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1 PAMUN XIII RESEARCH REPORT QUESTION OF: MEASURES TO REDUCE FOOD INSECURITY IN LEDCs I. Introduction of Topic: With over 925 million people facing food and nutrition insecurity, and malnutrition causing 2.6 million children to die every year, governments worldwide need new strategies and initiatives to fight global hunger. The human and economic costs of food insecurity range from lethargy 1 and diminished physical capacity on a personal level to unemployment and underemployment reducing the GDP 2 of many developing nations where 98 percent of the world s population facing hunger live. The vast majority of the world s hungry are concentrated in Asia and the Pacific (over 570 million) and Sub-Saharan Africa (over 230 million) creating a barrier to continued economic growth and reducing the inequalities between these regions and the world s developed areas such as Europe and North America. With global population growth, the increasing demands for food indicate a need to more than double production by The increased scarcity of natural resources exacerbated by climate change will add to food insecurity pressures. Rising inequality within and among nations, as well as fluctuating food prices present further challenges. Acute hunger due to crises such as natural disaster and war accounts for less than 8 percent of the population facing food and nutritional insecurity. Daily undernourishment, living on less than the 2,100 kilocalories recommended for optimal average adult health, due to chronic poverty is systematically experienced by many citizens of developing nations for periods of weeks, months, or even years. Malnourished people find themselves facing increased risks of underdeveloped growth in physical and mental capacities, inability to resist disease, and reproductive difficulties. The vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity is dependent upon three interrelated issues: availability of nutritious food, access to this food, and utilization of the foods to which people have access. Increasingly as populations rise out of poverty, dietary quality becomes a focus of food and nutrition security (FNS) as malnutrition and obesity incongruously are found hand in hand. The reason for this coexistence is that undereducated consumers with little information about nutrition eat food that is unhealthy rather than eating excessively. Although in the short run food programs run by wealthier countries can alleviate hunger for many, policies that promote productivity and employment to alleviate poverty will have a greater long run impact in facing the global challenge of food insecurity. With three quarters of the hungry living in rural areas, another key to achieving food security would be to invest in cooperatives, producer organizations and other rural institutions. Finally, investment in safety nets for the vulnerable non-poor and victims of climatic or human disaster would be helpful to alleviating situations which could have lasting consequences to human and economic development. 1 Lethargy is a lack of energy. 2 GDP = Gross Domestic Product: the monetary value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time. Page 1 of 6
2 II. Background: Food and nutrition insecurity continues to plague much of the world s population, particularly in less economically developed countries 3. Fig. 1 (Maplecroft) According to the United Nations, the world s population is likely to rise from 6.5 billion to over 9 billion by Much of that increase (2.7 billion) will take place in developing countries 4 which already face food shortages and chronic malnutrition, further exacerbating 5 the situation unless governments worldwide proactively face the challenge. Fig. 2 (UN FAO) On October 16, 1979 the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) established the first World Food Day in order to bring attention to the world s population facing food insecurity, and encourage national and international cooperation in reducing global hunger. A teleconference featuring world leaders and experts in diverse fields such as agriculture, nutrition, environmental science, economics and human rights addressed key issues needed to combat food and nutrition insecurity and continues to be central to increasing awareness. At a 1999 conference in Rome the FAO adopted the first long-term Strategic Framework, for Unfortunately a report in 2007 by the Independent External 3 Fig. 1 is a map by Maplecroft risk consultants that uses twelve risk factors to indicate food insecurity levels across the world. 4 See Fig Exacerbate means to make a problem worse. Page 2 of 6
3 Evaluation of the FOA (IEE) indicated that the Framework has not played the role for which it was intended leading to an Immediate Plan of Action (IPA) in Furthermore, due to a dramatic increase in global food prices in 2008 and a concern over the impact of climate change and biofuels, food and nutrition security became a stronger priority for both the G8 and the G10. The UN established a High-Level Task Force (HLTF) on the Global Food Security Crisis, the Aquila Food Security Initiative (AFSI) by the G8 pledged $22 billion for agriculture and food security, and the FAO World Summit on Food Security in Rome in 2009 resulted in the adoption by participating governments of the Five Rome Principles for Sustainable Global Food Security, and a strategic framework for In the 2012 FAO publication of The State of Food Insecurity in the World it acknowledged that although estimates of reductions to undernourishment from 1990 are better than previously thought, the progress since 2008 has slowed or leveled off and actions must be taken in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the global undernourished by Fig. 3 (UN FAO) In order for economic growth to impact food and nutrition security, the poor must participate in the growth process and its benefits. 7 Although global progress has been made (in 1990 over half of those living in rural areas in developing countries lived on less than $1.25 a day, but by 2010 it had dropped to 35 percent) without clear strategies and global commitment, many of the world s hungry will remain in a poverty trap whereby the poor are hungry and hunger traps them in poverty due to the negative effects of poor nutrition and greater exposure to disease. Fig. 4 (World Bank and UN FAO) 6 Fig. 3 compares progress for both Millennium Development Goals and World Food Security objectives that relate to food security. 7 Fig. 4 indicates the stark reduction in undernourishment as GDP per capita increases. Page 3 of 6
