas MADAGASCAR Cuba Dom. Rep. Belize Jamaica ZAMBIA Haiti Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua TUNISIA Panama Costa Rica ZIMBABWE TANZANIA Colombia SOUTH Ecuador AFRICA MALAWI Peru COTE D'IVOIRE CONGO DR ALGERIA Chile SUDAN MALI MOROCCO OTHERS Guatemala Venezuela Bolivia Argentina Guyana Trinidad & Tobago Suriname Paraguay French Guiana B r a z i l Uruguay Iceland Western Sahara (Occupied by Morocco) Cape Verde Senegal Ireland Morocco Mauritania Gambia Guinea-Bissau Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia Mali Norway Denmark Bos. & Herz. Serb. Bulgaria Mont. Neth. Poland Albania Mace. Belarus Syria Germany Greece Bel. Lux. Czech Rep. Israel Turkey Slovakia Ukraine Austria Mold. Switz. Hungary Slovenia Romania Algeria Tunisia Niger Sweden Croatia Libya Chad Finland Sudan Burkina Faso Benin Nigeria Cote Togo d'ivoire Ghana Cameroon Central African Republic Zambia Egypt Namibia Zimbabwe Botswana Tanzania Malawi Mozambique Swaziland Lesotho South Africa Eritrea Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Sao Tome & Principe Kenya Congo Gabon Rwanda Dem. Rep. of Congo Burundi Angola Georgia Armenia Azerb. Dijbouti Turkmenistan Iran Somalia Madagascar Pak Kyrgy Uzbekistan Tajikistan Mauritius Kazakhstan
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15 Global trends in aquaculture & capture fisheries production in Africa (tonnes; FAO, 2013) Capture fisheries Aquaculture APR Share (%) % 16.8% 2.4% 83.2%
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17 Contribution of aquatic animal food products to total animal protein supply in Sub-Saharan Africa Sierra Leone (64.8%) Senegal (38.6%) Gambia (56.6%) Mozambique (37.6%) Ghana (54.5%) Benin (35.7%) Cameroon (49.3%) Guinea (33.3%) Congo Republic (48.0%) Uganda (33.3%) Equatorial Guinea (42.8%) Cote d Ivoire (31.8%) Nigeria (41.1%) Malawai (27.1%) Congo DPR (39.6%) FAO (2012)
18 Global importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply
19 Aquatic food products represent one of the world s most nutritious & healthy food sources According to the FAO/WHO (2011) Joint Expert Consultation on the risks & benefits of fish consumption, there is convincing evidence that: Fish consumption reduces the risk of death from coronary heart disease & consumption by women reduces the risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment in their offspring;
20 According to FAO/WHO (2011) there is also emerging, possible or probable evidence, that fish consumption may reduce the risk of multiple other adverse health outcomes, including ischaemic stroke, non-fatal coronary heart disease events, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and inflammatory diseases.
21 Aquaculture s 2011 highlights and contribution to the global eporte feed and food chain Fastest growing food sector for the past 25 years with APR of 8.2% Total production 83.7 million tonnes, valued at US $ billion Over 157 aquatic plant & animal species farmed in 2011 Currently ranked 4 th globally in terms of farmed meat production Ranked 2 nd in China after farmed pig meat production Currently represent only 3-4% global animal feed production Highest reported feed efficiency for any farmed animal species Feed sector is the largest global consumer of fishmeal and fish oil Best source of essential nutrients in terms of human nutrition Represent important nutrient source in human nutrition in Asia
22 Aquaculture: key areas for further growth & opportunity Continued rapid growth and development of the aquaculture sector in Africa and Americas, as shown by the rapid growth of the sector in Egypt and Brazil over the past 15 years Increased emphasis in Africa on the culture of species feeding low on the aquatic food chain and not requiring external nutrient inputs, such as the culture of farmed aquatic plants and filter feeding shellfish species Increased production of lower-cost herbivorous/omnivorous freshwater fish species for domestic home consumption, and the promotion of farmed aquatic products in human nutrition and the food security of the poor and needy
23 Key hurdles to future aquaculture development Environmental: aquaculture needs to be part of the solution and not part of the problem: in contrast to agricultural farming practices which are usually conducted on private land, aquatic farming activities are usually conducted in public water bodies (rivers, lakes, coastal area) and so must be conducted reponsibly (we share this resource with many other users) Feed: aquaculture feed sector needs to reduce its dependence upon the use of potentially food grade marine fishery resources such as small pelagics, fishmeal and fish oil, and imports Social: aquaculture activities must not adversely affect the livelihood of the poor, and should produce affordable foods Importance of food safety and development of feed/farm GMPs
24 Sustainability challenges 71% of our planet is covered with water, and our oceans, lakes and rivers still represent one of our least understood ecosystems Increased use of locally available feed-grade ingredient sources as inputs for the production of aquatic food products, including the increased use and recycling of terrestrial animal by-product meals and oils, single cell proteins, and agricultural by-product meals not suitable for direct human consumption within aquaculture feeds Increased development and use of microbial floc-based aquaculture production systems and integrated multi-trophic culture systems so as to maximize nutrient utilization, water use, and minimize environmental impact Need for CASA Project Centre for African Studies in Aquaculture
25 Centre for African Studies in Sustainable Aquaculture & Fisheries Management <CASA >< International cooperation platform for improving food security and poverty alleviation in Africa through the development of sustainable and responsible aquaculture and fisheries management practices Major aquaculture platform activities Malnutrition & food security impacts Poverty alleviation & income generation impacts Farming systems & sustainable development Research & technology development Training, education & outreach Increased food production through fisheries & aquaculture
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