Seed & Crop Solution Guide 2018

Transcription

1 Seed & Crop Solution Guide 2018 Genetic Diversity for Protection and Security Corn Seed.... Page 4 Value Priced Corn Seed... Page 23 RFS Silage Seed.... Page 27 Organic Seed.... Page 32 Soybeans Seed.... Page 36 Alfalfa Seed.... Page 44 Forage Seed... Page 49 Small Grains Seed.... Page 55 Wildlife Seed.... Page 58 Agronomic Info... Page 60

2 Genetic Diversity for Protection and Security As we head into our 84th year in the seed business, once again, we are bringing more new products and technologies to our customer's farm. This year we are introducing two new soybean traits, which should help growers to better manage the possibility of developing herbicide resistant weeds on their farms. Please refer to the soybean section of our 2018 seed guide to check these out. In corn, we are pleased to bring forward through our on farm research, along with different corn breeders recommendations, four new conventional hybrids, four new Roundup Ready hybrids, five new Genunity Double Pro Rib Complete hybrids, six new Smart Stax Rib Complete hybrids, four new organic corn hybrids, and the industry s first full-flowery leafy corn hybrid. This exciting new full flowery silage corn hybrid will allow for more rumen-available starch for increased milk production. Research has shown that increasing starch quality is the key to higher milk yields. We are increasing our organic seed choices for 2018, as this is one of the fastest growing segments in U.S. agriculture today. More and more, consumers are looking at the products that their family consumes and many are moving back to the country to have the opportunity to grow more of the food that they eat. While it may take genetically modified crops to feed the world in the future, right now GMO s are not for everyone. Kussmaul Seeds recognizes that growers want to have a say in what they purchase, and are looking for places to do business where they have different options. We work very hard each year, researching, growing, and delivering products that will help to make your operations more profitable. At Kussmaul Seeds we are striving to offer growers choices. So, whatever you choose conventional products, traited seed, herbicide tolerant seed, or organically produced seeds let Kussmaul Seeds be your Number One seed supplier. We will always look to provide as diverse of portfolio as possible to help minimize your risk. We will only sell you products that we would grow ourselves if we were farmers. We will always strive to provide you with as much information about those products as we possibly can, so that you can make the best decisions for your farm. Thank you, Have a bountiful and profitable year, Your Kussmaul Seeds Team Highway 18 Mt. Hope, WI Phone: Toll Free: 866-KUSSMAUL Fax: info@kussmaulseeds.com This publication has been prepared in good faith on the basis of information available at the date of publication without any independent verification. The descriptions and ratings presented within this seed guide are based on observations made throughout the year by the breeders, product development personnel and Kussmaul Seed personnel. Copyright 2017, by Kussmaul Seeds, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Important: Always read and follow label instructions. Some crop protection products may not be registered for sale or use in all states or counties. Please check with your local extension service to ensure registration status. Agrisure, Agrisure Artesian, Agrisure Duracade, Agrisure Viptera, CruiserMaxx, Cruiser, Apron XL, E-Z Refuge and Maxim Quattro are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. Acceleron and Design, DroughtGard, Genuity Design, Genuity Icons, Genuity, Precept, RIB Complete and Design, RIB Complete, Roundup PowerMAX, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design, Roundup Ready 2 Yield, Roundup Ready, Roundup Technology, Roundup, Roundup Ready Plus, SmartStax and Design, SmartStax, VT Double PRO and VT Triple PRO are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC. LibertyLink, the Water Droplet Design, Poncho, Votivo and Thieram are registered trademarks of Bayer. Herculex is a registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Respect the Refuge and Corn Design and Respect the Refuge are registered trademarks of National Corn Growers Association. Optimize is a registered trademark of Novozymes Bio Ag Inc. N-Take and N-Dure are trademarks of Verdesain Life Sciences. Avipel Shield is a registered trademark of Arkion Life Sciences. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

