The International Space Station

Transcription

1 The International Space Station Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board April 2015 Sam Scimemi Director, International Space Station NASA Headquarters

2 NASA s and America s goals onboard the Station Enable long duration human spaceflight beyond LEO Enable a commercial market in LEO Advance benefits to humanity through research Basis for international HSF exploration partnerships 2

3 Where we are Today In January 2014 the Administration extended the life of ISS at least to 2024 Each International Partner is working within their own policy framework to determine ISS future beyond 2020 Begun 1 year crew expedition and associated long duration human performance research Together with CASIS, NASA is expanding the commercial demand for micro-gravity research and LEO access ISS has become an important space and earth science platform expanding our knowledge of our home planet and the universe Commercial transportation development and operations for ISS is having a significant influence on the aerospace industry; considering the next commercial activity in LEO 3 3

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5 The Future of Human Space Exploration NASA s Building Blocks to Mars U.S. companies provide affordable access to low Earth orbit Expanding capabilities at an asteroid redirected to lunar orbit Exploring Mars and other deep space destinations Learning the fundamentals aboard the International Space Station Traveling beyond low Earth orbit with the Space Launch System rocket and Orion crew capsule Missions: 6 to 12 months Return: hours Missions: 1 month up to 12 months Return: days 5 5 Missions: 2 to 3 years Return: months Earth Reliant Proving Ground Earth Independent

6 What is so hard about going to Mars ~228,000,000 kilometers ~2-3 years transit time Communications (up to 42 minutes) 228,000,000 kilometers Independent Living 6

7 Where we are today < 2 days transit time Communications (near real-time) Crew exchanges 228,000,000 kilometers ~400 kilometers Crew supplies and logistics Crew and atmosphere samples Modified hardware Emergency Crew Return Trash Car Camping in Space 7

8 So what is the ISS Program doing to close these gaps? 8

9 Performing the research and developing countermeasures to keep humans alive and healthy on long duration deep space missions 9

10 Closing the gap in Human Health and Performance The ISS is necessary to mitigate 21 of the 32 human health risks anticipated on exploration missions Some of the primary drivers for the length of research onboard ISS are: - Number of subjects - Pharmacology - Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure - Muscle - Exploration Medical Capability - Arrhythmia Given the current number of subjects expected, HRP research and mitigations for long duration deep space missions should be mature enough by the mid s 10

