Effect of ruminant production systems on C-footprint of milk and meat

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1 Effect of ruminant production systems on C-footprint of milk and meat Groupe Aliments et alimentation de l alliance AllEnvi, Paris, le 25 Octobre 2016

2 Greenhouse gas emisson from livestock 14,5% des émissions of total GHG emission Ruminant = 60% of the total emission from livestock Enteric methane = 40% of the total emission from livestock Other poultry Small ruminants Broilers Buffalo Pilg Milk Beef Livestock emissions Eggs Broilers Pilg Milk Small ruminants Beef Emissions par kg of protein Millions t eq-co2 kg eq-co2 / kg proteins

3 The growth in global demand for animal products will increase tensions M t of meat (from 286 to 466 Mt) If livestock farming does not reduce the intensity of its emissions, its contribution to global GHG emissions could reach 40% in 2050 Expected rise in global appetite for animal products calls for action to mitigate climate change induced by livestock

4 C-footprint of milk and meat for various production systems

5 GHG emissions are highly variable according to the production system Calf to weaning systems 14 à 18 kg eq CO 2 /kg meat Dairy cow meat < 8 kg eq CO 2 /kg meat Calf to beef systems 12 à 14 kg eq CO 2 /kg meat North American Feedlots 12 à 14 kg eq CO 2 /kg meat Intensive beef born in a dairy herd 5 kg eq CO 2 /kg meat Animal productivity is crucial (41 kg eq CO2/kg meat in Latvia)

6 C sequestration under grassland C footprint (kg eq CO2/meat) 29 sites, since 2002 various conditions Median = 0.71 ± 0.13 t C/ha/year Considerable variations related to climate, management and vegetation type (Soussana & Klumpp 2005) Calf to weaning Calf to beef systems C Sequestration represents compensation in a range of 20 to 60% of gross C footprint

7 Kg eq-co2 / kg lait GHG emissions in various dairy systems 1,15 1,25 1,30 1,10 0,90 0,85 Plain > 30% < 10% Maize silage Humid mountain < 10% Maize silage (Dollé et al., 2010)

8 Mitigations options

9 The French cattle sector has reduced its emissions Million t eq CO 2-15% Reduction of Emissions Reduced number of cattle (8.9 to 7.8 million cows) Reduction of energy and fertilisers consumption Extensification (beef production) Milk Bovine meat Total Dollé et al (2015)

10 CH4/l lait Intensification of milk production per cow does not reduce C footprint of milk at farm gate l CH4 / l milk Milk yield (t/cow/year) Hacala et al, (2006) PL par lactation (kg) Kg eq CO2/kg milk Milk yield (t/cow/year) French farms Bibliography Hacala et al, (2006)

11 GHG mitigation options: farm gate Manure management Biogas Energie consumption Fertilisation, legumes Purchased inputs Energy Fertilizers Enteric Methane Herd management Feed additives Grazing C storage (grassland, agroforestery) Crops and Grazing Buildings Animal breeding A mitigation potential of 20% in 10 years Some win-win practices but others practices have a cost of implementation

12 GHG mitigation options: farm gate Emissions mitigation C Storage CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 (énergie) C Rumen Age at first calving 3-7% Feeding 2-3% Manures Building Bio gas 7-11 % Fertilisation Legumes 6-12% Feeding 1-7% Fuel + electricity 2-3% Permanent and rotational Grassland 4-5% Hedges and cash crops 4-8%

13 Annual cost ( /t spared CO 2 ) GHG mitigation options: farm gate cost per ton of spared CO 2 (in 2030) annual cumulative attenuation (spared Mt CO 2e ) INRA-Ademe (2014)

14 GHG mitigation options: national level Mt eq-co2 Dairy intensification: low effect on GHG - beef compensation Dual purpose breeds Reduction of GHG (affected by the type of finition) Beef intensification: balance between finishing length and carcass weight Reduction of meat production Major effect on GHG emission Puillet et al (2014) Need to consider the link between meat and milk production

15 Mitigation options at world level: FAO (2013) Widespread diffusion of the practices implemented in the most efficient herds of the region Dairy (OCDE) - Lipids supplementation - Bio gas - Energy efficiency 14-17% Beef production - Grazing management - Health and herd management 18-29% Small ruminants - Forage quality - Health and herd management - Grazing management 27-41% Mixed Dairy - Forage quality - Health and herd management 10-24% Dairy - Feed quality - Health and herd management 38% Pigs - Manure management - Energy efficience - Fed quality - Health and herd managment 20-28%

16 Some others issues

17 Contribution to protein security: utilisation of non edible plant protein Kg edible plant protein/kg of animal protein Pig industrial Too simplistic views are often delivered Use livestock potential to mobilize proteins from alternative feed stocks Animal efficiency is crucial Intensity of GHG emission (ln (kg eq CO 2 /kg protein)) (Wilkinson, 2011)

18 Linear approach of the C-footprint of the diets Summing up LCA s single products in a Linear Model Do not account for variation among production systems Do not account for integration in a Global Agro-Ecosystem Do not envisage optimal land use for human protein production

19 Livestock contributes to a more efficient agriculture Maximising production of human edible proteins per ha of land not depleting productivity and biodiversity Zero waste Mobilize alternative feed, unlock proteins Improving synergies between crop an livestock sectors considering local contexts Relative Area of land required to feed the population Protein of animal origin (% total diet protein) (Van Kernebeck et al., 2014)

20 Conclusion

21 Livestock (ruminants) can produce edible proteins from non edible biomass Mobilize alternative feeds and locked proteins Use of (marginal) land not able to produce plant products for human Methane emission is the consequence of this service supply: sustainable agrofood? demand: food security, healthy diets

22 C-footprint is 1.2 kg eq-co2/ kg milk and range from 12 to 17 kg eq-co2/kg live meat in beef systems. C-footprint of live meat produced from dairy systems is far lower Carbon sequestration under grassland and hedges compensates for GHG emission (ranging from 6 to 40% for milk and from 20 to 50% for meat). These compensations are not taken into account Numerous mitigations options have been identified in the livestock systems to reduce C-footprint of milk and meat at farm gate. C-footprint was reduced by 15% since 1090 and a further mitigation of 20% is expected in the next 10 years. Some of the options concern management practices are win-win strategies, others will increased production cost or will require new investments Evaluation of the C-footprint of diets require new research as linear approach is far to simplistic

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