Evaluation of Biodegradable Mulches
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1 Evaluation of Biodegradable Mulches Plastic soil mulches can accelerate the development, improve yields and enhance the quality of vegetable crops. The optimum mulch type depends on the crop and the production conditions. Clear mulches that increase soil temperatures are particularly beneficial in situations where warm season vegetable crops are being grown in locations with a short and cool growing season. Black mulches conserve soil moisture and limit weed growth but provide less soil warming than clear mulch. selective mulches combine the soil warming of the clear mulch with the weed control of the black, but at a considerable cost premium. Removal and disposal of traditional plastic mulches at the termination of the growing season involves costs in labor, equipment and landfill fees. Biodegradable mulches made from modified corn starch may represent a solution to the removal problem and disposal problem. The chemistry of these plastics has been designed so that after a period in the field the combined activity of UV light and microbial activity causes these mulches to fall apart. The resulting small pieces of plastic are readily incorporated into the soil where further breakdown occurs, eventually leaving little in the way of residues. Although the concept of degradable mulches sounds attractive, early versions of these plastics had problems - they either broke down too quickly leaving the crop unprotected, or too slowly resulting in problems with residual plastic. This trial evaluated the performance characteristics of several new types of biodegradable mulch. The trial was conducted from 2006 through 2008 at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture Field Research Facility in Saskatoon. The heavy clay soil at the test site was prepared by rotovating 1 week prior to laying the mulch. The mulches tested were ; Clear - regular... (1.1 mil,$ 0.051/linear ft, Bio-way Inc) - degradable... (0.6 mil $ 0.062/linear ft, DuBois) Black - regular... (1.1 mil, $ 0.051/linear ft, Bio-way) - degradable... (0.6 mil 0.062/linear ft, Dubois) selective Bio-way Inc.- R.R.Z, Leduc AB Dubois Agrinovation Notre Dame, St. Remi, QC - regular... (Solar embossed IRT, 1.1 mil, $ 0.051/linear ft, Dubois) - degradable (green, 0.6 mil, $0.062/linear ft, DuBois). The results for the 2007 and 2008 trials are available at: The 2008 trial was similar in design to the previous trials. Once again corn, (cv. Fantastic ), zucchini (cv. Goldrush ) and cantaloupe (cv. Strike ) were used as test crops, but in 2008 eggplant (cv. Dusky ) was used instead of peppers. These crops are all adapted to warm growing conditions and would be expected to benefit from mulching - yet they differ in growth habit. The corn and zucchini were direct seeded by hand through the mulch on May 29. The corn was seeded in twin 3 m long rows on each strip of mulch, with 15 cm between seedlings within the row. The zucchini were seeded a meter apart in 5 m long rows.. Six week old eggplant seedlings and 3 week old cantaloupe seedlings were transplanted in to the various mulch treatments on June 5. The eggplants were spaced 30 cm apart within the row, with a total of 12 plants in each row. The melons were planted 30 cm apart in a single 3 m long row. The eggplants and melons were kept covered with low tunnels (Reemay for eggplants, perforated polyethylene for the melons) until flowering in early July. The crops were drip irrigated. No herbicides were applied and weed escapes were controlled by bi-weekly hand weeding. No pest problems were observed except that about 10% of the zucchini plants were infected with aster yellows. This disease reduced the vigor and yields of the infected plants. The zucchini were harvested twice weekly until early September after which yields and quality did not merit further harvesting. The fruit were graded according to size and freedom from defect. Zucchini were considered to be oversize and therefore
2 unmarketable once they exceeded 30 cm in length. The corn and melons were also harvested biweekly, while the eggplants were harvested weekly. Harvest of the melons and eggplant continued until the first killing frost in mid-september, at which time all immature fruit were also harvested. Soil temperatures at 5 cm depth were monitored under the various mulches throughout the 2008 growing season. Results As was seen in previous years, the highest soil temperatures were recorded early in the season. This reflects the increasing degree of soil shading provided by the developing crop as the season progressed. In June, when enhancements of soil temperature would have been most beneficial, temperatures under the clear and wavelength selective mulches were slightly higher than for the black mulch and nonmulched treatments (Table ). In the 2007 trial significant mulch effects on soil temperatures had also been limited to the first few weeks of the growing season. There were no consistent differences between the temperatures under the standard and biodegradable types of plastic. Table Average monthly soil temperatures ( o C) under various types of plastic mulch (2008). June July August