Nutrient management in direct seeded rice and its residual effect on uptake, translocation and recovery of nutrients in rainfed lentil

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1 An Asian Journal of Soil Science Volume 8 Issue 2 December, 2013 Research Article Nutrient management in direct seeded rice and its residual effect on uptake, translocation and recovery of nutrients in rainfed lentil PANKAJ KUMAR PANKAJ, NINTU MANDAL, R.P. SINGH AND NIRMAL DE MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM : Corresponding author : NIRMAL DE, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA nirmalde@gmail.com Co-authors : PANKAJ KUMAR PANKAJ, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA NINTU MANDAL, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, BHAGALPUR, (BIHAR) INDIA R.P. SINGH, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA Received : ; Revised : ; Accepted : Summary On farm experimental data was recorded during Rabi season of 2008 to 2011 at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India in a long term nutrient management experiment in a rainfed rice based system under All India Coordinated Research Project on Dry land Agriculture. The experiment was laid out with six treatments namely, control (no nutrient supplemented), 100% RDF ( kg ha -1 N: P: K), 100% N through FYM, 50% N through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM and Farmer s Practice (only 20 kg N ha -1 ) applied for Kharif direct seeded rainfed rice crop in an Inceptisol. The residual effect of these treatments on yield and nutrient uptake efficiency was studied on rainfed Rabi lentil crop. The experimental findings indicated that crops grown under 100% N through FYM (T 3 ) treatment was significantly superior in increasing grain, stubble yield as well as protein yield of lentil. The conjunctive use of organic and inorganic source of fertilizer significantly induced to release higher concentration of N, P, K and S in the soil available pool thereby increased uptake by lentil plant at harvest. A significantly higher yield and economic return (B: C=0.72) was noted when the crop was grown under 100% N through FYM followed by T 5, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM (B: C=0.62) and T 2, 100% RDF (B: C=0.54). The grain yield of lentil crop was found to be significantly and positively correlated with uptake of N (r=0.91*), P (r=0.93*), K (r=0.89*) and S (r =0.90*) by crop grains. The maximum protein content (23.7 %) and protein yield (119.5 kg ha -1 ) was recorded in crops grown under organic nutrient sources (100 % N through FYM), significantly higher over all other treatments. The grain yield of lentil was significantly correlated to the translocation of N (r=0.87*), P (r=0.90*), K (r=0.89*) and S (r=0.97*) nutrient in grain. Application of FYM (50% or 100%) in Kharif rainfed rice induced significantly higher residual contribution of nutrients N, P, K and S coupled with agronomic efficiency in succeeding Rabi lentil crop when compared to equivalent supplementation by peer inorganic fertilizers. Key words : Rainfed lentil, Nutrient uptake, Nutrient translocation, Agronomic efficiency How to cite this article : Pankaj, Kumar Pankaj, Mandal, Nintu, Singh, R.P. and De, Nirmal (2013). Nutrient management in direct seeded rice and its residual effect on uptake, translocation and recovery of nutrients in rainfed lentil. Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(2):. Introduction The rice fallows occupy nearly 12 million hectares (Singh, 2002) with more than half in the states of eastern India. The rice fallows represent an enormous under utilized resource (Musa et al., 2001; DFID, 2009). The land is fertile enough to grow Kharif rice, hence, potential enough to bring the livelihood security of millions of small and marginal rainfed farmers provided a second crop can be grown. Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the important and most nutritious Rabi pulses. It has the potential to cover the risk of rainfed farming. It is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. The plants if failed under rainfed condition can be ploughed back into the soil as green manure to improve the fertility of soil by biological nitrogen fixation. It is also rich in calcium (560 ppm), iron, and niacin. It has the lowest content of lectins and trypsin inhibitors among legumes. In utera/ paira cropping system of rice-lentil in eastern Uttar Pradesh, HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

2 PANKAJ KUMAR PANKAJ, NINTU MANDAL, R.P. SINGH AND NIRMAL DE Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, seeds are sown in standing rice crop and therefore no tillage is done. The gap between average yield level of farmers and the potential yield level is still very wide in the rainfed ecosystem (Mahapatraet al., 1996) particularly with reference to Rabi cropping. In general, rainfed Rabi crop is grown as residual with almost zero input, thereby low in productivity. Intervention of proper technology coupled with the up scaling of package of practices for promotion of rainfed Rabi crop in rice fallows of eastern India can lead to a possible second crop more specifically chickpea and lentil after rice. Against this background, the present study was undertaken to quantify the residual effect of conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on nutrient uptake, nutrient translocation and nutrient recovery coupled