Conventional Tillage Systems. Reasons for tillage?

Transcription

1 Cultivation

2 Conventional Tillage Systems Reasons for tillage?

3 Conventional Tillage Systems Reasons for tillage Manage Residue. Aerate Soil. Aids organic matter decomposition to release nitrogen and other nutrients. Control Weeds. Prior to planting. During fallow seasons. Incorporate fertilizers, herbicides, and fumigants. Prepare a seedbed.

4 Conventional Tillage Systems Primary tillage. Topsoil is plowed to a depth of 6 to 14 inches (15-36 cm). Aim is to bury crop residue and control weeds. Timing is dependent on soil type. Heavier clay soils are best plowed in fall, where inverted soils are exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. Depth dependent on soil type, but also can be related to fuel costs. Implements include moldboard plows, disk plows and chisel plows.

5 Early Moldboard Plow

6 Moldboard Plow

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9 Disc Plow

10 Chisel Plow

11 Chisel Plow

12 Moldboard Plowing Chisel Plowing

13 Chisel Plow

14 Noble Plow

15 Conventional Tillage Systems Secondary tillage Follows primary tillage to produce a finer tilth for seeding. Aim is to maximize seed-soil contact at planting. Often associated with application and incorporation of granular fertilizers and pre-plant herbicides. If possible, multiple tillage operations are completed at right angles. Equipment used includes discs, cultivators and harrows.

16 Disc Cultivators

17 Shank Cultivators

18 Anhydrous ammonia application

19 Harrow Cultivators

20 Fertilizer applicators

21 Rod Weeder

22 Although tillage causes compaction, it is the most convenient methods used to manage surface compaction when it occurs. Easier to apply fertilizer and perform other agronomic operations (i.e. seeding). Good tilth result in good seed-soil contact. Tilled soil (black) heats more quickly in fall and spring for seedling development. Lack of residue on soil surface reduces overwintering of pests and diseases (green bridge).

23 Increased erosion, due to lack of surface residue. Soil compaction, caused by loss of soil structure. Costs more than other systems, more labor, more fuel. Soil organic matter decreases over time. Moisture loss to tillage can cause drought stress later in season.

24 g/cm 3 g/cm 3 g/cm 3 Soil Compaction

25 Ponding on the soil surface Also associated with drainage problems. Presence of dark streaks on soil surface Results from prolonged water logging, usually in tire tracks. Increased power needed to cultivate. Increased run off. Surface soil crust.

26 Incomplete crop stands Compaction usually hinders seed germination. Uneven crop stands Plant in compacted areas will be stunted due to poor root development. Changes in plant color. Compaction water logging causes moisture stress in plants. Restricted root development Reduced yields.

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30 Water Erosion Wind Erosion

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32 Tillage Effect: Water Erosion

33 Solution: no-till

34 Argentina

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36 } 6 cm DNGassen

37 Water Quality DNGassen

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39 Removes Top Soil Exposes clay & rock

40 October 4, 2009

41 Crop Damage

42 Soil Erosion by Water (tons/acre/year)

43 Soil Erosion by Wind (tons/acre/year)

44 Direct Seeding

45 Based on use of non-selective herbicides to break green bridge disease cycles and aid in weed control. One-pass and two-pass systems for fertilizer application.

46 No till or direct seeding - Soil disturbance is minimized. Weed control is accomplished through crop rotation and herbicides. Mulch tillage - Leaves residue on surface to serve as a mulch to preserve moisture and reduce erosion. Common in dry regions like the PNW. Minimum tillage - Low disturbance, can involve shank type fertilizer application and harrowing for straw management. Strip tillage - Zones of cultivation intermixed with fallow or cropped land.

47 Conservation Tillage Systems Advantages Reduces grower time inputs. Reduces fuel costs and emissions. Limits soil erosion. Improves soil structure and increases organic matter. Avoids soil compaction. Improves water infiltration and water holding capacity. Increases soil fauna, esp. earthworms.

48 Conservation tillage Disadvantages Highly dependent on chemical control of weeds. Can involve high investment costs in seeders. High risk of crop loss due to pests and diseases. Crop residue can impact seedling establishment. Reduced yields during transition years.

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52 1/3 ton soil Conventional 18 x pile Minimal till 5 x pile No tillage 1 x pile

53 What crop to grow? Species? End use quality? What cultivar to grow? Seed source? Public varieties. PVP Protected varieties. Intelectual property varieties (i.e. Roundup Ready )

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55 Blackleg Life Cycle

56 Blackleg Idaho and Washington identified as blackleg free states. Blackleg was confirmed near Bonners Ferry in Trasmitted by planting infected seeds. Can persist in soils for many years after initial infection. Plant only certified seed from blackleg free regions.

57 Grown under strict quality standards Inspected and tagged by state certification authorities. Genetically pure. Free from weeds. Free from seed borne diseases. Better for agriculture, better end product.

58 Variety and Kind Cultivar/release name, species, and common name; Lot number a series of letters or numbers assigned by the grower for tracking purposes; Origin where the seed was grown; Net weight how much material is in the container; Percent pure seed (purity) how much of the material is actually the desired seed; Percent inert matter how much of the material in the bag is plant debris or other materials that are not seed; Percent other crop seeds other non-weed seeds;

59 Percent weed seeds seeds considered weed species; Name of restricted noxious seed (with number per pound of seed). Noxious weed species vary by state. There are 2 types of noxious weeds retricted and prohibited. Restricted weeds are listed as seeds per pound of material in the bag. There should be no prohibited weeds; Percent germination (germ) how much of the seed will germinate readily; Hard seed seed which does not germinate readily because of a hard seed coat;

60 Dormant seed seed which does not germinate readily because it requires a pre-treatment or weathering in the soil. (Some suppliers may combine hard and dormant seed on the label.); Germination test date date should be within 12 months of the planned date for using the seed; Name and address of company responsible for analysis (seller or grower).

61 Dormant seed seed which does not germinate readily because it requires a pre-treatment or weathering in the soil. (Some suppliers may combine hard and dormant seed on the label.); Germination test date date should be within 12 months of the planned date for using the seed; Name and address of company responsible for analysis (seller or grower).

62 Jack s Reliable Seed Co. 123 N. Somewhere Street, Moscow, ID Tel.L (208) IdaGold Yellow Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) NET WEIGHT : 50 lbs PURE SEED : 97.40% LOT # : IDMOS-34-A OTHER CROP : 0.34% DATE TESTED : January 2012 INERT MATTER : 1.60% ORIGIN : Idaho WEED SEED : 0.66% GERMINATION : 94.00% NOXIOUS : 4/lb Wild mustard HARD SEED : 0.00% : 2/lb Pig weed

63 Seed Drills

64 Air Seed Drills

65 Direct seed drills

66 Direct Seeding Argentina

67 Seed Drills

68 Double Disc Drills

69 Air Seed Drills

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72 Direct seed drills

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77 Seed Treatments Germination enhancement Fungicides Insecticides

78 Non-Treated Seed Treated Seed Rhyzoctonia Damage

79 Non-treated seed Treated seed

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81 Pelletization Makes seed handling, and seed placement easier Pesticides can be incorporated into pellet

82 Monosem Vacuum Drill

83 Stanhay Belt Drill

84 Transplanting

85 Seed Priming

86 Seed Priming

87 Budding and grafting onto various root stocks: Rosaceous top fruits, citrus, avocado, grape. Leafy cuttings: Pineapple, strawberry. Leafless cuttings: Sugar cane. Tubers, bulb, etc.: Potato, various bulb flowers, sweet potato.

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89 Tubers

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91 Weed Management