3 Sales Managers Paul Klinkhammer President, Kussmaul Seed Co. Inc. Office: Steve Mueller Area Manager, S Wisconsin, Illinois Home: Cell: Roy Hardy Area Manager, N Wisconsin, Minnesota Home: Cell: Link Dorvall Area Manager, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho Home: Cell: Augies Ag Sales Distributor Washington, Oregon, California, and Utah Augie Kooistra Home: Cell: Blackhawk Nutrients Distributor & Dealer, NW Wisconsin Bruce Office: Cell: Brian Collins Sales, SW Wisconsin Cell: Tyler Currey Area Manager, E South Dakota and W Minnesota Duane Jonas Dealer, SE Minnesota Home: Cell: Weston Pease Dealer, S Minnesota Cell: Jalen Cooper Area Manager, E Iowa, S Minnesota Cell: Mike Lutz Distributor & Sales, New York State Doug Wilke Sales, NE Wisconsin Al Pontillo Distributor & Sales, Central South Dakota, N Nebraska Mount Hope Office Staff Brian Collins Inventory Manager Martha Palmer Wholesale and Traits Manager Brent Hoffman Shipping and Vehicle Reports Brendan Lester Maintenance and Shipping David Koeller Warehouse, Delivery and Local Sales Warren, IL Production Plant Staff John Williston Plant Manager Phone: Quality Control - Margaret Wright, Tom Fernstaedt Fabrication - Richard Lyons (Dick), Glenn Thommen (Butch) Bagging and Conditioning - Eldon Janssen, John Heiler Electrical - Derek Katzenberger, Terry Flickinger Table of Contents Corn Corn RM Corn RM Corn RM Value Priced Corn RFS Corn Sweet Corn 11 Organic Corn Alfalfa 34 Soybeans 35 Soybeans Soybean Agronomic Ratings Soybean Descriptions Alfalfa Alfalfa Agronomic Ratings 44 AmeriStand 433T RR 44 Ameristand 455TQ RR 44 Summit 45 Ascend Marathon Haymaker II Supreme 45 Leafy Kow Chow 4 46 K9681 brand 46 Hi-Gest Seed Treatments Forages Forage Master 49 Sorghum-Sudangrass 50 Sudangrass 50 Forage Sorghum 51 Timothy 51 Orchardgrass 51 Bromegrass 52 Ryegrass 52 Fescue 53 Clover 53 Premium Forage Formulas 54 Small Grains Oats 55 Wheat Wildlife Food Plot Seed Perennial Mixes 58 Annual Mixes Seeds-By-The-Pound 59 Agronomic Information Agronomic Corn Information Agronomic Silage Information Agronomic Alfalfa Information Agronomic Forage Information Agronomic Soybean Information About Kussmaul 97 Kussmaul Policies Financial Information KUSSMAUL SEEDS Corn

4 KUSSMAUL Corn New Numbering System SB - 44 S 92 Hybrid Random Technology Hybrid Designation Number Package Maturity Hybrid Designation K = Kussmaul/Conventional KO = Kussmaul/ Organic KX = Kussmaul/Herculex KL = Kussmaul/Liberty SB = Kussmaul Traited Hybrid KS = Kussmaul Soybeans RFS = Kussmaul Silage Hybrid Technologies C = Conventional O = Organic R = Roundup /Glyphosate Q = Quads GT A = Hybrids Containing Artesian Technology S = SmartStax RIB Complete Corn Blend V = VT Double PRO RIB Complete Corn Blend H = Herculex L = Liberty G = Glyphosate Tolerance in Soybeans D = 2-4D X = Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Soybeans T = Genuity VT Triple PRO RIB Complete Corn Blend Know your bag colors! CORN BAG STRIPE COLOR TYPE OF TRAIT Green = Roundup Tolerant Seed (RR and GT) Silver-Gray = Contains multiple traits that may or may not include glyphosate Blue = Conventional seed - Organic Orange = Traited RFS Silage Corn (Conventionsl RFS will be in a blue bag) SOYBEANS BAG STRIPE COLOR TYPE OF TRAIT Green = Glyphosate Red = Roundup Ready 2 Yield Purple = Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Always read the seed tags before you open the bag. Respect the Rotation is an initiative to elevate the importance and farmer adoption of herbicide diversity to prevent or manage weed resistance. Glyphosate weed resistance is a dominating threat throughout the U.S. that affects land values, rental agreements, conservation tillage and can greatly reduce yields. Use of Integrated Weed Management practices, such as use of residuals, pre-emergence herbicides and rotation of crops, traits and herbicides, is critical as no one method is likely to be completely successful. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires a refuge on every farm that plants insect-protected corn hybrids. Failure to plant the appropriate refuge jeopardizes your continued access to DAS, Monsanto and Syngenta technology. Monsanto Company is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship (ETS). Monsanto products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with Monsanto s Policy for Commercialization of Biotechnology-Derived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. Only commercialized products have been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Excellence Through Stewardship is a registered trademark of Biotechnology Industry Organization. B.t. products may not yet be registered in all states. Check with your Monsanto representative for the registration status in your state. IMPORTANT IRM INFORMATION: RIB Complete corn blend products do not require the planting of a structured refuge except in the Cotton-Growing Area where corn earworm is a significant pest. SmartStax RIB Complete corn blend is not allowed to be sold for planting in the Cotton-Growing Area. See the IRM/Grower Guide for additional information. Always read and follow IRM requirements. DroughtGard Hybrids with RIB Complete corn blend the refuge seed may not always contain DroughtGard Hybrids trait. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Roundup Ready crops contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup brand agricultural herbicides will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Acceleron, DroughtGard, Genuity, RIB Complete and Design, RIB Complete, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design, Roundup Ready, Roundup, SmartStax and Design, SmartStax, VT Double PRO and VT Triple PRO are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC. LibertyLink and the Water Droplet Design is a registered trademark of Bayer. Herculex is a registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Respect the Refuge and Corn Design and Respect the Refuge are registered trademarks of National Corn Growers Association. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Agrisure, Agrisure Artesian, Agrisure Duracade, Agrisure Viptera, Artesian, and E-Z Refuge are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. For more information, visit LibertyLink Corn With LibertyLink you get high-performing genetics coupled with excellent performance on tough-to-control weeds for real yields that deliver. High-performing corn hybrids with the LibertyLink trait allow growers to spray powerful Liberty herbicide in-crop for nonselective postemergence control of even the toughest weeds, including Palmer amaranth, giant ragweed, kochia, waterhemp and marestail. Seed products with the LibertyLink (LL) trait are resistant to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium, an alternative to glyphosate in corn, and combine high-yielding genetics with the powerful, non-selective, postemergent weed control of Liberty herbicide for optimum yield and excellent weed control. LibertyLink, Liberty and the Water Droplet logo are registered trademarks of Bayer. Caution: Consult bag tags for E-Z Refuge product herbicide options; only those labeled GT/LL may be sprayed with glufosinate. Agrisure Technology incorporated into these seeds is commercialized under license from Syngenta Seeds, Inc. Herculex Technology incorporated into these seeds is commercialized under license from Dow AgroSciences LLC. HERCULEX and the HERCULEX Shield are trademarks of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, Liberty, LibertyLink and the Water Droplet Design are registered trademarks of Bayer. Liberty is not registered in all states. For additional product information call toll-free BAYER ( ) or visit our website at Individual results may vary, and performance may vary from location to location and from year to year. This result may not be an indicator of results you may obtain as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible. 4

