BIG HORN BASIN IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT P ROGRAM

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1 BIG HORN BASIN IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT P ROGRAM Lateral Move Sprinkler System B I G H O R N B A S I N I R R I G A T I O N W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T P R O G R A M Looking at a New System: The Systems Center Pivot Irrigation System Sources: N. Dakota State University; Selecting A Sprinkler Irrigation System Reinke; Irrigation Systems University of Wyoming; Costs for Sprinkler Irrigation Systems Zimmatic; Strength to Grow On D a te : 4/ 2002 New System Tasks Water Use Efficiencies Capacity Flow Rate Decisions! Decisions! Comparative Costs of Sprinkler Systems Crop Requirements Managing the System

2 SYSTEMS! Page 2 MANAGEING! Page 11 There are many types of irrigation systems. They include solid set, permanent, manual move, lateral-move, side-roll wheel-move, center-pivot, hard-hose traveler, cable-tow traveler, drip or trickle, and sub irrigation types. Most producers have limited choices for their farm or field. Some systems use water and energy more efficiently, whereas others are designed to overcome limitations such as irregular field shapes, sloping land, or a limited water supply. All of these factors must be considered before selecting a system. Side Roll Sprinkler System Consideration should also be given to capital cost; crops to be grown; cultural practices; soils; acreage to be irrigated; availability of labor; the need for environmental modification, chemigation, or fertigation; and dealer availability and service. After these factors have been evaluated, one or two systems will usually emerge that most effectively satisfy the irrigation needs of the site. In striving for efficient use of water and energy, managing an irrigation system properly is as important as selecting the right system. The greatest efficiency is achieved when just the right amount of water is applied at just the right time. The amount of water to apply and when to irrigate are daily management decisions that are influenced by the type of system selected, soil properties, crop, and prevailing climatic conditions, including both temperature and rainfall. Irrigation can be very cost effective. It can lead to greater yields, improved crop quality, improved management capabilities, and perhaps less production worries. But selecting the proper combinations of system components and managing the system for greatest efficiency can be complicated. An energy-efficient system is one that has been designed for a particular layout. It must have a pump properly matched to the power unit, the correct pipe sizes, and the proper pressure and water distribution uniformities. Selecting a water- and energy-efficient system and then properly operating, maintaining, and managing it will achieve efficiency. After an irrigation system is installed, it must generate enough extra income to pay for itself. Yield increases are not produced automatically. A producer must use the irrigation system when it is needed and not when it is convenient. Starting irrigation too late to benefit the whole field, not putting on enough water, or stopping an irrigation too soon, often can decrease yield and cause more problems than no water at all.

3 Page 10 CROP REQUIREMENTS! TASKS! Page 3 The following table shows the system capacity needed for the most common irrigated crops and various soil textures. To use this table, you must determine the dominant soil texture in the field and what type of crops will be grown, then determine the appropriate system capacity. System capacity is in gallons per minute per acre (gpm/acre) for different soil textures needed to supply sufficient water for each crop in 9 out of 10 years. An application efficiency of 80% and a 50% depletion of available soil water were used for the calculations. Crop Root Zone Depth (ft) Coarse Sand and Gravel Sand y Sand Sandy Fine Sandy and Silt Potatoes Dry Beans Soybeans Corn Sugarbeets Small Grains Alfalfa Select the rotational crop requiring the largest amount of water. For example, a y Sand field of 130 acres with a crop rotation of Potatoes requiring 7.0 gpm/acre, would require a system with 910 gpm for proper design. The application rate of the sprinkler system must be matched to the intake rate of the most restrictive soil in the field. If the sprinkler system is for a new installation, there are two important tasks that must be performed before purchasing the system. First, you must check the county soil survey to determine the irrigation suitability of the soils in the fields you want to irrigate. Not all soils can be irrigated due to various physical problems, such as low infiltration rates and poor internal drainage that may cause salt buildup. Soils are classified in the following way: Irrigable soils have no restrictions for sustained irrigation using proper application rates, amounts and water quality. Conditional soils have restrictions for sustained successful irrigation due to such factors as water table elevation, layers of low permeability, potential for salinization, steep slopes and other problems. Some restrictions can be corrected with drainage. Non-irrigable soils have severe restrictions to irrigation and should only be developed where they are minor inclusions into irrigable soils. Second, you must have a readily available source of water near the field and have a water right issued by the Wyoming State Engineers Office for that water. No assumptions should be made about the water supply. The water source must be of sufficient quantity and quality for successful irrigation. The potential water-use efficiency ( the maximum water-use efficiency that can be achieved when the system is maintained and operated properly) can be influenced by many factors. Potential efficiency for the types of irrigation systems most frequently used is shown in the following Table

