Dr. John Church, Ph.D., P.Ag. Associate Professor Natural Resource Sciences

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1 Dr. John Church, Ph.D., P.Ag. Associate Professor Natural Resource Sciences

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4 Calgary, Alberta

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16 Finishing Debate Arguments for Grass Finishing Maintain original red meat (special/healthy) Natural Production (no hormones or antibiotics) Preserves grassland

17 Finishing Debate Challenges for Grass Finishing More difficult in Northern climates Requires more grass or land Increases age of animals (>3yrs) Increases risk of toughness

18 Finishing Debate Arguments for Feedlot Finishing Bison grow slower than beef Feedlot reduces the time to market by 6-12 months Increases carcass weights Improves carcass grades A or AA (fatness) Increases consistency of product Producers can raise more bison on limited land Improved growth and hence profitability

19 Finishing Debate Feedlot Finishing Rationale Increases consistency of product Producers can raise more bison on limited land Reduce days on feed by 50% Improved growth and hence profitability

20 Finishing Debate Feedlot Finishing Challenges Control of Respiratory Diseases (Mycoplasma pnuem.) Bison have not had selective breeding to perform on high grain finishing rations High levels of acid in rumen (acidosis) Reduced performance and health (liver abscesses)

21 U of S Feedlot Study Ingredient Backgrounding Finishing Barley Silage 45% 10% Rolled Barley 45% 80% Mineral Supplement 10% 10% Table 1. Dietary ingredients for comparative backgrounding and finishing trial in 2 yr. old bison bulls and yearling beef bulls. Mathew Walpole, Ph.D. Candidate (University of Saskatchewan)

22 U of S Feedlot Study Ingredient Backgrounding Finishing Barley Silage 45% 10% Rolled Barley 45% 80% Mineral Supplement 10% 10% Table 1. Dietary ingredients for comparative backgrounding and finishing trial in 2 yr. old bison bulls and yearling beef bulls. Mathew Walpole, Ph.D. Candidate (University of Saskatchewan) Conclusion: High grain diets are a viable method of finishing bison However it requires a higher level of management

23 U of S Feedlot Study Findings: Bison consumed significantly less feed than beef bulls Bison had lower average daily gains (ADG) ADG of Bison was NOT different between backgrounding and finishing diets High level of acid build up, burning of Rumen Papillae

24 U of S Feedlot Study Findings: Bison consumed significantly less feed than beef bulls Bison had lower average daily gains (ADG) ADG of Bison was NOT different between backgrounding and finishing diets High level of acid build up, burning of Rumen Papillae

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26 Grain Finished bison Feedlot Beef? Marbled Bison, Desirable? Extreme Example

27 Grain Finished bison Feedlot Beef? Marbled Bison, Desirable? Grass Finished Wagu

28 Less marbling,

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30 Advanced Lipid/Nutrient Analytics

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32 Bison Finishing Grain (n=19) Grass (n=19) fed oats in drylot pens with access to conserved hay fed on fresh native pasture (no grain) Early-Con (n=59) Late-Con (n=53) bison on pasture supplemented with 3.7 kg/head/day oats plus 0.5 kg of a commercial pea screening pellet containing 15% dry matter crude protein fed diet from May until slaughter (May to September) bison on pasture from May until slaughter in early winter, fed the same supplement as early-con from July until slaughter (October to December)

33 % Fatty acid Influence of bison feeding systems on fatty acid content SFA cis-mufa PUFA ab ab b x yz xy a z Grain Grass Early-Con Late-Con

34 n-6/n-3 ratio Omega 6/3 Ratios a b b b 0 Grain Grass Early-Con Late-Con

35 n-6/n-3 ratio Omega 6/3 Ratios a b b b 0 Grain Grass Early-Con Late-Con

36 Farm Averages (mg/g tissue) Fat mg/g Diet Farm sex tiss SFA MUFA t-mufa t11/t10 PUFA n-6/n-3 Grain Hills Foods (retailer) Sungold Bull Canadian Rocky Mtn Ranch Bull Hills Foods (retailer) Bull Group Avg Bull Grass Hills Foods (retailer) Sungold Bull Tate Creek Ranch Bull XY Bison Ranch Bull Olson's Farm Bull Walter Berisheim Bull Les Kruger Bull Morning Star Bull Group Avg Bull Pea-Early Canadian Rocky Mtn Ranch Bull Pea-Late Canadian Rocky Mtn Ranch Heifer

37 Conclusions 1. Retail bison from all feeding programs was lean, containing less than 3% fat, with SFA and MUFA content similar between grain and grass bison. 2. Feeding duration and annual growth patterns affected patterns affected endogenous fatty acid synthesis of the Early-Con and Late-Con groups, accounting for differences in cis-mufa.

38 Conclusions 3. Moderate supplementing on pasture enhanced the t11-18:1 and c9,t11-cla 4. Grass and pasture + supplemented programs resulted in the greatest proportion of desirable bioactive lipids and a more desirable Omega 6/Omega 3 ratio. 5. Seasonal supplementation with a pea screening pellet is a reasonable management strategy to alleviate seasonal grazing pressure while retaining a fatty acid profile which is very similar to grass-fed bison

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Feeding Bison Dr. Vern Anderson Carrington Research Extension Center North Dakota State University Box 219 Carrington ND USA 58421

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