5 Corn Traits 101 In order to help fit the needs of farmers across the country, Kussmaul Seeds offers a wide variety of hybrids with many different, yet significant traits. Traits such as herbicide tolerance and Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) proteins protect corn from herbicide applications and insect damage in order to help to maximize yields. With so many traits available, farmers must be aware of the traits they are planting in their fields every year and we understand this may not be an easy task. Herbicide Tolerance Kussmaul hybrids may be purchased with tolerances to glyphosate, glufosinate ammonium, or both. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, as well as many other herbicides. Glufosinate is the active ingredient in LibertyLink brand herbicides. Glyphosate tolerant hybrids are labeled as RR or GT in the Kussmaul Lineup. Hybrids from the Monsanto pipeline are labeled as RR and hybrids from the Syngenta lineup are labeled as GT. Glufosinate (Liberty Link) tolerant hybrids are labeled as LL in the Kussmaul lineup. KUSSMAUL Corn Bt Traits Genuity Traits Kussmaul hybrids may be available with Genuity insect traits such as VT Double Pro, Genuity VT Triple Pro, or SmartStax. Below is a description of each trait and their controlled insects, as well as the number of Bt proteins or modes of action against above ground and/or below ground pests. Two modes of action are used against above ground pests like corn earworm, European and Southwestern corn borers, and fall armyworm. Two modes of action are used against above ground pests like corn earworm, European and Southwestern corn borers, and fall armyworm. An additional single mode of action is used against below ground pest like corn rootworm larvae. Two modes of action against above ground pests like corn earworm, European and Southwestern corn borers, fall armyworm, black cutworm, stalk borer, and western bean cutworm. An additional two modes of action against below ground pests like corn rootworm larvae. Herculex Traits Kussmaul hybrids may be available with Herculex insect traits such as Herculex 1, Herculex RW, or Herculex XTRA. Below is a description of each trait and their controlled insects, as well as the number of Bt proteins or modes of action against above ground and/or below ground pests. One above ground mode of action that controls black cutworm, corn borer, fall armyworm, and western bean cutworm; as well as suppressing earworm and stalk borer. One below ground mode of action that controls pests like corn rootworm larvae. A combination of HX1 and HXRW providing one above ground mode of action that controls black cutworm, corn borer, fall armyworm, and western bean cutworm; as well as suppressing earworm and stalk borer. One below ground mode of action that controls pests like corn rootworm larvae. Agrisure Traits Kussmaul hybrids may be available with Agrisure insect traits such as Agrisure CB/LL, Agrisure GT/CB/LL, Agrisure 3000GT, Agrisure Artesian, Agrisure Viptera 3111, or Agrisure Duracade 5122 E-Z Refuge. Below is a description of each trait and their controlled insects, as well as the number of Bt proteins or modes of action against above ground and/or below ground pests. Agrisure CB/LL protects against European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, southern cornstalk borer, corn earworm, fall armyworm, sugarcane borer and common stalk borer.. Corn borer control with glyphosate and glufosinate tolerance. Hybrids with the Agrisure 3000GT trait stack offer control of corn borer and corn rootworm with tolerance to both glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides. The Agrisure Artesian 3011A trait stack brings together the elite class of highperforming Artesian hybrids, which maximize yield when it rains and increase yield when it doesn t, and the Agrisure 3000GT trait stack, which offers herbicide flexibility with both glyphosate and glufosinate tolerance, as well as protection from corn borer and corn rootworm. The Agrisure Viptera 3111 trait stack controls aboveand below-ground insects for increased yield potential and higher quality grain. The Agrisure Duracade 5122 E-Z Refuge trait stack combines dual modes of action against corn rootworm and corn borer with ear-feeding insect control. This trait stack features the Agrisure Duracade trait, a unique mode of action for effective corn rootworm control, and is sold as a single-bag refuge product for the utmost convenience. Keep in mind that hybrids are available with more than one trait to protect them. When traits are crossed, it provides a plant with additional Bt proteins for optimal protection. Some trait crosses may result in the same single mode of action since the original traits shared the same Bt proteins, while other crosses may result in dual modes of action since the two original traits each brought in different Bt proteins. Be sure to contact your local salesman or dealer for any questions regarding any of the above information. Caution: Consult bag tags for E-Z Refuge product herbicide options; only those labeled GT/LL may be sprayed with glufosinate. Agrisure Technology incorporated into these seeds is commercialized under license from Syngenta Seeds, Inc. Herculex Technology incorporated into these seeds is commercialized under license from Dow AgroSciences LLC. HERCULEX and the HERCULEX Shield are trademarks of Dow AgroSciences LLC. 5