Sept Average No mulch Clear Degradable Standard Avg Black Degradable selective Standard Avg Degradable Standard Avg As was seen in previous trials, by mid-june, the biodegradable clear plastic had become brittle and began to shred. This again necessitated considerable hand weeding in the clear biodegradable mulch plots. Weed growth was again extensive under the standard clear plastic, with portulaca representing the dominant weed species under the clear mulch. Both the green and black biodegradable mulches stayed intact for the duration of the 2008 cropping season. All biodegradable mulches broke apart and were easily incorporated during standard fall tillage. By contrast, all of the standard plastics were still completely intact at the end of the growing season and had to be removed using standard methods. Yields Corn In both the 2006 and 2007 corn trials there had been only limited response to the mulch treatments - and this trend was seen again in As was seen in previous corn trials, the time to 50% harvest for the mulched treatments was slightly earlier than in the non-mulched trials. There was little difference
3 amongst the various mulch treatments for time to 50% harvest or cob yields. The average cob weight on the non-mulched treatments was slightly lower than in the mulched treatments. There were no consistent differences between the biodegradable and regular types of mulch in the 2008 corn trial. Table Yields of corn (cv. Fantastic ) grown on various colors of standard and Date 50% harvest (cobs/m row) Yield (kg/m row) Avg. Cob weight (kg) No Mulch Sept C Clear Degradable Aug ab Standard Sept bc Avg. Aug B Black Degradable Aug ab Standard Aug a Avg. Aug A Degradable Aug ab Standard Aug ab Avg. Aug A Values within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05). Caps refer to comparisons between averages for mulch types. Zucchini All mulches produced a perfect stand, however, it became evident by mid-july that the plants on the clear plastic mulch had a higher incidence of aster yellows than the other treatments. The aster yellows reduced plant vigor and also increased the proportion of fruit graded out due to unacceptable appearance (Table ). Although this effect was not consistent across all replicates of the clear mulch treatment, it was of sufficient magnitude to reduce the average yields of the clear mulch treatments. Beyond the effect attributed to aster yellows, both the rate of crop development (time to 50% harvest) and fruit yields on all mulch treatments were comparable in the 2008 trial. None of the mulch treatments improved yields or accelerated crop development relative to the non-mulched treatments. A similar lack of response to mulch treatments was seen in the 2006 and 2007 zucchini trials. Again, there were no consistent differences between the biodegradable and standard types of mulch. Yields in the 2008 trial were lower than in 2006 and 2007, reflecting the relatively cool conditions from planting through until early August. The percent marketable fruit were significantly higher in 2008 than in 2007, reflecting the overall lower incidence of aster yellows in the 2008 trial. The non-mulched treatments had the highest proportion marketable fruit. The plants grown without mulch appeared to be smaller than in the mulched treatments and this may have facilitated harvest, thereby avoiding grade out due to oversize.
4 Table Yields of zucchini (cv. Goldrush ) grown on various colors of standard and Date 50% harvest Yield (kg/plant) Total Marketable % marketable No Mulch Aug A Clear Degradable Aug c Standard Aug bc Avg. Aug B Black Degradable July abc Standard Aug bc Avg. Aug B Degradable Aug ab Standard Aug abc Avg. Aug AB Values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05). Caps refer to comparisons between averages for mulch types. Eggplant The eggplant crop appeared healthy in all treatments throughout the 2008 growing season, however, there was still substantial grade out of fruit due to abnormal shape and excessive scarring. Problems with grade-out were consistent across the harvest dates and were not consistently influenced by the mulch treatments. Because of their relatively slow growth and upright growth habit, weed control was more of an issue in the eggplants than in the other crops used in this trial. Lush weed growth was observed under both types of clear mulch, as well as in the non-mulched treatment. The mulch treatments had very little impact on the rate of crop/fruit development as indicated by fact that the time to 50% harvest was similar for all mulch treatments and the non-mulched control (Table ). All of the mulched treatments produced higher fruit yields than the non-mulched control, with the clear and wavelength selective mulch treatments providing the greatest advantage. This may reflect the beneficial effects of early season soil warming provided these types of mulch. The fact that the clear mulch treatments yielded well suggests that the weed growth observed under the clear mulch was not adversely effecting the crop. There were no consistent differences between the biodegradable and regular types of mulch for any of the yield or quality factors evaluated in the 2008 eggplant trial.
