Growth analysis of eight common bean cultivars affected by weed interference

Transcription

1 Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at TJEAS Journal / ISSN TJEAS Growth analysis of eight common bean cultivars affected by weed interference Rouhollah Amini*, Hossein Pezhgan, Adel Dabbagh Mohammadinasab and Mohammad Reza Shakiba Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, , Iran Corresponding author: Rouhollah Amini ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the effects of weed interference on LAI (leaf area index), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of eight common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, during The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block with four replications. The main plots consisted of eight common bean cultivars and the sub-plots were weedfree and weed-infested treatments. Results indicated that weed-infested treatment reduced the LAI of all common bean cultivars. Among the common bean cultivars, the cv. Akhtar and Khomein showed the greatest and lowest reduction in LAI, respectively. The weed interference reduced the CGR of all cultivars except cv. Khomein and Gholi. The effect of weed infested treatment on RGR of cultivars was different. The RGR of cultivars Alhtar, Sayyad and Gholi reduced at weed infested treatment. We can conclude that indeterminate cultivars including Khomein, Gholi and Pak had high competitive ability against weeds. Key words: CGR (crop growth rate), crop competitiveness, LAI (leaf area index), RGR (relative growth rate), weed interference INTRODUCTION Common beans contain 20 to 25% protein and therefore can be an important substitute for animal protein (Majnoun hosseini, 2008). Weeds not only compete for PAR, water and nutrients, but also cause problems in the harvesting operation (Kropff Vanlaar, 1993; Norsworthy and Oliver, 2002). Weeds population reduced common bean seed yield and caused difficulties in the harvesting operation in cultivated areas of Iran (Majnoun hosseini, 2008; Amini et al., 2013). However, the increasing number of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes and concerns about the environmental effects of herbicide use has resulted in an emphasis on methods that can reduce herbicide inputs (Murphy et al., 1996; Cowan et al., 1998). Hager et al. (2002) found that interference of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer.) reduced soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed yield up to 43% when compared to a weed-free control. Mesbah et al. (2004) concluded that dry bean yield decreased linearly as green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) density increased. Bensch et al. (2003) reported that maximum soybean yield loss was 79% in competition with palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson). Growth indices have been used to evaluate the effects of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) competition on common bean seed yield and the best indices were LAI and total dry matter (TDM) (Steinmaus and Norris, 2002). Previous studies showed that the crop LAI is an appropriate index for evaluating the competitiveness of crops against weeds (Malik et al., 1993; Knezevic et al., 1995). Mesbah et al. (2004) observed that the competitive ability of common sunflower against dry bean was more than that of green foxtail and this ability was related to its greater growth rate, LAI and height. Integrated weed management approaches employ crop cultivars with high competitive ability in order to reduce herbicide application and thus minimize environmental pollution (Conley et al., 2002; Amini and Ghanepour, 2013). The competitive ability of common bean cultivars against weeds can be evaluated using growth indices. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of weed infested treatment on growth indices of common bean cultivars to compare their competitiveness against weeds.

