L AND C H A P T E R 9 :

Transcription

1 FOOD FROM THE L AND C H A P T E R 9 :

2 SYSTEMS MODEL Refers to a model of looking at any system (farming, oil production, tire factory, schooling) and recognizing there are inputs, processes, and outputs. Around the world people depend upon soil to provide food directly or indirectly Over the centuries, humans have developed farming systems to develop soil as a resource, using expertise and technology to create profits. Regardless of the size, location, or type of farm, farming systems share some basic characteristics.

3 1. INPUTS Refers to those things that are put into the system. Can be either Natural or Human For example, in farming the human inputs would include labour, equipment, fertilizer and irrigation systems, whereas natural inputs would include rain, sunshine, heat and soil type. The workers and their source The kinds of tools and equipment used The infrastructure The capital invested in the operation The types of seeds or young livestock used The quality of the soil and land Climatic conditions

4 2. OUTPUTS: Refers to those things that are produced by the system. For example in cattle farming the outputs could include beef and raw hide whereas vegetable farm outputs could include carrots, potatoes, cabbage, etc..

5 3. FARM PROCESSES Refers to those procedures that occur in the system to convert the inputs to outputs. For example in vegetable farming the processes would include, sowing seed, watering, fertilizing, weeding, aerating, harvesting. Given a case study of a farming operation you should be able to briefly examine (processes): The division of labour; who does what? the spatial movement of people and animals; Are the workers migratory? Are the animals moved between grazing lands? How the crops are planted; crop rotation, contour plowing, is any land left fallow? Irrigation and soil maintenance practices; is there a need for watering? How frequently do they fertilize? What do they fertilize with? The annual cycle of farming activities How farming activities spatially arranged

6 TYPES OF FARMS AROUND THE WORLD:

7 1. FAMILY OPERATED FARMS At least half the labour is supplied by the farm operator and his family. Much small-scale farming is family run. Case studies in text: Canada, Bangladesh, and Indonesia are typical of wide-ranging types of small-scale farming in the world. (pgs )

8 2. SUBSISTENCE FARMING Farmers produce just enough food for their own needs produce not for sale.

9 COMMERCIAL FARMING Farmers produce crops or raise animals primarily for sale to others

10 EXTENSIVE VS. INTENSIVE FARMING Extensive Farming: Large tracts of land are devoted to producing a crop or raising animals. Farming with low inputs of capital and labour and generally low yields (outputs). Regions of cheap available land where high revenues are unimportant. Ex: Cattle Ranching Intensive farming: Large amounts of labor, inputs and capital. Small amount of land is cultivated with the goal of producing a high yield per unit of land. Usually found in regions of dense population and high land values (See Bangladesh Case Study) Ex: Dairy Farms

11 TERMS Shifting Cultivation - Uses a technique called Slash and Burn Cultivation. Shifting system of agriculture practiced by the Dayak people of Borneo. It is often called migratory agriculture. Process An area of land is cleared. Bark is tore from the tree trunks to dry it out. Later the area is burned. Crops are then planted in the ashes, which serve as a fertilizer. Once the soil becomes infertile (2-3 years), the area is left for a period of years allowing native trees (Climax Vegetation) and shrubs to re-grow.

12 TERMS Collective Farms farms controlled by the state. (Ukraine case study in text) Agribusiness- Is a large self-sufficient farming operation that produces its own inputs, maintains its own processing facilities, and determines its outputs, which it markets through its own marketing divisions (Philippines case study) Nomadic Herding -The wandering, but controlled movement of livestock, solely dependent on natural forage is the most extensive type of land use system.

13 CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS In less developed regions, hindrances to progress in both development and food supply are caused by: 1. Land ownership 2. Levels of agricultural output. 3. Degree of technological advancement Other challenges?

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