over Crops and Grazing

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1 over Crops and Grazing Dave and Meg Schmidt Exira, Iowa 27 February 2013

2 What are cover crops? Plants that cover the soil in the fall, winter, and spring

3 What plants are cover crops? OVER-WINTERING Winter Rye (Cereal Rye), Triticale, Wheat, Barley Hairy Vetch Red Clover Alfalfa Winter Pea Annual Ryegrass (?) NON-OVERWINTERING Oats Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye, Triticale Crimson Clover Winter Lentil Tillage Radish Turnips Buckwheat Annual Ryegrass (?)

4 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Adapted from Joel Gruver, WIU

5 Soil in Iowa is uncovered for at least 6 months/year

6 Greatest loss of nutrients is outside the cropping season (Kaspar et al., 2007)

7

8 What can they do for our farms? 28% Nitrogen reduction* 50% Phosphorus reduction* Cuts Soil erosion in half Greater H 2 O infiltration *State of Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy Science Assessment

9

10 Cover Crops and Grazing 2012 drilling cost: $15.60/ac 30 acres drilled on Sept 20, 2012 Winter rye (25 lb/ac, $8.20/ac) Winter wheat (25 lb/ac, $7.45/ac) Hairy vetch (5 lb/ac, $12.50/ac) $43.75/ac total cost

11 Spring Grazing We expect to graze roughly 01 April to 15 May We expect about 800-1,000 lb DM/ac in mid-april We expect about 2,000-3,000 lb DM/ac in mid-may We need about 1170 lb DM/ac for our herd RFV of 90 (rye) to 112 (triticale) at 18-20% crude protein

12 Cereal rye + winter wheat 26 February 2013

13 Spring Grazing Economics Assuming $10/ac to drill + $28/ac for seed = $38/ac Cover crop grazing costs approximately $1/cow/day Feeding hay costs approximately $2.70/cow/day Don t need to rent land

14 Fall Grazing Oats- 1.5 $9.20/bu = $13.80/ac Flown on = $20/ac Total = $33.80/ac Cheap grazing season extension

15 Fall Finishing Beef On cover crops 01 Nov to 01 Dec Corn stalks + high quality mix (oats or annual ryegrass + oil seed radish) Seed + application = $50-70/ac Lets us finish steers at about mo. old without grain or silage

16 Summer Annuals Cover crops can be used with a longterm crop rotation High-energy forages such as sorghumsudan for grazing Plant mid-may through late June Drill fall cover crops after grazing or chopping

17 Gabe Brown Ranch

18 Gabe Brown 5,400 ac ranch near Bismarck, ND No-till crop production for 18 years High-diversity cover crop mixes for soil health and grazing 90% reduction in commercial fertilizer >75% reduction in herbicides

19 Making Cover Crops Work Planting Killing

20 Crop Harvested Early (by ~Sept 10) Drill Cover Crop Immediately (good soil to seed contact) Winter rye, triticale, wheat or ~50lbs/A Hairy Vetch, Common Vetch, Winter Lentil, Winter Pea, Crimson Clover: varies Radish, Turnip, Kale or ~8lbs/A 50lbs/A Annual 15-20lbs/A Mix: crimson clover, radish, turnip, oat and more

21 Ex: Planted after oat harvest NW IA Cover Crop Blend 37lbs/A 30% Pea- 21lbs/acre 40% Common Vetch- 6.4lbs/acre 10% Crimson Clover- 1.5lbs/acre 10% Fava Bean- 7lbs/acre 10% Radish-.8lbs/acre

22 Crop Harvest Late (~after Sept 30) Overseed: airplane, helicopter, Soybean 1st yellow leaves or Corn black layer Winter rye, triticale, wheat or ~50-75lbs/A Hairy Vetch, Common Vetch, Winter Lentil, *Winter Pea, *Crimson varies *Radish, *Turnip, *Kale or ~8lbs/A 50lbs/A *Annual 15-20lbs/A *Mix: crimson clover, radish, turnip, oat and more *Poor results with this seeding method

23

24 Winter wheat flown into standing soybean Sept 2010 Picture taken soybean harvest 2010

25 Winter Pea over-seeded into Soybean 9/9/12 Photo taken 11/16/12 Carroll, IA

26 Winter Triticale overseeded into soybean 9/9/12 Photo taken 11/16/12 Carroll, IA

27 Hairy Vetch overseeded into Corn 9/9/12 Photo taken 11/16/12 Carroll, IA

28 Spring Termination Options A)Non-overwintering: oats, radish, turnip, crimson clover, etc: no spring management B)Overwintering: Herbicide Full rate + Growing Plant + Warm Day = Success Tillage also an option

29 Spring Termination Options Prior to Corn Make sure any grass cover crop (rye, wheat, ryegrass, etc) dead 6-10 days prior to planting Prior to Soybeans Kill the same day or after planting soybeans into a living grass cover crop

30 Cover Crop Resources Managing Cover Crops Profitably (book, 2010) Midwest Cover Crops Field Guide (book, 2012) Cover Crop Calculator ( Cover Crop Decision-Making Tool (mccc.msu.edu/selectorintro.htm) Sarah Carlson and Practical Farmers of Iowa ( Joel Gruver Gabe Brown (

31 Cover Crop Calculator Green Cover Seed Bladen, NE

32 Cover Crop Decision Making Tool

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