APPLICATION OF Azolla pinnata ENHANCED SOIL N, P, K, AND RICE YIELD *)
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1 5 APPLICATION OF Azolla pinnata ENHANCED SOIL N, P, K, AND RICE YIELD *) 1A. Arivin Rivaie, 2 Soni Isnaini, and 2 Maryati 1IAARD Researcher at Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP)-Maluku, Jl. Chr. Soplanit. Rumah Tiga Poka-Ambon. arivinrivaie@yahoo.com 2Dharma Wacana Agricultural High School, Metro, Lampung Abstract. Studies in other countries have proven that the application of Azolla pinnata as a biofertilizer improved soil fertility for some agricultural crops, including lowland rice. However, most farmers in South Lampung District, Sumatra, consider that A. pinnata suppresses the growth of rice seedlings, so they throw it away from paddy fields by raising irrigation water surface. To date, only little information is available on the effects of different doses of A. pinnata application on the availability of soil nutrients and rice yield of paddy fields in the region. A trial was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of A. pinnata (0; 5; 0; 7.5; and 10.0 t ha -1 ) to the concentrations of N, P, and K in the paddy soil, N uptake, and the rice yield. The trial was conducted on a wellirrigated paddy field. Rice seedlings of Ciherang variety had been grown on it from June up to December The results revealed that the incorporation of A. pinnata at the dose of 5 t ha -1 enhanced the concentrations of N, P, and K in the soils as well as the rice yield. Furthermore, the application of 7.5 t ha -1 A. pinnata as the source of nutrients significantly enhanced the available soil P, suggesting that it is required a fairly high P to grow A. pinnata optimally. In addition, the application of A. pinnata of 7.5 t ha -1 also gave the highest dry grain yield, suggesting that the application A. pinnata did not suppress the rice yield. Keywords: Azolla pinnata, in situ organic matter, rice yield, soil nutrients INTRODUCTION In order to keep paddy soil producing high yield sustainably, it is imperative to have an adequate supply of nutrients, so the soils are able to provide satisfactorily available nutrients to the crops (Izaurralde et al. 2001; Sahrawat 2004). Only little information is available on the effects of different doses of A. pinnata on the availability of soil nutrients and rice yield of paddy fields, especially derived from South Lampung, Sumatra. Li et al. (2010) who studied the effects of long term organic amendments reported that the application of organic amendments enhanced soil organic C and total N in paddy soil as well as the rice yields. In rice ecosystems, A. pinnata is a great source of N. The plant can fix N from the air (Singh and Singh 1990) and contributes N of about kg N -1 ha -1 season -1 to soils (Khan 1983) as well as the organic matter to the soil as a result of the decomposition (Watanabe 1984). Studies reported that A. pinnata is commonly used as organic fertilizer in cultivation of various crops (Lillian 2000; Pabby et al. 2003; Abd *) This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal 61
2 Rivaie et al. El-Rasoul et al. 2004). The application of A. pinnata as a green manure on agricultural lands can increase the availability of nutrients and soil physical properties, especially to increase soil porosity (Singh and Singh 1990; Choudhary and Kennedy 2004; Ventura and Watanabe 1993). In South Lampung District, one of rice production centers in Indonesia, A. pinnata is available extraordinarily in the paddy fields. However, normally the farmers throw it away from paddy fields by raising irrigation water surface, in addition. In these regards, the objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of the application of various doses of A. pinnata to paddy fields on changes in the concentration of N, P, and K in the soil, N uptake, and the rice yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments were conducted in Kedaloman Village, South Lampung District from June up to December Analysis results of selected chemical properties of the soil are presented in Table In this region, water is available throughout the year, hence, the trial can also be implemented even during the dry season. Table Chemical and physical properties of the rice field soil at Kedaloman Village No. Parameter Unit Value ph-h 2 O ph-kcl C-organic N-total C/N ratio Bray-1 P K Ca Mg Na mg kg CEC Al Texture: Sand Silt Clay The study observed the effect of application of various doses of A. pinnata, namely: 0; 5; 0; 7.5; and 10.0 t ha -1. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with five replicates. The soils were plowed once and then flooded. Afterwards, A. pinnata was sown and buried by trampling and plowing for the second time. Then the soils were flooded for 21 days. The 14-day old rice seedlings of Ciherang 62
3 Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield variety were planted with spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm (about 11,000 hill ha -1 ). Each plot size was 4 x 5 m 2. One day after flooded, soil and water samples were taken for measuring their chemical properties, namely ph, C-organic (Kurmies method), N-total (Kjeldahl method), C/N ratio, N-NH 4 + (1 N KCl), available P (Bray I), while the extraction method of 1 N NH 4 C 2 H 4 O 2 at ph 7.0 was used to determine exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and Na, Fe and Mn (DTPA method), and Cation Exchange Capacity (percolation method). Urea was given three times (1/3 portion each at planting time, 21 days after planting, and panicle initiation time, respectively). For the treatment of A. pinnnata of 0 and 5 t ha -1, the rate of urea was 250 kg ha -1. The rate of urea was 200 kg ha -1 for the application of A. pinnata of 0 and 7.5 t ha -1. For the application of A. pinnata of 10 t ha - 1, the rate of urea was 150 kg ha -1. The SP-36 at the rate of 100 kg ha -1 was applied once at planting time. While KCl fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg ha -1 was applied twice (1/2 at planting time and 1/2 at 21 days after planting). Soil samples were taken at the beginning of panicle initiation time. At the end of the trial, it was measured N, P, and K concentrations in the soils, N uptake by plant, and the rice yield (number of grains per panicle, 000 grain weight, and grain yield ha -1 ). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test at p = 0.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical Properties of A. pinnata The results in Table 2 show that the contents of C-organic and N-total in A. pinnata are 276 and 43, respectively. This suggests that the application of 0 t ha -1 of fresh A. pinnata to the paddy soil may give 125 kg N ha -1 or equivalent to 2613 kg urea ha -1. Table Chemical properties of A. pinnata No. Parameter (Unit) Value Water content () ph C () N-total () P-total (mg/100 g) K ( ) Ca ( ) Mg ( ) N, P, and K Concentrations in Soils The application of A. pinnata did not affect the concentrations of total N, exchangeable K, and N uptake by the rice (Table 3). 63
4 Rivaie et al. Table Effects of A. pinnata application on N-total, available P, and exchangable K concentrations in soils and N uptake A. pinnata N-tot Bray-1 P Exchangable K N-uptake No. LSD (p<0.05) (t ha -1 ) () 0.18 a (mg kg -1 ) 86 b 55 ab 91 b 68 b 17 a ( ) 0.59 a 0.54 a 0.69 a 0.58 a 0.63 a (g plant -1 ) 0.51 a 0.46 a 0.54 a 0.57 a 0.64 a ns 06 ns ns At the time of panicle initiation, application of A. pinnata significantly increased the soil available P. For instance, the application of A. pinnata at the dose of 10 t ha -1 increased the soil available P by 89, suggesting that it is needed a fairly high P to grow A. pinnata optimally. After decomposition of A. pinnata, P compounds will be released into paddy soil (Watanabe et al. 1980). Yield Components and Rice Yield The application of A. pinnata significantly increased the number of grains per panicle and dry grain yield (Table 4). Table Effect of A. pinnata application on the number of grains per panicle, 1,000 grain weight, and grain yield No. A. pinnata (t ha -1 Number of grains/ 1,000 grain Grain yield ) LSD (p<0.05) panicle 1512 b 1692 b 1628 b a a weight a a a a a (t ha -1 ) 8.12 ab 7.93 b 8.68 ab 8.84 a 8.18 ab 9.50 Ns 0.9 However, there was no difference in the number of grains per panicle between the A. pinnata application doses of 7.5 and 10.0 t ha -1. The highest grain yield was resulted from the application of 7.5 t ha -1 of the A. pinnata. These results could be due to the increase in N, P, and K contents, which released by the decomposed A. pinnata. This result also confirms that there was no evidence that the use of A. pinnata as source of organic matter for paddy soil inhibited or suppressed the rice growth as the farmers thought. Normally, the farmers in the study area throw A. pinnata away from paddy fields 64
5 Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield by raising irrigation water surface. For organic farming practices, A. pinnata is one of the reliable sources of N because it contains 43 N. It means that by giving 5 t ha -1 of A. pinnata is equivalent to apply approximately 125 kg N or 264 kg urea ha -1. This amount of urea, indeed, is very meaningful from the viewpoints of fossil fuel and foreign exchange saving. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of A. pinnata to the paddy fields at the rate of 0 and 7.5 t ha -1 enhanced the soil available P, yield components, and the rice yield. In addition, there was no evidence that the use of A. pinnata as source of organic matter for paddy soil inhibited or suppressed the rice growth as the farmers in the study area thought. REFERENCES Abd El-Rasoul, S.M., Mona, H.M., Elham, A.M., and F.M. Ghazal. 200 Cyanobacteria and effective microorganisms (EM) as possible biofertlizers in wheat production. J. Agric Mansoura Univ. 29(5), Choudhury, A.T.M. and Kennedy, I.R. 200 Prospects and potential for systems of biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable rice production. Biofertile Soils 39, Izaurralde, R. C., Rosenberg, N.J. and Lal, R. 200 Mitigation of climate change by soil carbon sequestration: Issues of science, monitoring, and degraded lands. Adv. Agron. 70, 1 7 Khan, M.M. 198 A primer on Azolla: Production & utilization in agriculture. UPLB, PCARRD, and SEARCA. Lillian, K.N The utilization of Azolla filiculoides Lam. as a biofertilizer under dryland conditions. M.Sc. Thesis, Rhodes University. Li Z, Ming Liu, Xiaochen Wu, Fengxiang Han, and Bi Taolin Zhang Effects of long-term chemical fertilization and organic amendments on dynamics of derived from barren land in subtropical China. Soil & Till. Res. 106, Pabby, A., Prasanna, R., Nayak, S. and P.K. Singh. 200 Physiological characterization of cultured and freshly isolated endosymbionts from different species of Azolla. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41, Sahrawat, K.L. 200 Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils. Adv. Agron. 81, Singh, A.L. and P.K. Singh Intercropping of Azolla biofertilizer with rice at different crop geometry. Trop. Agric., (Trinidad) 6,
6 Rivaie et al. Ventura, W. and I. Watanabe. 199 Green Manure Production of Azolla microphylla and Sesbania rostrata and Their Long-Term Effects on Rice Yields and Soil Fertility. Biol. Fert. Soils 15, Watanabe, I., Berja, N.S., and D.C. Del Rosario Growth of Azolla in Paddy Field as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilizer. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 26 (2), Watanabe, I. 198 Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in flooded rice soils. In Organic Matter and Rice. IRRI. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Pp
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