Phosphorous (and Nitrogen) Management on Dairy Farms

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1 Whatcom Dairy Seminar 15 Nov. 2012, Lynden WA Phosphorous (and Nitrogen) Management on Dairy Farms Shabtai Bittman Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC,

2 Why are we concerned about phosphorus in soils?

3 Lower Fraser Valley, BC Intensive farming area for 2.5 million consumers 2.5 milking cows per ha Poultry (landless farms) Intensive horticultural crop production 2006 P Source Classes (mg P kg -1 ) <= >4.1 Non Agricultural Courtesy of E. Van Bochove, AAFC, Quebec City

4 Lower Fraser Valley, BC Agricultural P Budget Inputs Tonnes P/ yr Fertilizer (Corn, grass, hort,) 825 Feed (Dairy, poultry) 4,602 Output (Milk, meat, crops) 1,677 Surplus 3, P Source Classes (mg P kg -1 ) <= >4.1 Non Agricultural Courtesy of E. Van Bochove, AAFC, Quebec City

5 Lower Fraser Valley, BC Agricultural P Budget Inputs Tonnes P/ yr Fertilizer (Corn, grass, hort,) 825 Feed (Dairy, poultry) 4,602 Output (Milk, meat, crops) 1,677 Surplus 3,750 = importation 20,000 t of surplus P fertilizer product /year 2006 P Source Classes (mg P kg -1 ) <= >4.1 Non Agricultural Courtesy of E. Van Bochove, AAFC, Quebec City

6 Lower Fraser Valley, BC 2006 P Source Classes (mg P kg -1 ) <= >4.1 Non Agricultural Courtesy of E. Van Bochove, AAFC, Quebec City

7 Decline in quantity and quality of phosphate reserves Lifetime of reserves (yrs)

8 Phosphorus im-balance on typical dairy farms Inputs Typical kg P 2 O 5 /ha Concentrates 49 Roughages 2 Chemical fertilizer 41 Atmospheric deposition 2 Total input 94 Output Milk 24 Animals 9 Total output 34 Surplus 60

9 Phosphorus balance on typical dairy farms Inputs Typical kg P 2 O 5 /ha Concentrates 49 Roughages 2 Chemical fertilizer 41 Atmospheric deposition 2 Total input 94 Output Milk 24 Animals 9 Total output 34 Why? Surplus 60

10 Challenges to using manure as fertilizer - Reliable and predictable response - Risk of environmental contamination/ odour - Loss of nutrients - Knowing nutrient content - Logistics

11 Challenges to using manure as fertilizer - Reliable and predictable response - Risk of environmental contamination/ odour - Loss of nutrients - Knowing nutrient content - Logistics **Nutrient imbalance (Low N:P ratio)**

12 Why is N:P ratio of dairy manure low? Loss of N mainly as ammonia (NH 3 ) to atmosphere NH 3 NH 3 NH 3 NH 3 NH 3 SOIL

13 Nutrient composition of dairy manure in Lower Fraser Valley NH 4 :N N:P NH 3 :P C:N N:K Average Variation

14 Soil profile for available P after 9-years of slurry and fertilizer application Soil P content (mg P kg -1 ) Depth (cm) Control F-low F-high M-low M-high Alt

15 N:P Ratio Relationship between N:P ratio and dry matter content in Fraser Valley dairy manure Dry Matter (%)

16 N:P Ratio Strategic solution: Manure separation by sedimentation Supernatant Distance from bottom 1.8m 1.2m 0.6m Sludge 0.3m 0.15m /17/2007 8/6/2007 9/25/ /14/2007 1/3/2008 2/22/2008 Date

17 N:P Ratio Dual manure stream concept -2 products with contrasting N:P ratios Supernatant Sludge 1.8m 1.2m 0.6m 0.3m 0.15m 0.0 6/17/2007 8/6/2007 9/25/ /14/2007 1/3/2008 2/22/2008 Date

18

19 Dry Matter Yield (tonne/ha) Phosphorus Applied (kg/ha) Yield and soil P accumulation from whole dairy manure 10 9 Whole Manure Yield Annual Applied Mineral N (kg/ha)

