Life cycle assessment: How does New Zealand agriculture compare internationally?

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1 Life cycle assessment: How does New Zealand agriculture compare internationally? Stewart Ledgard 1,2 1 AgResearch Ruakura 2 NZ Life Cycle Management Centre, Massey University

2 Outline of talk 1. What is LCA? 2. Why use LCA in NZ? 3. How do we compare internationally? - dairy - sheep meat/lamb - beef 4. What s happening internationally?

3 1. What is Life Cycle Assessment? Total resource use or environmental emissions of a product from cradle-to-grave Based on international standards (e.g. ISO 14040, 14044)

4 2. Why use LCA in NZ? Market drivers for environmental information and eco-labels: Food miles Carbon footprints for UK supermarkets Now extending to other environmental impacts e.g. France EU Product Environmental Footprinting

5 3. Carbon footprint of milk (to farm gate) CO 2,CH 4,N 2 O CO 2,CH 4,N 2 O CH 4,N 2 O,CO 2 CH 4,N 2 O,CO 2,refrigerants Extraction and delivery of raw materials and energy resources Production & use of Inputs Fertilizers Capital Electricity Fuel Off-farm level Off-farm grazing of heifers Off-farm crop feeds e.g. Maize silage PKE Farm level Dairy shed Meat 1 kg milk Total GHG emissions allocated between milk & live-weight (LW) sold for meat based on feed requirements for milk & LW production [c % to milk]

6 Carbon footprint of milk (to farm gate) Review of 77 studies internationally: kg CO 2 equiv./kg milk - most reported as fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) Summary of 7 New Zealand studies: kg CO 2 equiv./kg FPCM BUT large variation in methodology across the international studies, making comparisons difficult

7 Carbon footprint of milk (FAO; Opio et al. 2013) Carbon footprint of milk (kg CO 2 eq/kg FCPM)

8 Carbon footprint of milk from average dairy farms in NZ and Sweden (SE) Carbon footprint of milk (kg CO 2 eq/kg FCPM) Flysjo et al Total: NZ 1.00 kg CO 2 -equivalent/kg FPCM Sweden 1.16 kg CO 2 -equivalent/kg FPCM

9 Variation in carbon footprint of milk in Waikato 20 b) Carbon footprint 15 Percentage of farms Carbon Footprint (kg CO 2 equiv/kg MS) Carbon footprint (kg CO 2 eq./kg FPCM) Level of brought-in feed

10 Carbon footprint of different feeds * * * * * After allocation of GHG to main products

11 Carbon footprint of sheep meat/lamb (to farm gate) Review of 10 studies internationally: 5 33 kg CO 2 eq./kg live-weight Summary of 3 New Zealand studies: 5 8 kg CO 2 eq./kg live-weight BUT large variation in methodology across the international studies, making comparisons difficult

12 Lamb from UK versus NZ Beef Beef GHG kg Carbon CO 2 -eq footprint per kg of lamb (kg CO 2 eq./kg) Lamb Beef Lamb Lamb Shipping to UK Shipping to Shipping UK to UK Pre-farm gate Pre-farm gate Pre-farm gate Lamb Shipping to U Pre-farm gat l Brazil UK Brazil UK UKNZ Brazil UK NZ NZ UK NZ Williams et al. 2008

13 Carbon footprint of NZ versus French lamb kg CO 2-2 equiv././ kg live-weight ight sold CO CO 2 fuel + electricity 2 fuel + electricity N N 2 O+CO 2 fertiliser 2 O+CO 2 fertiliser N N 2 O grazing excreta 2 O grazing excreta N N 2 O manure 2 O manure 5 5 Methane Methane / /09 Pasture Housed+crop 2004/ /09 Pasture Housed+crop Pasture New Zealand Pasture Housing+crop France New Zealand France NZ France France Gac et al. 2014

14 Carbon footprint of NZ lamb to UK 19 kg CO 2 -eq./kg meat Fuel Waste Water Electricity Other % consumer Consumer transport Transport processor Processing Cooking Retailing Waste Animal rumen methane Animal excreta N 2 O Farm farm Ocean Shipping Fuel & electricity Fertiliser & Lime 20 0 NZ domestic UK domestic Ledgard et al. 2011

15 Lambing % b. a. Lambing % Lambing % Lamb carcass weight (kg) Lamb carcass weight (kg) Lamb carcass weight (kg) 1.00 Methane (kg CH 4 /kg sheep carcass weight) Based on data from Beef+LambNZ kg CH 4 / kg CW Years

16 Lambing % b. a. Lambing % Lambing % Lamb carcass weight (kg) Lamb carcass weight (kg) Lamb carcass weight (kg) 1.00 Methane (kg CH 4 /kg sheep carcass weight) Based on data from Beef+LambNZ kg CH 4 / kg CW Years

17 Carbon footprint of beef (FAO; Opio et al. 2013) Carbon footprint of beef (kg CO 2 eq./kg carcass weight)

18 Australian beef carbon footprint study: GHG kg CO 2 eq./kg meat Fossil fuel use MJ/kg meat Grass-fed beef Grain-finished beef Wiedemann et al. 2015

19

20 European Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) The PEF covers 15 environmental impacts: Human health - Particulate matter/respiratory Freshwater ecotoxicity Acidification Eutrophication Resource depletion - water - non-renewable energy

21 Summary: Life Cycle Assessment : Accounts for all contributing GHG sources Can cover a product s life cycle or to farm-gate Carbon Footprint of NZ versus international products: Dairy amongst lowest globally Sheep Beef : traditional beef is towards lower end of range Variation between farms, systems, type of feed input Future: Harmonization of methods (e.g. LEAP) Focus on multiple environmental impacts to avoid trade-offs

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