4 Page 9 EFFICIENCY TABLE! Page 4 CAPACITY FLOW RATE! GPM Per Acre (min. requirement) Typical Pump Pressure (PSI) Potential Water Use Efficiency (percent) Type of System Hand-move (small sprinkler) Hand-move (gun sprinkler) Solid-set Center Pivot (med. Pressure) Center Pivot (low Pressure) Linear-move Hose-pull traveler Drip or Trickle The system capacity is the flow rate needed to adequately irrigate an area and is expressed in gallons per minute per acre (gpm/acre)*. The system capacity is dependent on the: 1. Peak crop water use requirements during the growing season. 2. Effective crop rooting depth. 3. Texture and infiltration rate of the soil. 4. The available water holding capacity of the soil. 5. Pumping capacity of the well or wells (if wells are the water source). 6. The Wyoming State Engineers office permitted pumping rate. *cfs = gpm x or gpm = cfs x 448.8

5 DECISIONS! Page 8 Page 5 DECISIONS! DECISIONS! Selecting the Most Appropriate Sprinkler Systems Five of the most common sprinkler systems in use are compared in the table on the next page using the following criteria: 1. A square 160 acre field. 2. A 100-foot deep well near the center of the field. 3. The water supply is adequate for any sprinkler system. 4. The soils are suitable for the system application rate. This table also shows costs of irrigation development using these criteria. The costs shown are averages; actual costs for most farms will vary depending on the distance from the water source to the field, whether a new or used sprinkler system is purchased, options selected and the type of financing package. Care should be taken to ensure that the cash flow generated is sufficient to cover payments on the irrigation investment. Several decisions must be made before an irrigation system is installed in a field. Some determinations are technical in nature, some economic, and others involve a close scrutiny of the operation and crop to be irrigated. Irrigation is not a substitute for poor management. Often, if there is a management problem, irrigation intensifies instead of solves the problem. Highlevel management is needed to make an irrigation system successful. Accurate decisions of timing and irrigation amount often make the difference between a successful or unsuccessful irrigation system. A sprinkler "throws" water through the air in an effort to simulate rainfall whereas the other irrigation methods apply water directly to the soil, either on or below the surface. A sprinkler system can be composed of one sprinkler or many. When many sprinklers are used they are attached to a pipeline at a predetermined spacing in order to achieve a uniform application amount. When selecting a sprinkler system, the most important physical parameters to consider are: 1. The shape and size (acres) of the field. The more acres you are able to put under the system, the more cost effective it will be. 2. The topography of the field. Are there many hills with steep slopes or deep draws? 3. The amount of time and labor required to operate the system. How much time and labor do you have available?

6 TABLE: Comparative Costs of Sprinkler Systems Center Pivot Linear Pivot w/corner Move Big Gun Side Roll =================================================================================================== CAPITAL COSTS: Number of Systems Required Acres Irrigated (in 160) Required Flow Rate (GPM) Equipment Cost $40, $60, $66, $40, $40, Well, Pump, Motor $30, $35, $35, $32, $35, Pipe, Meter, Valves $3, $3, $8, $25, $15, TOTAL CAPITAL $73, $98, $109, $97, $90, CAPITAL COST PER ACRE $ $ $ $ $ ANNUAL OWNERSHIP COSTS (PER ACRE): Depreciation on System (20 yr) $15.38 $19.74 $20.89 $12.74 $12.66 Depreciation on Well, Pump, Motor and pipe $11.54 $11.51 $11.08 $10.19 $11.08 Interest on Investment $28.08 $32.24 $34.49 $30.89 $28.48 Insurance ($.50/$100) $2.81 $3.22 $3.45 $3.09 $2.85 TOTAL ANNUAL OWNERSHIP COST $57.81 $66.71 $69.91 $56.91 $55.06 OPERATING COSTS (PER ACRE) Power (electric)* $20.30 $20.30 $21.94 $40.05 $26.88 Labor (@ $7.00/hr) $5.25 $5.25 $7.00 $14.00 $17.50 Maintenance (1.5% New Cost) $8.42 $9.67 $10.35 $9.27 $8.54 TOTAL ANNUAL OPERATING COST $33.97 $35.22 $ $52.92 OPERATING AND OWNERSHIP COST $91.78 $ $ $ $ Kilowatts Hours of Power Pressure at Well (psi) ================================================================================================= *Based on an electric rate of 4.5 per Kilowatt-Hour (KWH), At an electric demand charge of $9.00 per KW per month (4 months of operation) and 1050 hours of pump operation per growing season.

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