FINE-FEATHERED FARMING
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1 CHAPTER 17 AGRICULTURE FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world
2 FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world At the end of this chapter you will know: About pros and cons of modern industrial and organic methods and of agriculture. The advantages and disadvantages of the Green revolution 2.0 and how it may help meet global food needs. Sustainable alternatives for production of crops and animals. Learning Outcomes
3 FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world Industrial and sustainable agriculture will be necessary to feed our increasing population. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, but some techniques increase productivity with less environmental impact. Main Concept Case: Azolla is a weed that has often gotten the better of California rice producers. As an alternative to chemicals, the Massas have been using environmentally friendly, organic methods for control. Greg and Raquel Massa manage their thirdgeneration rice farm in California. In three generations, the farm has gone from traditional to chemical, and now to organic agriculture.
4 FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Organic agriculture Green revolution Eutrophication Food miles The 1940s 1960s Green Revolution was an effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance through use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, modern irrigation and equipment, as well as highyield varieties (HYTs) of crops. Combination of HYTs and technology resulted in success: 1000% increase in global food production 20% reduction in famine Gains come with tradeoffs
5 FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Organic agriculture Green revolution Eutrophication Food miles The 1940s 1960s Green Revolution was an effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance through use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, modern irrigation and equipment, as well as highyield varieties (HYTs) of crops. Fertilizers increased soil productivity, but runoff pollution often results in the death of many aquatic organisms and systems.
6 FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Organic agriculture Green revolution Eutrophication Food miles The 1940s 1960s Green Revolution was an effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance through use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, modern irrigation and equipment, as well as highyield varieties (HYTs) of crops. Fertilizers help crops grow where they wouldn t otherwise but lead to chemical dependence to enrich nutrient-depleted soil.
7 TERMS TO KNOW: Organic agriculture Green revolution Eutrophication Food miles FINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world Greg Massa, right, with rice plants Use of pesticides create toxicity threats to human and ecosystem health, while the pests themselves can become resistant.
8 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems Self-regulating, multiplespecies system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem. Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods ducks in rice paddies Problems to overcome 1. Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. 2. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla.
9 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems Self-regulating, multiplespecies system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem. Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome 1. Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. 2. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla.
10 18 Self-regulating, multiplespecies system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem. The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome 1. Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. 2. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla.
11 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems Self-regulating, multiplespecies system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem. Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome 1. Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. 2. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla.
12 In addition to the ducklings, fish can also be raised in the rice paddies. They eat the azolla and provide an additional food crop. With the integrated system, the need for pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides were all eliminated with the added bonus of a more diverse harvest. The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems
13 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates Input for 1 pound Problems with both monoculture crop agriculture and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are addressed with integrated farming.
14 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates Monoculture A single variety (genetically identical individuals) of a single crop is planted over a large land area. Easier to plant, maintain, and harvest Easier mass production Bountiful harvest Heavy contribution to global warming Reduction of carbon sequestration (storage) by natural vegetation Greenhouse gases from fertilizer Crops chosen based on highest market demand and value Heavy dependence on external inputs (water, pesticides, fertilizers) Soil compaction from machinery Soil erosion and salinization
15 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates Monoculture A single variety (genetically identical individuals) of a single crop is planted over a large land area. Easier to plant, maintain, and harvest Easier mass production Bountiful harvest Heavy contribution to global warming Reduction of carbon sequestration (storage) by natural vegetation Greenhouse gases from fertilizer Crops chosen based on highest market demand and value not ecosystem Heavy dependence on external inputs (water, pesticides, fertilizers) Soil compaction from machinery Soil erosion and salinization
16 _A1cg1fvQ Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates CAFOs Livestock is raised in a confined space with the focus on growing as many animals as possible in a small space. Highly productive Minimize use of land Easy to harvest concentrated manure High contribution to global warming Food for animals instead of for humans High food conversion rate for animals need for more water and fossil fuels More saturated fat and lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids
17 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates CAFOs Livestock is raised in a confined space with the focus on growing as many animals as possible in a small space. Highly productive Minimize use of land Easy to harvest concentrated manure High contribution to global warming Food for animals instead of for humans High food conversion rate for animals need for more water and fossil fuels More saturated fat and lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids
18 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates Feed conversion rates How quickly and efficiently an animal converts the food it eats into the body mass that we eat. High conversion rates mean that a lot of input is required grain, water, and fossil fuels to produce feed. Input for 1 pound
19 Some industrial agricultural practices have significant drawbacks TERMS TO KNOW: Monoculture Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) Feed conversion rates Cows that are grass fed using rotational grazing are raised with methods closer to traditional ecological systems than conventional farming. Grass-fed animals represent a net gain for the human food supply they can convert land unsuitable for human crops into quality protein.
20 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
21 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Contour farming crops planted parallel to the slope of the land reduce soil erosion Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Reduced tillage limited tilling reduces soil erosion, water evaporation, and the amount of tractor use needed. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
23 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Terrace farming land on steep slopes can be leveled into steps. Erosion is reduced and flooding can be maintained when needed. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
24 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Crop rotation planting different crops every few years to maintain soil fertility and to keep pest levels down. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
25 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Strip cropping Alternating crops in strips several rows apart keeps pest populations low. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
26 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Cover crops protect the field during the off- season to hold soil in place and to improve the soil with nitrogen fixing plants. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.
27 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. Water reclamation system Trees as natural windbreaks and erosion control Nesting boxes for birds and bats Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. Local economies are supported fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller.
28 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. Water reclamation system Trees as natural windbreaks (farmer and and environment) erosion control Nesting boxes for birds and bats Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. Local economies are supported fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller.
29 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. Water reclamation (consumer) system Trees as natural windbreaks and erosion control Nesting boxes for birds and bats Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. Local economies are supported - fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller.
30 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism Genetically engineering food may offer part of the solution for food availability on an overcrowded planet. Manipulating genes makes it possible to grow crops on marginal land, drought-stricken areas, or on land that has become overly treated by fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides.
31 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have had their genetic information modified often for greater resistance to pests or drought. Some GMOs have been modified in such a way as to bring desperately needed vitamin A (in the form of beta carotene) to developing countries.
32 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have had their genetic information modified often for greater resistance to pests or drought. Some GMOs have been modified in such a way as to bring desperately needed vitamin A (in the form of beta carotene) to developing countries.
33 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms that have had their genetic information modified often for greater resistance to pests or drought. Some GMOs have been modified in such a way as to bring desperately needed vitamin A (in the form of beta carotene) to developing countries.
34 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism In the United States, more than 75% of processed food contains GMOs. Elsewhere in the world, consumers have been very assertive about keeping GMO food off their shelves. Risks: Allergies, transferring pestresistant genes to other plants, including weeds
35 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world TERMS TO KNOW: Green revolution 2.0 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Transgenic organism m/videos/fbnmj1/monsan to---seed-patent-laws (after) So far, 16 weed species have acquired a gene for herbicide tolerance super weeds. GMO plants stimulate thought, strong opinions, and anger as we continue seeking ways to grow more and more food for a growing population in a changing climate.
36 Genetically modified crops may help feed the world
37 18 MAKING CONNECTIONS
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