! Important factors for consideration. ! Field patterns. ! Symptom recognition. ! shovel. ! knife. ! hand lens. ! camera. ! a note pad. !
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1 Troubleshooting Vegetable Crop Production Problems Tom Turini, Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Imperial County Trouble Shooting Vegetable Production Problems! Important factors for consideration! Field patterns! Symptom recognition Don t jump to conclusions!! First make field observations and collect the information from those involved.! Take everything into consideration.! And make your conclusion after you have seen everything. Items Needed When Troubleshooting! shovel! knife! hand lens! camera! a note pad! plastic bags! an open mind Important Information! What is normal for this crop?! What was planted last season?! Is there one or more varieties or seed sources?! When did symptoms appear?! What was applied to the crop (how much, when, how)?! What part of the field and plant are symptomatic?! Are weeds showing symptoms too?! What is bordering the affected field? Distribution of symptoms in the field Maricopa, AZ 1
2 In & Out Pattern " Example-An edge of the field where there are often 4 bad rows followed by 4 normal rows, then 4 bad rows again. " The good/bad row pattern may repeated with 4, 6, or 8 rows involved. It depends upon the tractor application pattern and the number of tractors used. In & Out Patterns " Chemical application problems often due to misapplication of " Herbicides " Fertilizers " Insecticides In & Out Patterns In-and and-out pattern " Patterns may be due to cultivation. " Planters not being adjusted properly. " The equipment not being lifted too soon. " Or set down too late. " Valve not turned on at right time Kerb herbicide injury Down the Row Patterns " Chemical injury due to herbicides or fertilizer overdose, often found in repeating row patterns " Cultivator damage " Poor irrigation practices Long straight roots no branching all white Maricopa, AZ 2
3 Damage on edges of field Burned roots Slight damage " Drift " Double trim with aerial spray " Excess fertilizer or other chemicals when slowing down " Insects & other animals " Head and tail ends of fields are not planted so there is no carryover of debris or chemicals in the next crop (may be better or worse) Rabbit Feeding Damage Maricopa, AZ 3
4 Another pattern from the edge Herbicide Drift South-facing view North-facing view 100 ft 200 ft 300 ft 400 ft Distance from wheat Random Patterns! Insect damage! Environmental damage frost, wind whip, air pollution, sunburn, hail! Birds! Carry-over fertilizer injury! Crop residue injury! Nematodes Random pattern Root symptoms Needle nematode Longidorus africanus Maricopa, AZ 4
5 Streaks that Occur at Angles " Chemical drift " Changes in soil physical properties " sand streaks, clay layer " Salinity, usually poor drainage " Crop residue causing injury " Crop residue providing benefit. " Nematodes " Carry-over fertilizer Sudangrass crop residue discolored roots Plant Symptoms and Possible Causes Veinal chlorosis virus, pigment inhibitor herbicide Discoloration of Leaves Maricopa, AZ 5
6 Interveinal chlorosis nutrient deficiency, virus, photosynthesis inhibitor herbicides Mosaic alternating light and dark Virus CuLCrV CuLCrV + WMV Marginal Chlorosis Cupric Hydroxide injury Leaf Distortions Growth Regulators 2,4-D MCPA MCPP triclopyr (Garlon, Turflon) dicamba (Banvel) clopyalid (Stinger) Virus CuLCrV ZYMV WMV Maricopa, AZ 6
7 Necrosis on Leaves Foliar lesions variable size, variable color, concentric zones Possible causes fungal, bacterial diseases Early blight ( (Alternaria solani) Necrotic lesions with mosaic symptoms Angular Necrotic Lesions limited by veins bacterial or fungal disease Lettuce Dieback Disease Lettuce Necrotic Stunt Virus (LNSV) Lettuce Downy Mildew - Bremia lactucae Marginal necrosis or spots Root symptoms organosilicon surfactant linuron drift Maricopa, AZ 7
8 Herbicide - Inhibitors of Cell Division Nematodes " Especially bad on sandy soils " Needle Nematode (Longidorus africanus) " Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) Vascular discoloration fungal disease or fertilizer toxicity Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucum Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucum Fertilizer burn Root lesions Lesions/constrictions at or below soil line = fungi Limitations of Field Diagnosis! Several conditions may cause similar symptoms! More than one production problem may be involved! Symptoms of the same cause can look different on different crops, varieties or under different environmental conditions! Laboratory tests may be required to make a positive identification Maricopa, AZ 8
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