with yield, economics and agronomic efficiency of rainfed lentil crop. Resource and Research Methods The experiment was conducted during Rabi season at the research farm ( ' N, ' E, altitude 129 m above sea level) of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. This experiment has been under the supervision of the All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture (AICRP- DLA) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The experiment site falls under sub-humid climate with average rainfall of mm and annual potential evapotranspiration of mm. About 87% of the total rainfall is generally received during monsoon season (June to September). The mean monthly minimum temperatures varies from in January to C in June and monthly mean maximum temperatures varies from C in January to C in June, with wide diurnal variations. The mean minimum relative humidity (%) varies from 32.6 in March to 72.8 in August and monthly mean maximum relative humidity varies from 61.9 in March to 86.2 in August. The soil at the experimental site is classified as fine loamy mixed hyperthermic Udic Ustochrept. The plough layer ( m) has 24.3% sand, 22.0% silt and 53.7% clay. The ph, EC, bulk density and CEC values at the beginning of the experiment were 7.54, 0.21 ds m -1, 1.37 Mg m - 3 and 1.38 cmol (p+) kg -1 respectively and the available N, P, K, and S status was kg ha -1, 13.0 kg ha -1, kg ha -1 and 25.8 kg ha -1, respectively. Six treatments comprising combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources were tested in 10 m X 10 m plots arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were: control (no nutrient supplemented)-t 1, 100% RDF ( kg ha -1 N:P:K)-T 2, 100% N through FYM-T 3, 50% N through FYM-T 4, 50% RDF + 50% N through FYM-T 5 and farmer s practice (20 kg N ha -1 )-T 6 which was applied for Kharif rice crop and residual effect of this treatment was studied on rainfed lentil crop. The lentil (cv. HUL-57) was sown in the Rabi season. Ten randomly selected plants from each replication of all the treatments were sampled at harvest for chemical analysis by using the modified methods as outlined by Piper, 1950 and Jackson, The derivation of productivity and use efficiency component like total nutrient uptake of nutrients, agronomic use efficiency, nutrients use efficiency and nutrient recovery fraction etc. were calculated following the methods of Santos et al. (2003) and Baligar et al. (2001). The relationship equations are as under : Per cent recovery of applied nutrient : (Uptake of nutrient in treatment - Uptake of nutrient in control) / Quantity of nutrient applied 100. Per cent translocation of nutrient in grain : Uptake of nutrient in grain/ Total nutrient uptake 100 Agronomic efficiency (kg kg -1 ) : (Grain yield of fertilized crop in kg - Grain yield of unfertilized crop in kg) / Quantity of fertilizer applied in kg. Per cent increase in nitrogen uptake over control : (Total N uptake in treatment Total N uptake in control) / Total N uptake in treatment 100. The three year pooled data was analyzed statistically and reported. Research Findings and Discussion The findings of the present study as well as relevant discussion have been presented under following heads : Residual effect of conjunctive use of fertilizers and manure on lentil crop growth and yield attributing traits : A significantly higher plant height, number of pods, primary branches /plant, and 1000-grain weight (test weight) of lentil cv. HUL-57 was recorded in the residual 100 % FYM (T 3 ) treated plots under rice. The FYM incorporated plot alone and with combination of NPK gave significantly higher plant height over rest of treatment. The plant height ranged from 21 to 33 cm. The minimum plant height was recorded in control plot where no nutrient supplemented followed by farmer s practices. The 50% FYM + 50% NPK treated plot gave significantly higher number of pods over 100% FYM treated plot. The minimum number of pods per plant was observed in control plot. No significant difference was recorded in grain weight under different treatments. In general, increase in doses of NPK and FYM supplementation increased the yield and yield attributes significantly over control, clearly indicating the level of nutrients in available pool as growth limiting factor. The statistical analysis revealed that all the treatments produced significantly higher grain yield of lentil over control. Higher grain yield (832.7 kg ha -1 ) and stubble yield of lentil (23.81 q ha -1 ) was recorded for T 3 (100% FYM) treatment which was significantly higher over other treatments (Table 1). A HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 227 Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) :