20 Dry Matter Yield (tonne/ha) Phosphorus Applied (kg/ha) 10 Yield and soil P accumulation from whole and separated liquid fraction dairy manure 9 8 Whole Manure Separated Manure 150 P loading 7 6 Yield Annual Applied Mineral N (kg/ha)

21 N:P Ratio Dual manure stream concept -2 products with contrasting N:P ratios Supernatant Sludge 1.8m 1.2m 0.6m 0.3m 0.15m 0.0 6/17/2007 8/6/2007 9/25/ /14/2007 1/3/2008 2/22/2008 Date

22 Overall Goal: Precision use of dairy sludge as source of starter and season-long P for corn

23 % Grain Importance of early P-uptake by corn for % grain at harvest R 2 = P-Uptake at 6-Leaves (kg ha -1 )

24 Effect of side-banded P fertilizer on dry matter % of corn at harvest on 24 farms in the LFV Dry matter (%) Farm

25 Overall Goal: Precision use of dairy sludge as source of starter and season-long P for corn Specific Objective To determine if seed-placed dairy sludge satisfies early and season-long P requirements by corn.

26 Injecting sedimented sludge

27 Precision Corn Planting The corn was planted a few days later at (same) 75-cm spacing, ~5-10 cm from the injection furrow.

28 Emergence of corn precision-planted near sludge injection bands Sludge furrows

29 Early corn growth near sludge injection furrows Sludge furrows

30 Effect of sludge injection distance on yield parameters of corn at harvest Treatment Yield Grain yield Dry matter Plant P conc. t /ha t /ha % ppm Control 8.15 d 2.2 c 20.8 b 1.17 b P fertilizer 15.6 bc 5.5 a 23.5 a 1.44 a

31 Effect of sludge injection distance on yield parameters of corn at harvest Treatment Yield Grain yield Dry matter Plant P conc. t /ha t /ha % ppm Control 8.15 d 2.2 c 20.8 b 1.17 b P fertilizer 15.6 bc 5.5 a 23.5 a 1.44 a Sludge 0-cm 16.8 ab 5.8 a 23.2 a 1.48 a Sludge 5-cm 17.0 a 5.9 a 22.9 a 1.44 a

32 Effect of sludge injection distance on yield parameters of corn at harvest Treatment Yield Grain yield Dry matter Plant P conc. t /ha t /ha % ppm Control 8.15 d 2.2 c 20.8 b 1.17 b P fertilizer 15.6 bc 5.5 a 23.5 a 1.44 a Sludge 0-cm 16.8 ab 5.8 a 23.2 a 1.48 a Sludge 5-cm 17.0 a 5.9 a 22.9 a 1.44 a Sludge 10-cm 15.0 c 4.9 b 21.6 b 1.49 a

33 Effect of planting delay and manure distance on corn yield Planting Delay Distance (cm) days ab 17.1 b ab 16.1 b b 19.4 a b 16.7 b b 16.3 b

34 Effect of manure band on mycorrhizal (AMF) colonization and root growth in corn at 6-leaf stage AMF colonization % Manure side 40.8 a 45.1 a Non-manure side 42.3 a 46.5 a

35 Effect of side-banded fertilizer and dairy slurry on corn yield based on equal N rates

36 Effect of side-banded fertilizer and dairy slurry on corn yield based on equal N rates

37 Effect of side-banded fertilizer and dairy slurry on corn yield based on equal N rates

38 Effect of side-banded fertilizer and dairy slurry at comparable P rates on P uptake by corn

39 Daily emissions of N 2 O after application of dairy slurry by injection and broadcasting or of N fertilizer over 12 months Manure application Freeze thaw bump for surface applied manure

40 Conclusions Sludge provides starter P for corn and supports high yield, grain yield and dry matter. Injected manure sludge near corn rows does not inhibit early corn germination or growth under in cool moist climate

41 Other benefits of injecting dairy sludge May reduce ammonia loss (~15 kg N ha -1 ) Because sludge is more concentrated than whole manure Sludge can be transported further Sludge injection can be shallower Less fluid so faster soil infiltration and seeding Faster manure application Lower risk of NH 3 toxicity?

