The effect of different straw managements on the potassium. fertilizer supply of lowland rice
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1 The effect of different straw managements on the potassium fertilizer supply of lowland rice Pheng Sengxua 1 and Bruce Linquist 2 1 Soil Survey and Land Classification Center, NAFRI. P.O.Box 811, Vientiane Lao PDR, psengxua@laotel.com 2 Lao-IRRI Project, P.O. Box 600, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR, b.linquist@cgiar.org Abstract In Xayabouly Province (Pieng District), potassium (K) deficiencies are severe. Rice straw contains about 80% of K at the time of harvest. Therefore, efficient straw management can be important in maintaining the K balance in the soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different straw management practices on the K application rate for rice crops. The experiment was conducted in the 2001 dry season (DS), and set up as a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were straw treatments (no straw, stubble straw and panicle plus stubble straw)and the subplot treatments were varying potassium fertilizer rates (0, 30 and 60 kg K 2 O/ha). The yield responses to K applications were significantly different and yields increased by 24% and 21% with the application of 30 and 60 kg K 2 O/ha, respectively. In response to straw incorporation, the yields did not increase when only stubble was incorporated. When both panicle and stubble straw were incorporated yields increased by 20 % compared to the control and stubble straw treatments. The response of rice yields to K and straw in this season were similar to the result in the last wet season. These results indicate that yields benefit from incorporating straw into the soil, particularly panicle plus stubble straw. Thus, incorporation of straw in the soil combined with inorganic fertilizer should be done every year and less K should be applied in the dry season. Key words: stubble straw, panicle straw, potassium; potassium deficiency. 62
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3 Materials and methods The experiment was conducted in Xayabouli Province (Pieng district) in the 2001 dry season. The experiment was set up as a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were different straw treatments: no straw, stubble straw 1.5 t/ha and panicle 2.5 t/ha plus stubble straw (Table 2). Stubble is the straw remaining in the field after harvest and panicle straw the straw removed with the grain at harvest. The subplot treatments were varying K fertilizer rates (0, 30 and 60 kg K 2 O/ha). In addition all plots received 90 and 30 kg/ha of N and P 2, respectively. Sub-plot size was 4 x 4 m including border rows. The plots were separated by bunds. Rice (cv TDK 1) was transplanted at a hill spacing of 20 x 20 cm (25 hills/m 2 ) with 4 to 6 seedlings per hill. The N application was split equally into three applications (basal, 30 and 50 DAT). All P and K fertilizer were applied as a basal application. Insecticide, (Furadan, 33 kg/ha), was applied at 25 and 45 DAT to control gall midge and stem borer. Weeding was done as necessary. Tiller and panicle counts were taken at 50 DAT and at maturity, respectively. At maturity, border rows were removed from around each plot and the remaining hills harvested. Panicles were threshed, the grain weighed and moisture content determined. Grain yields were adjusted to 14% moisture. Table 1. Nutrients contain of straw that applied in the straw treatments. Straw treatments Nutrient concentration (%) Nutrient applied by straw (kg/ha) N P 2 K 2 O N P 2 K 2 O Stubble straw Panicle straw Stubble + panicle Table 2. The treatments applied to determine K rate application with straw. Treatment Main plot Sub plot # Straw* K rate (kg/ha) 1 No straw 0 2 No straw 30 3 No straw 60 4 Stubble straw 0 5 Stubble straw 30 6 Stubble straw 60 7 Panicle + Stubble straw 0 8 Panicle + Stubble straw 30 9 Panicle + Stubble straw 60 Results and discussions The grain yield without either straw or K fertilizer was 2.5 t/ha. The yield responses to K applications were significantly increased by 24 and 21% (to 3.1 and 3.0 t/ha, Fig.1) in response to the application of 30 and 60 kg K 2 O/ha respectively compared to without either straw or K fertilizer treatment. In response to straw incorporation, the yields did not increase when only stubble straw was incorporated into the soil, possibly due to a negative effect of the straw decomposition process on plant health in the 64
4 first 20 days and K contained in the stubble straw was lower than other treatments (Table 1). However, when both panicle and stubble straw were incorporated, yields increased by 20% compared to the stubble straw treatments or the treatments without either straw or K fertilizer. In addition to this benefit from the K, there may also be additional benefits from other nutrients contained in the straw (Table 1). When additional (30 kg/ha of K 2 O) K fertilizer was applied with the stubble straw, the yield was not significantly decreased by 12 and 14 % compared to the yield when 30 kg/ha of K 2 O was applied alone or with the panicle + stubble straw treatment. With the addition of 60 kg/ha of K 2 O to stubble straw and stubble + panicle straw, yields were similar to the 60 kg/ha K 2 O treatment; this result indicates that in the dry season, rice yields did not respond to K as in the wet season. Further work is required to determine the K availability in the soil for each straw management regime. However, this study clearly shows benefits of applying rice straw to rice fields. Thus, incorporation of rice straw to the soil in combination with inorganic fertilizer should be done every year Grain yield (kg/ha) No straw St-straw St+Pa str K rate (kg K 2 O/ha) Figure 1. Rice yield response to straw and K fertilizer in Xayabouli province in the 2001 dry season. Values are mean of three replications. Means with identical letter are not significantly different. St- stubble, Pa- panicle, Str- straw. Practical implications for extension It would be beneficial if farmers could be encouraged to use the straw for each season s rice harvest by incorporating it in to the soil in combination with inorganic fertilizer, especially with potassium containing fertilizers. 65
5 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) through the Lao- IRRI Project and the Agriculture and Forestry Service of Xayabouli and the 30 ha Rice Research Station, for their support of this research activity. We would like to thank all our collaborators and farmers and also, Dr. Renate Braun and Philip Gibson who helped us to write this paper. References Dobermann A, Fairhurst T, Rice Nutrient Disorders & Nutrient Management. The Potash and Phosphate Institute and the International Rice Research Institute, Oxford Graphic Printers Pte, Ltd, pp 191. Annex Table 1. The effect of different straw management practices with K rate on rice yields in Xayabouli (Pieng dist.) during the 2001 dry season. Rice yields are adjusted to 14% moisture. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (LSD=0.05) Main Plot Sub-plot Yield (kg/ha) # Straw (t/ha) K rate (kg/ha) 2000 DS 2000 WS 2001 DS 1 control control control stubble straw stubble straw stubble straw stubble straw+panicle straw stubble straw+panicle straw stubble straw+panicle straw Pr>F Straw Ns ns K rate Ns Straw x K ns ns ns %CV Location: B. Nakeam Seeded: Dec 3/2000 Design: Split plot, 3 reps Transplanted: Jan 6/2001 Rice variety: TDK 1 Flowering: Mar 30/2001 Hill spacing: 20 x 20 cm Harvest: Apr 24/2001 Fertilization: P 2, K 2 O applied at transplanting at a rate of 45, 0 to 60 kg/ha, respectively. N was applied in three equal splits at transplanting and 30 and 50 DAT. 66
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