11 Integrated HRP Path to Risk Reduction ISS Utilization Required ISS Not Required Mars DRM Risks Cardiac Rhythm Problems (Arrhythmia) Decompression Sickness (DCS) Incompatible Vehicle/ Habitat Design (Hab) Inadequate Nutrition (Nutrition) Sleep Loss/Work Overload (Sleep) Reduced Muscle Mass (Muscle) Reduced Aerobic Capacity (Aerobic) Y/N Haz LxC 1 3 x x x x x x x 3 Orthostatic Intolerance (OI) Y 1 3 x 2 Team Performance (Team) 3 2 X 3 Intervertebral Disc Damage (IVD) 1 2 x 3 Host-Microorganism Interactions (Microhost) 1 Inc Occupant Protection (OP) Y 2 3 x 3 Early Onset Osteoporosis (Osteo) Altered Immune Response (Immune) 1 3 x x 3 Bone Fracture (Fracture) 1 2 x 4 Intracranial Hypertension/ Vision (VIIP) Errors Due to Training Deficiencies (Train) Unpredicted Effects of Medication (Pharm) Inadequate Food System (Food) In-Flight Medical Capabilites (ExMC) Vestibular/Sensorimotor Impacts (Sensorimotor) Behaviroral Conditions (Bmed) Y 1 3 x x 4 Y 4 3 x x x x 4 3 Inc Critical Task Design (Task) 4 3 x 3 Inadequate EVA Suit (EVA) Y 2 3 x 3 Human-System Interaction (HCI) Human & Automation/ Robotic (HARI) Renal Stone Formation (Renal) Radiation Exposure on Human Health Exposure to Dust & Volatiles (Dust) HSRB 2 3 x 3 2 Inc Y 1 3 x 4 Y 5 3 x 4 2 Inc FY14 ISS 1-Yr Asteroid Com Mission Phase A EM-1 Crew EM-2 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27 FY28 Human System Risk Board (HSRB) Hazards: 1. Altered Gravity; 2. Hostile/Closed Environment; 3. Isolation; 4. Distance; 5. Radiation FY15 NHV Process Developed Standard Updated Standard Updated Usage Determined Dergen & Cancer Risk Characterized Risk Understood Flexible Ultrasound Prelim CM Identifed Standard Updated Inflight Monitor Suit Injury Data Identified HAB Charactarized- ISS Factors Identified Cognition/Motor Control Ground Stability Testing Complete Standard Updated Research plan for this risk is not yet defined. Standard Updated Standard Updated Analytical Tool CM Altered Immune Response Risk Charactarized Treatment AFT Trade Study Monitoring Tools Developed/ Treatment Identified Risk Understood Updated Suit Requirements Risk Characterized Framework Developed Acute Radiation CM Developed NHV/HAB Tools Developed Risk Understood -Microbiome 11 Risk Model Defined CM CMs Indiv/ Standard Standard Risk Understood CM Identified Y - HSRB approved FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 NHV/HAB Tools AFT Trade Study Risk Understood Methods/Tools Developed and Evaluated Updated Suit/Crew/Ops Requirements Risk Characterized HAR Interactions/Roles Characterized Risk Understood Risk Characterized Standard Updated Risk Understood Inflight CM Identify Analog Risk Characterized Inflight CM Skills Characterized Inflight CM Current Hardware Inflight CM Current Hardware In/Post-flight CM Design Tools/ Metrics Developed ISS Required ISS Not Required Asteroid Initiative Integrated CMs/ Tools Inflight CM Exploration Hardware Inflight CM Exploration Hardware Requirements/Tools Mars - Phase A FY27 Tools Identified CM/Tools Risk Maintenance Risk Quantification Updated Treatment Risk Understood Potential CMs Identified CMs CMs Optimized Stability Risk Determined Risk Understood Risk Understood Usage Understood Packing Exp Medical System Oxygen Concentrator Lab Analysis CMs Developed Standard Factors Understood Standards Developed CMs Treatment Treatment Acute CNS Risk Characterized Risk Understood -Virulence Measures Developed/ Stability Device Musculoskeletal CM Monitoring Tools Developed Risk Understood Standards Developed CMs Developed/ CM Risk Understood Environment Medical Suction/ Sterilization Late CNS Risk Characterized Acute CNS&Degen CM Identified CMs/Treatments Developed Inflight CMs Design Tools/ Metrics FY28 CM Optimized CM Developed Acute CNS CM Milestone Requires ISS Uncontrolled Partially Controlled Controlled Optimized Insufficient Data Assumptions: hrs/increment - 6 crew/increment - 6 month missions Rev B, Updated 04/22/14

12 Demonstrate the life support and monitoring systems that will take us to Mars 12

13 Learn how to break the bonds to the earth Logistics, crew health monitoring, ground-to-crew communications, etc. 13

14 Demonstrate exploration related systems and technologies Rendezvous sensors NASA Docking System Next Generation Solar arrays Refueling EVA Systems Habitation Structures Leak detection 14 Trash compactor

15 Some specific design examples of lessons learned from ISS Ease of access and commonality for replaceable components such as filters, valves and maintainable components Standardized interfaces/components for common uses; communication/data, computers, headsets, fire extinguishers, fluid connectors, docking, etc. Incorporate on-orbit repair into the design for all components Reduce or eliminate need for EVA maintenance/repair Importance of redundancy/cross-strapping for long-duration power systems 15

16 ISS and the development of the commercial market in LEO NASA is currently exploring how the ISS can be utilized to development the commercial demand and supply market in LEO It is NASA s intent that a commercial market will replace the ISS in LEO before its end of life More significantly, NASA is striving to develop the non-nasa demand for research, product development, marketing, tourism, earth sensing and other LEO applications both in private industry and other government agencies NASA is conducting a series of workshops to engage the broader US industrial base and other government agencies - First workshop held in December in DC - Second workshop is in the planning stages 16

17 Vision Sustained economic activity in LEO enabled by human spaceflight, driven by private and public investments creating value and benefitting Earth through commercial supply and public and private demand Sustained economic activity in LEO Today Policy and regulatory environment promotes Leverage ISS to commercialization enable LEO of LEO commercialization Robust, selfsustaining, and cost effective supply of US commercial services to/in/from LEO that accommodate public and private demands Broad sectors of the economy using LEO for commercial purposes 17

18 Developing the demand outside of NASA with private industry and OGA s NASA has a cooperative agreement with Center for the Advancement of Science in Space to exploit the ISS National Lab CASIS Commercial U liza on Also in proposal development with Cargill, John Deere, ADM, Dow, and J&J 18 14

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