2 Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (18): , 2013 MATERIALS AND METHODS The eight common bean cultivars were including Gholi, Derakhsan Sayyad, Akhtar, Khomein, Sadri, Pak and Shokoufa were obtained from National Bean Research Institute in Arak, Iran. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran (latitude ºN, longitude ºE, Altitude 1360 m above sea level) in The climate is characterized by mean annual precipitation of mm, mean annual temperature of 10 ºC, mean annual maximum and minimum temperature were 16.6 ºC and 10ºC, respectively. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized completely block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of eight common bean cultivars including Gholi (indeterminate), Derakhsan (determinate) Sayyad (indeterminate), Akhtar (determinate), Khomein (indeterminate), Sadri (indeterminate), Pak (indeterminate) and Shokoufa (indeterminate) and the sub-plots were weed free (the weeds were removed by hand hoeing during growth season) and weed infested (no weed control was done during growth season) treatments. The plot size was 5 3 meter and the spacing between rows was 50 cm and the seeds were planted in two rows with density of 40 plants/m 2 with spacing 10 cm. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive sampling was carried out every 10 days from 50 cm of row in each plot. All common bean plants were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. Plants were then divided into leaf and stem. The areas of green leaves were measured using a Delta-T leaf area meter (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, England). Then the samples including stems and leaves were dried in a forced-air oven at 80 ০ C for 48 h and after witch total dry matter (TDM) was measured. The leaf area data was divided to ground area and the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained. The LAI data was fitted to the Gaussian equation (Eq. 1) to predict the LAI of common bean in growth season (Staimaus and Norris, 2002): x (t)= a. Exp {-0.5((x-x 0 )/b) ^2} [Eq. 1] where t is the time (day), x (t): predicted LAI; a, the maximum LAI during growth season; b is the time that after that the LAI increase exponentially; x 0, the time (day) that common bean had the highest LAI. The sigmoid equation (Eq. 2) was fitted to the TDM data and by derivation from this equation, the crop growth rate (CGR) (Eq. 3) and relative growth rate (Eq. 4) were obtained (Steinmaus and Norris, 2002): W (t) = a / 1+ exp {-b (t-m)} [Eq. 2] CGR = b. w (t) {1-(w (t)/a)} [Eq. 3] RGR = b {1-(w (t)/a)} [Eq. 4] Where t is the time (day), W(t), common bean dry matter at time t; a, the maximum total dry matter of common bean; b, the slope of increasing the dry matter; m, the time that common bean had the maximum growth rate and CGR is crop growth rate. The regression analysis was performed by Sigma Plot ver.10 and the graphs were prepared by Excel. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Leaf area index (LAI) Results indicated that at all common bean cultivars the weed-infested treatment caused reduction in LAI in comparison with weed-free treatment, especially at the end of the growth season (Figure 1). For all common bean cultivars, the weed interference until 30 days after emergence (DAE) had no effect on common bean LAI. The LAI for eight common bean cultivars at weed-free and weed-infested treatment were different. Among the common bean cultivars, the cv. Gholi and Sayyad had the highest and lowest LAI in both weed-free and -infested treatments, respectively. The cultivars Akhtar and Sayyad had the greatest reduction in LAI at weed-infested treatment compared with other cultivars. The weed-infested treatment affected the date of the LAI peak at common bean cultivars. At cultivars such as Akhtar and Pak the LAI peak date was delayed and at cultivars Gholi and Khomein the LAI peak date was earlier. Crop growth rate (CGR) The weed-infested treatment reduced the CGR of almost all common bean cultivars in comparison with weed-free treatment (Figure 2). In cv. Khomein the effect of weed-infested treatment on CGR was the lowest that indicates the high competitive ability of this cultivar against the weeds. The cultivars Sayyad, Pak and Sadri indicated lower reduction in CGR in comparison with other four cultivars. In contrast, the cultivars Derakhshan, Akhtar and Shokoufa indicated the greatest reduction in CGR in comparison with other cultivars. In cv. Gholi the weed-infested treatment caused to increase in CGR. In cultivars Derakhshan and Sadri the occurrence of maximum CGR was earlier in weed-infested treatment, while in cv. Gholi the occurrence of maximum CGR was delayed (Figure 2). Ugen et al., (2002) found that in the weedy plots, dry bean LAI and CGR reduced significantly. Chikoye et al. (1995) also found that the white bean CGR was reduced in competition with common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Amini et al. (2009) also observed that indeterminate red kidney 2304

3 Common bean leaf area index (LAI) Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (18): , 2013 bean cultivars had greater LAI and CGR and therefore showed higher competitive ability against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Days after common bean emergence Figure 1. The effect of weed infested treatment on leaf area index (LAI) of different common bean cultivars. Malik et al. (1993) also found that LAI was a determinant factor in competitive ability of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars against weeds; cultivars with low LAI had lower competitive ability than cultivars with high LAI. Other studies also indicated that the LAI was identified as the major crop characteristic associated with weed suppression (Wilkerson et al., 1990; Wortmann, 1993; Chikoye et al., 1995; Ugen et al., 2002). Relative growth rate (RGR) About the RGR the response of different common bean cultivars was different (Figure 3). The RGR of cv. Khomein was not affected by weed-infested treatment. The weed-infested treatment caused to increase in 2305

4 Common bean CGR (g/m 2 /day) Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (18): , 2013 RGR of cultivars Sadri, Shokoufa and Derakhshan in comparison with weed-free treatment, especially at early growth stages. In these three cultivars, 50 DAE the weed-free treatment had greater RGR than weed-infested treatment. In cv. Pak, until 65 DAE the RGR of weed infested treatment was greater than that of weed-free treatment and after this period the RGR of both treatments was not different. In cultivars Sayyad, Akhtar and Gholi the weed-infested treatment reduced the common bean RGR. Dunan and Zimdahl (1991) reported that relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) was not correlated with competitive ability of barley against wild oat (Avena fatua L.), but the crop growth rate (CGR) of barley was correlated strongly with its competitive ability that was related to high ability for using of available resources. Amini and Fateh (2011) also observed that RGR of red kidneybean cultivars indicated a high correlation with competitiveness of red kidneybean against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Days after common bean emergence Figure 2. The effect of weed infested treatment on crop growth rate (CGR) of different common bean cultivars. 2306

5 Common bean RGR (g/g/m 2 /day) Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (18): , 2013 Days after common bean emergence Figure 3. The effect of weed infested treatment on relative growth rate (RGR) of different common bean cultivars. We can conclude that indeterminate common bean cultivar such as Khomein, Sayyad, Gholi and Pak showed the greater growth rate against weeds interference, than other cultivars. Therefore, growers should select common bean cultivars with high competitive ability such as Khomein, Gholi and Pak to reduce growth and development of weeds that allows fewer and delayed herbicide applications. These strategies can be used as cultural methods to reduce the competitive ability of weeds and maintain common bean growth at acceptable levels, which are components of integrated weed management. However there is a need to evaluate numerous common bean cultivars in different locations and years to find cultivars with high competitive ability and stability in yield when challenged by weed population. REFERENCES Amini R, Fateh E Effect of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on growth indices and yield of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. J Sustain Agric Prod Sci 20 (2):

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