3 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE & ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT ON UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION & RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS IN RAINFED LENTIL maximum gross return of 30,000 and net income of per hectare of rainfed residual lentil crop with a maximum benefit: cost ratio of 0.72 was realized under T 3 (100% N through FYM) treated plots followed by crops grown under T 5 (50% FYM +50% RDF) plots. Grain and stubble yield of lentil was influenced more by residual effect of FYM in comparison to inorganic fertilizers. The effect of FYM alone as well as in combination with fertilizers gave significantly higher yield than no FYM treatments, and showed the highest residual effect on succeeding lentil crop. Application of either FYM alone or in combination with 50% NPK increased the availability of nutrients in soil after harvest of preceding paddy crop and enhanced the microbial activity responsible for organic matter decomposition and mineralization. The application of organic manures to paddy besides providing N might have improved the soil physical condition and this resulted in better growth of succeeding lentil crop. The residual and cumulative effect of FYM was also affected in the enhanced production of subsequent crop. The results are in conformity with the finding of many early workers (Tomar and Khajanji, 2009; Swarup, 2000; Omarhattab et al., 2000 and Rajput, 1997). Concentration and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur : Successive increase in the rates of applied NPK inputs in soils under rainfed rice caused a significant effect on supplemented nutrient concentration for growing of lentil as a residual crop. Highest concentration of N in grain and stubble of lentil was 3.8 and 1.4 per cent grown in soil under 50% N through FYM+50% RDF followed by 100% FYM (T 3 ) and 100% RDF (T 2 ) treatment. The maximum N uptake of grain (10.4 kg ha -1 ) and stubble (8.8 kg ha -1 ) was recorded by 100% FYM (T 3 ) and this was significantly higher over all other treatments. Similarly maximum total N uptake was recorded under 100% FYM (19.1 kg ha -1 ) treatment while minimum (8.2 kg ha -1 ) N uptake was recorded under no external nutrient supplementation (control treatment). Combined application of 50% FYM + 50% RDF (T 5 ) showed maximum P concentration in lentil grain (0.45%) and stubble (0.28 %) which was significantly higher than other treatments but 100% N through FYM showed statistically at par with 100% RDF and 50% N through FYM (Table 2). Except farmer s practices (T 6 ), all the fertilizer treatments showed significantly higher uptake of P by grain over control. The maximum withdrawal of phosphorus by lentil grain and stubble was recorded under 100% N through FYM (0.93 and 1.26 kg ha -1 ) followed by 50% FYM + 50% RDF (0.74 and 1.25 kg ha -1 ) treatment. All fertilizers treatments showed significant effect on P uptake by stubble over control. Increasing levels of NPK significantly enhanced the P removal by grain and stubble. Similarly total uptake of P by Table 1: Residual effect of conjunctive use of fertilizers and manure on lentil cv. HUL-57 under rainfed condition of Varanasi Plant height (cm) Primary branches /plant Pods per plant Test weight 1000 grain (g) Grain Yield (kg ha -1 ) Stubble yield (q ha -1 ) T ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± C.D. (P=0.05) B:C ratio Table 2 : Residual effect of conjunctive use of fertilizers and manure on nutrient concentration in grain and its total uptake by lentil cv. HUL- 57 in an Inceptisol Nutrient concentration (%) in grain Total nutrient uptake (kg ha -1 ) Protein Protein content Yield (kg N P K S N P K S (%) ha -1 ) T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± T ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 228 Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) :

4 PANKAJ KUMAR PANKAJ, NINTU MANDAL, R.P. SINGH AND NIRMAL DE application of 100% N through FYM treatment led to significantly more utilization of P (2.19 kg ha -1 ) in comparison to application of other treatment. The concentration of potassium in lentil grain and stubble grown under 50% FYM+ 50% RDF treatment was significantly higher over the control. At 50% FYM +50% RDF, K concentration in grain and stubble was 0.93 and 0.67 percent, respectively which was significantly higher than other treatments. 100% N through FYM (T 3 ) recorded highest total K uptake compared to rest of the treatments followed by 50% FYM + 50% RDF (T 5 ) treatment. The highest S content in lentil grain and stubbles was recorded with 50% FYM +50% RDF followed by 100% N through FYM (T 3 ) treatment, which was significantly superior over rest of the treatments (Table 2). The lowest S concentration was recorded in control. Total uptake of S by lentil varied from 0.57 to 2.68 kg ha -1 depending upon the level of nutrients supplemented during crop growth. Maximum total S uptake by lentil crop was recorded when the crops was grown under 100% N through FYM followed by 50% FYM + 50% RDF treatment, while minimum under no nutrient supplementation (control) plots. The uptake of N, P, K and S by grain and straw of lentil crop were highest with the application of 50% FYM along with 50% NPK, followed by 100% FYM and 50% FYM treatments. Per cent increase in N uptake varied from 1.2 to 124.3%. Maximum per cent increase was observed in 50% FYM + 50% % NPK treatment, followed by FYM (113.7%) treatment. The minimum per cent increase was observed in farmer s practices (T 6 ) treatment. Correlation of N, P, K and S uptake on lentil grain yield : The grain yield of lentil crop was found to be significantly and positively correlated with N uptake (r=0.91*), P uptake (r=0.93*), K uptake (r=0.89*) and S uptake (r =0.90*). Nitrogen and sulphur are integrating part of protein syntheses while phosphorus is associated with increasing root growth (Tisdale, 1995). Potassium has been found to reduce transpiration losses in crops under water stress (Prasad et al., 2000). Protein content and yield : The protein content (%) and protein yield (kg ha -1 ) of grain was influenced