42 Whole Farm N Budgets Whole Farm N Cycle- DeMarke Farm (Oenema et al. 2004) MANURE 0 1 ROUGHAGE CONCENTRATES CATTLE CATTLE ROUGHAGE 66 DEPOSITION 49 HERD MANURE MANURE IN ROUGHAGE GRAZING MANURE 8 PASTURES 13 NH3 3 NH3 BIOL. N FIXATION 74 1 NH NH3 MILK FERTILIZER SOIL NH3 ACCUMULATION 125 DENITRIFICATION LEACHING

43 Dry matter yield ( ) of early, medium and late orchardgrass varieties under a 5- and 3-cut system 3-cut 5-cut

44 Dry matter yield ( ) of early, medium and late orchardgrass varieties under a 5- and 3-cut system 3-cut Current practice 5-cut

45 Neutral detergent fibre, NDF, ( ) of early, medium and late orchardgrass varieties under a 5- and 3-cut system 3-cut Current practice 5-cut

46 Comparison of annual feed quality between 5-cut early maturing variety (current practice) and 3-cut late maturing variety of orchardgrass. Early 5-cuts Late 3-cuts Crude Protein (% DM) NDF (% DM) Lignin (% NDF) IVFD (30h) CH3 - Kd (%/h)

47 Comparison of annual feed quality between 5-cut early maturing variety (current practice) and 3-cut late maturing variety of orchardgrass. Early 5-cuts Late 3-cuts Late 3-cuts 2010 Crude Protein (% DM) NDF (% DM) Lignin (% NDF) IVFD (30h) CH3 - Kd (%/h)

48 Total Mixed Ration (TMR)* for lactating dairy cows based on contrasting orchardgrass feeds produced in Agassiz, BC. 5-cut early variety 3-cut late variety 3-cut Late variety (2010) Ingredient kg DM/cow/day Kg DM/cow/day Kg DM/cow/day Orchardgrass Silage Corn Silage* Grain Mix Ration CP (% DM) Metabolizable Energy Allowable Milk (Kg) pendf *TMR formulated using AMTS.Cattle.Pro for a one-group 38.5 kg average milk, 3.6% BF, 24 KG DMI. Corn Silage processed 25% DM, 45% NDF, 28% Starch. Grain mix is 8 kg ground barley, 1.8 kg Corn Dried Distillers Grain, 0.9 kg Canola Meal, 0.11 Kg Commercial Bypass Fat and 0.2 kg Vitamin/Mineral Premix.

49 Reformulated total mixed rations* for lactating dairy cows based on contrasting orchardgrass feeds produced in Agassiz, BC. 5-cut early variety 3-cut late variety 3-cut late variety (2010) Ingredient kg DM/cow/day Kg DM/cow/day Kg DM/cow/day Orchardgrass Silage Corn Silage* Grain Mix ** 11.0** Ration CP (% DM) Metabolizable Energy Allowable Milk (Kg) pendf *Rations formulated using AMTS.Cattle.Pro for a one-group TMR 38.5 kg average milk, 3.6% BF, 24 KG DMI. Corn Silage processed 25% DM, 45% NDF, 28% Starch. **Grain mix revised to 7.6 kg (-0.4kg) ground barley, 2.0 kg Corn Dried Distillers Grain, (+0.2kg), 1.1 kg (+0.2 kg) Canola Meal, 0.11Kg Commercial Bypass Fat and 0.2 kg Vitamin/Mineral Premix.

50 PHOTO BY Heather Hirsch Cooperating producers Thank You Maureen Schaber, Anthony Friesen, Frederic Bounaix, Connie Pietrafesa, Pierre Groenenboom, and Co-op students (AAFC)

51 Thank you Acknowledgements PDF: Dr. Aiguo Liu; Technicians: Maureen Schaber, Frederic Bounaix, Anthony Friesen, Connie Pietrafesa, Pierre Groenenboom, Jeff Ottenberger Funded by AAFC-GAPS program

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