5 Table Yields of eggplant (cv. Dusky ) grown on various colors of standard and Time to 50% harvest Total (kg/m) Yield (kg/m) Marketable (kg/m) % marketable No Mulch Aug B 1.0 B 27 C Clear Degradable Aug ab 2.1 ab 38 a Standard Aug a 2.3 ab 32 bc Avg. Aug A 2.2 A 35 A Black Degradable Aug ab 1.4 ab 28 c Standard Aug a 1.8 ab 32 bc Avg. Aug AB 1.6 AB 30 B Degradable Aug ab 1.8 ab 31bc Standard Aug ab 2.5 a 38 a Avg. Aug A 2.1 A 35 A Values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05). Caps refer to comparisons between averages for mulch types. Melons Cool conditions through June and July slowed development of the melon crop. Although warmer weather in August advanced crop maturity, crop development appeared to stall in early September. Less than 50% of the fruit on the mulched treatments reached harvest maturity by the first killing frost in mid- September, however this was still superior to the non-mulched treatments were only 29% of the fruit matured. Averaged over the biodegradable and standard mulch types, yields of mature fruit were higher in the clear and wavelength selective treatments than in the black or no mulch treatments. This again likely reflects the beneficial effects these types of mulch had on soil temperatures early in the growing season. There were no consistent differences between fruit yields for the standard or biodegradable types of mulch in this trial.
6 Table Yields of cantaloupe (cv. Strike ) grown on various colors of standard and Marketable (#/m) Total (#/m) Mature % No Mulch 2.2 c/b 7.6 C 29 B Clear Degradable 4.4 ab 11.1 a 40 ab Standard 4.6 ab 11.2 a 41 ab Avg. 4.5 A 11.2 A 40 A Black Degradable 3.4 abc 8.7 bc 39 ab Standard 3.4 abc 8.8 bc 39 ab Avg. 3.4 AB 8.7 BC 39 A Degradable 2.8 bc 9.6 bc 36 ab Standard 5.0 a 10.2 b 49 a Avg. 3.9 A 9.9 B 42 A Values within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05). Caps refer to comparisons between averages for mulch types. Conclusions - In all 3 years encompassed by this trial, growing conditions were favorable and crop management practices (ie; weed control and irrigation) were near-ideal. This appeared to limit the need for mulches of any form. Greater benefits of mulching would be expected if slower growing, more stress sensitive crops were being grown under less ideal conditions. The clear and wavelength selective types of mulch most commonly produced beneficial effects on yields and rates of crop development. This may be attributed to these mulch types enhancing soil temperatures early in the growing season. Yields in the clear mulch treatments were apparently not being adversely effected by the lush weed mat that developed under these mulches. Over the 3 years of testing, all three types of the biodegradable plastics tested performed well - they were easy to apply and easy to incorporate at the end of the growing season. Although the clear and to a lesser extent the wavelength selective forms of biodegradable mulch tested in this project broke down before the end of the growing, this early failure did not negatively impact crop performance relative to the more durable standard type mulch. The biodegradable mulches were about 15% more expensive than the corresponding standard plastics. Based on rows spaced 2 m apart, this cost difference would amount to about $80/a (450/a for the biodegradable versus $370/a for the standard). As labor/machinery/landfill costs for removing and disposing of standard plastic would likely be in excess of $80/a, the biodegradable mulches tested in this project look to be a cost-effective and environmentally sound production option.
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