by different levels and sources of supplemented nutrients. The maximum protein content (23.69%) and protein yield (119.5) was noticed when the crop was grown under organic nutrient sources i.e. T3 (100 % N through FYM) which was significantly higher over all other treatments (Table 2). The protein content of seed increased with the increase in nitrogen levels from organic sources. This might be due to presence of more nutrients in labile pool to act as the building blocks of protein. Similar results were also recorded by Sonkamble et al. (2010) and Chaturvedi et al. (2010). The advantage of organic manure incorporation in improving the soil fertility and help in better nutrients mining capacity of crop plants in the soil particularly where organic matter status is low corroborates with the earlier findings (Nambiar, 1989 and Bhandari et al., 1992). Translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur : The highest nitrogen translocation was observed in 100% FYM treatment at par to 50% FYM (54.6 %) followed by 50% FYM + 50% NPK treatments (50%). The lowest value was recorded in control (46%). Presence of organic sources of N induced higher translocation compared to inorganic N source. Similar trend of significantly higher translocation of P, K as well as S nutrient was recorded for 100% FYM treatment at par to 50% FYM followed by 50% FYM + 50% NPK treatments. The minimum K translocation was observed in control. The S translocation varied from 25.8 to 32.2%. The maximum P, K as well as S nutrient translocation were recorded under control or farmer s practice (Table 3). A significant correlation (R=0.98*) was found with cumulative nutrient translocation and grain yield. There were significant correlation between translocation of N (r=0.87*), P (r=0.90*), K (r=0.89*) and S (r=0.97*) with lentil grain yield. Per cent recovery of N, P and K by lentil crop : The P recovery was significantly higher in FYM treated plots in comparison to plots supplemented with inorganic fertilizer. The nutrient N, P and K recovery by lentil crop treated with 100% N through FYM was highest, at par to crops under 50% FYM treatment. A significantly lower per cent recovery of Table 3 : Effect of different treatments on translocation, recovery and agronomic efficiency of nutrients in lentil cv. HUL-57 in an Inceptisol Agronomic efficiency of nutrients Translocation of nutrients (%) Recovery of nutrients (%) (kg yield kg -1 nutrient applied) N P K S N P K N P K T T T T T T C.D. (P=0.05) HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 229 Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) :

5 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE & ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT ON UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION & RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS IN RAINFED LENTIL nutrient N, P and K by lentil crop was recorded when the crop grown under 50 % NPK + 50% FYM treatment (Table 3). In general recovery of major nutrients was much higher in FYM treated plots in comparison to inorganic fertilizers treated plots. Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: The agronomic efficiency of N varied from 6.4 to 22.2 kg kg -1 N in farmer s practice and 100% FYM, respectively. Maximum agronomic efficiency of P was in 50% FYM (5.6) at par to 100% FYM (5.9 kg kg -1 P). The minimum agronomic efficiency of P was in 100% NPK (T 2 ) treatment. The agronomic efficiency of K in lentil grain varied from 8.1 to 14.1kg kg -1 K (Table 3). The maximum value was recorded in 50% FYM (14.1 kg kg -1 K), followed by 100% FYM (13.3 kg kg -1 K) treatments. The minimum value was recorded in 100% NPK (8.1 kg kg -1 K) treatments. Application of optimum and sub optimum doses of FYM registered higher value of agronomic efficiency for nutrients in comparison to same doses of nutrient supplemented from inorganic fertilizers. The present experimental findings indicated that application of FYM (50% or 100%) in Kharif rainfed rice induced significantly higher residual contribution of nutrients N, P, K and S in succeeding Rabi lentil crop as compared to equivalent supplementation by peer inorganic nutrient treatments. The reflection of significant residual contribution of FYM registered in higher nutrients N, P, K and S uptake, translocation and recovery pattern in optimum and sub optimum doses of FYM treated plots in succeeding lentil crop. This was probably due to solubilizing action of organic acid formed during the break down of organic materials and to match the release kinetics of nutrient with the residual Rabi lentil crop coupled with improvement in soil condition favourable for more availability of nutrients from soil solution (Zia et al., 1992; Sharma et al., 2000). Literature Cited Bhandari, A.L., Sood, A., Sharma, K.N. and Rana, D.S. (1992). Integrated nutrient management in rice-wheat system. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 40: Chaturvedi, S., Chandel, A.S., Dhyani, V.C. and Singh, A.P. (2010). Productivity, profitability and quality of soybean ( Glycine max) and residual soil fertility as influenced by integrated nutrient management. Indian J. Agron., 55(2): DFID Plant Sciences Research Programme Project R8221 (2009). Promotion of rainfed Rabi cropping in rice fallow of eastern India and Nepal phase 2 Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp Kononova, M.M. 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