4 Unfortunately different rates of progress between different developing nations can make it difficult to create long-term policies that are effective. Between the to the period undernourishment declined most rapidly in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (13.4 to 7.4 percent) while increasing in Southern Asia (32.7 to 35 percent). During the same period undernourishment increased significantly in sub-saharan Africa from 17 to 27 percent. 8 Fig. 5 (UN FAO) III. Relevant International Agreements, Conventions, Organizations and Resolutions: 1979: The United Nations establishes World Food Day which is first observed on October 16, 1981 to strengthen the political will to end hunger. 1999: The 30 th session of the FAO conference in Rome creates the first long-term Strategic Framework for to fight food and nutrition insecurity. 2000: In the largest- ever gathering of world leaders at the UN, 189 nations made a promise to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations. This pledge became the eight Millennium Development Goals. 2008: The 35 th (Special) Session of the FOA endorses an Immediate Plan of Action after a report by the Independent External Evaluation of FAO indicates the 1999 Framework has not been as effective as hoped. 2009: November the FAO meets in Rome to create a new Strategic Framework to be more effective in reducing hunger and malnutrition. 2009: The G-8 Summit in Aquila Italy results in the Aquila Food Security Initiative which pledges $22 billion for agriculture and food security. 2011: The FOA conference focuses on the role of international food price volatility and the need to better monitor food insecurity. 2012: The importance of economic growth in overcoming poverty, hunger and malnutrition in the priority of the FAO conference in Rome. 2012: The OECD hosts the Global Forum Agriculture Policy Coherence for Food Security in Developing Countries. 8 Fig. 5 illustrates the evolution of undernourishment by region of the world. Page 4 of 6
5 IV. Main Issues: Although much progress has been made to reduce global food insecurity, improvement in many issues remains. Data: Better data is needed to capture the effects of food prices and other economic shocks, as well as the results of natural or human disasters. There needs to be a concerted global effort to fill in important data gaps on food production, utilization, storage and trade. It is also important to maintain an up- to- date parameter base for undernourishment estimates and regular health checks for progress. This need remains despite improvements in the past few years of FAO methodology and independent efforts to improve date (such as risk analysis experts Maplecroft having created a 2013 Food Security Risk Index calculated on assessing 12 components of food security). Agriculture: In 2009 the share of the total economically active population in agriculture in the least- developed countries was 66 percent, more than double the share of agriculture in GDP. Therefore, the role of agricultural growth in reducing poverty will have a greater impact than non- agricultural growth. Historically small landholders have met much of the food demand, but will increasingly need to overcome many constraints if they are to compete in modern markets. Investments will need to be made to overcome these constraints. As women make up much of the agricultural workforce, continuing gender and social inequalities will need to be addressed. Furthermore, the issues of overexploitation of land and poor farming practices reducing land fertility and leading to erosion and desertification reducing sustainability should become policy priorities. Economic and agricultural growth should be nutrition sensitive: Micronutrient deficiencies, hidden hunger still affect over 30 percent of the world s population in spite of poverty reduction. Governments need to invest in programs that help citizens to diversify their diets through better consumer awareness and access to nutritious food and the targeted distribution of supplements in situations of acute micronutrient deficiencies. Again, addressing gender inequality will be important as research shows that as women increasingly gain control of household income, more money gets spent on items that improve nutrition and health. Safety nets: Natural disasters threaten production of and access to food at local, regional, national and even global levels, and have been exacerbated by climate change (drought is the single most common cause of food shortages). Additionally human conflict and war increase the risk of food and nutrition insecurity for the most vulnerable (since 1992 the proportion of food crises attributed to human causes has more than doubled from 15 percent to over 35 percent in particular as conflict is often accompanied by large scale displacement). Social protection in order to strengthen the ability of the poor to manage risk, both natural and manmade, can contribute significantly in the fight against hunger. Page 5 of 6
6 V. Web Sites: OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) includes reports, publications and statistics concerning international economic, social and environmental issues: UN (United Nations) provides a complete and thorough overview of worldwide peace and security, development, human rights, humanitarian affairs and international law: FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), identifies key priorities in which to intervene in order to meet the demands posed by major global trends in agricultural development and challenges faced by UN member nations: UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), on the ground in 177 countries and territories, partnering with people at all levels of society offers global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. WFP (United Nations World Food Programme) is the world s largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger: Ending Hunger is an outreach and education project of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) which serves to educate about the forces that cause hunger, who s working on the problem and what s working: World Food Day was established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to raise awareness of the issues behind poverty and hunger: Measuring Food Insecurity by Christopher B. Barrett published in Science Magazine vol 327 on February presents a good synopsis on the elusiveness of measuring food insecurity. Page 6 of 6
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