Issues associated with wetland biodiversity and. agriculture globally. and the extent of agriculture in Ramsar wetlands.

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1 research for a sustainable future Issues associated with wetland biodiversity and agriculture globally and the extent of agriculture in Ramsar wetlands Max Finlayson Institute for Land, Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands

2 Contents 1. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2. Agriculture in wetlands 3. Ramsar Convention and agriculture

3 1. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) highlighted the key role played by agriculture in the loss and degradation of wetlands The primary indirect drivers of wetland loss have been population growth and economic development. The primary direct drivers included land conversion, water withdrawal, eutrophication and pollution, over harvesting and over-exploitation, often associated with agriculture.

4 Large scale change and massive degradation caused by agriculture, including water extraction e.g. Aral Sea

5 Percent increase in nitrogen flows in rivers Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

6

7 Small-scale and ongoing, including subsistence

8 Destruction driven by external demand for timber & biofuels. Local poverty, loss of culture and livelihoods Rehabilitation underway slowly, small scale Important point source of greenhouse gas Policy changes being proposed, but the damage is done

9 Agriculture in wetlands Humans have been cultivating floodplains for millennia, such as in Mesopotamia some 6000 years ago, or along the Ganges and Yangtze. Riverine wetlands - fertile land for food and fodder due to regular sediment deposition during floods. Wetlands have been reclaimed for agriculture by drainage and infilling and conversion to agriculture. Totally destroyed the ecological character of many wetlands with some 80% lost since 1700 where data exists. Some traditional practices more sympathetic to maintaining or substituting wetlands wet meadows, rice paddy, fish ponds.

10 N T: ER Rice paddy Rice paddy does have biodiversity value LES PAGE Claims that rice paddy substitutes for the biodiversity lost from natural wetlands not on the whole supported by the literature.

11

12 Extent of agriculture in wetlands IUCN Wetland Directories - Asia, Africa, Oceania and the Neotropics contain a compilation of consistent wetland site information at a continental scale. Published between 1989 and Source books on wetlands at the continental scale - descriptive information on different types of agricultural land use in each wetland site has been extracted and summarized at the regional level.

13 Regional wetland statistics number of sites with food production activities (fisheries and agriculture) Agriculture Livestock Fisheries 10 0 Neotropics Africa Asia Middle East Oceania Directories did not include all major wetlands in each country or region. Number of sites with agriculture, livestock and fisheries can be shown baseline data.

14 Ramsar sites with agricultural activities Ramsar Global Sites Database: Agricultural sites - those where any of the following text fields are found in the Landuse in the site field in the Ramsar Global Sites Database: Livestock Agriculture Pastoral Arable Grazing Farming Irrigation Rice Horticult Aquacult Apiculture Fishing Plantation Forestry Vineyard Orchard 1256 out of 1602 global Ramsar sites are utilised for agriculture - 79% (Rebelo et al 2010)

15 Ramsar sites threatened by agricultural activities Ramsar sites database Sites which contain any of the following descriptions under Threats in the site in the Global Ramsar Sites Database Reclamation for agriculture Agricultural development impacts Slash and burn agriculture Unspecified agricultural runoff 378 out of the total 1602 global Ramsar sites are threatened by these 24% Rebelo et al 2010

16 Spatial distribution of agricultural Ramsar sites and those threatened by agriculture across WWF Biomes IWMI Threatened Agricultural activities

17 Agricultural wetland types also included under Ramsar Europe

18

19 Coverage of STRP questions on agriculture 1. Agro-ecosystem-wetland inventory and baseline information 2. Integrated water resources management and basin productivity 3. Agricultural management practices 4. Groundwater 5. Non-crop forms of agriculture 6. Biodiversity and ecological services 7. Climate variability and change 8. Policies and institutions 9. Modified organisms 10. Capacity building and learning processes

20 Agricultural management practices What is the future for wetlands with irrigation and others forms of intensification? Is there likely to be continued large-scale irrigation and what are the international, regional and local implications for wetlands? What effect does agriculture have on wetland water quality (e.g. agrochemicals and sediment inputs) and conversely, what effect do wetlands have on the quality of water for agriculture? Pesticides, nutrients. What are the agricultural impacts on wetlands in drylands in relation to drought? Drought is part of the natural variability.

21 Policies and institutions What is the existing suite of governance, institutional and jurisdictional models that deal with agriculture, water, and wetlands? What are their relative strengths and weaknesses, with particular attention to cross-sectoral approaches? How are consumer demands for agricultural products changing, and what are the implications of different trade regimes for local management practices?

22 Biodiversity and ecosystem services What positive contributions can agriculture make to the conservation of (wild) biodiversity in managed landscapes? What are the impacts of particular agricultural plants that become weeds in wetlands, and of species introduced for pest control in agricultural systems, on natural and man-made wetlands? How are increased climate variability and change expected to impact on agriculture and on water availability, and to what extent will the anticipated changes affect wetlands?

23 - recommendations for improving water management in agriculture to address the world water (food)

24 Comprehensive Assessment

25 Generalised changes in wetlands due to agriculture Provisioning Regulating Cultural

26 Conclusions In view of the huge scale of future demands on agriculture to feed humanity and eradicate hunger, and the past undermining of the ecological functions on which agriculture depends, it is essential that we change the way we have been doing business. To do this, we need to: Address social and environmental inequities and failures in governance and policy as well as on-ground management. Rehabilitate degraded ecosystems and, where possible, restore lost ecosystems. Develop institutional and economic measures to prevent further loss and to encourage further changes in the way we do business. Increase transparency in decision making about agriculture-related water management and increase the exchange of knowledge about the consequences of these decisions.

27 Pesticide use patterns

28 Driver Pressure State Impact Response analysis of 90 case studies confirmed the findings from other assessments that ecosystem services in wetlands tended to be skewed towards overexploitation of provisioning services (food sources, or fresh water) at the expense of regulating and supporting services Provisioning Regulating Cultural

29 Scoping agriculture-wetland interactions: towards a sustainable multi-response strategy The main drivers of the exploitation of ecosystem services are natural resources dynamics and market demands (global and local). Another substantive driver is government policy covering a wide range of issues not only regulation of wetland use. Drivers with regard to climate change and natural variability were conspicuously low or absent, expect for Africa. These drivers translate into pressures on wetlands related to increased agricultural activities such as: expansion (especially in Africa and the Neotropics), intensification (especially in the Neotropics and Asia), and increased water use/depletion. Wood, A. and van Halsema, G. (eds) (2008) FAO, Ramsar and Wageningen University. FAO Water Report 33.

30 A big issue - where to find the fresh water and food for the future consequences for biodiversity? 1. Expand irrigated areas divert more blue water from rivers and aquifers 2. Expand rainfed areas turn more natural areas into arable land use more green water 3. Increase water productivity: produce more with less water, i.e. more crop per drop some opportunities, but.. 4. Or more realistic consumption patterns social change 5. Or?????

31 Do we have the institutional capacity and capability to implement the change in management that is needed? Including participatory processes and engagement with communities Thank you

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