6 CORN Relative Maturity CORN Brand Relative Maturity RM Special/Unique Characteristics Technology SB-44R74 74 Replaces SB-974RR adds 20 Bu yield and RR , better roots K-44C74 74 Conventional version of SB-44R74 Conventional 28-36, SB-44R80 80 A dent by dent early hybrid with excellent roots RR , K-44C80 82 An early conventional hybrid with rock solid stalks and roots K-44C85 85 Produces ears with deep bronze colored kernels and average test weights NEW SB-46R85 85 New yield leader for early corn markets. Great choice for Northern WI, MN, ND, and MT SS-44S85 86 Outstanding top-end yielding hybrid with very good agronomics NEW SS-44S89 89 Very stable hybrid, producing consistently girthy ears down the row SS-44S90 90 Strongest performance in central and eastern Corn Belt K-45C90 90 High yielding hybrid with impressive grain quality NEW SS-46S90 90 Same genetics as SB-44V90. Replaces SS-44S90 with more yield and plant health NEW SB-45R90 90 High yield with impressive grain quality and flex ear style SB-44V90 91 Performs well as a medium-early to full season hybrid in a cooler year SB-44R92 92 Same base pedigree as SS-44S92. Use in rotated soils SS-44S92 92 Same base pedigree as SB-44R92. Great choice for continuous corn SB-44A93 93 Artesian hybrid with outstanding yield potential and excellent agronomics SB-45V94 94 Excellent grain and silage data. Full flex ear style with slow drydown SB-44R95 95 Shorter, high yielding hybrid with reduced residue at harvest. Traited version of K44C95 K-44C95 95 Conventional version of SB-44R95. Excellent green snap tolerance NEW K-46C95 95 Great companion hybrid to new K46C98 - high test weight Pop. Range (in thousands) Early Vigor Staygreen Heat Units to Black Layer Stalk Strength Root Strength Drought Tolerance Kernel Rows Per Ear Conventional 28-38, Conventional 28-36, RR , SSRIB 28-38, SSRIB 30-42, SSRIB 30-38, Conventional 26-34, SSRIB 28-36, RR , VT2PRIB 28-34, RR , SSRIB 30-38, GT/CB/LL, 3011A 28-36, Artesian VT2PRIB 30-38, RR , Conventional 30-34, CONV 28-36, Color Key = Conventional = Traited = RR2 = Organic = RFS Rating Key 9 = Excellent 5 = Average 1 = Unacceptable Technology SSRIB = RR2 + YGRW + 2nd Generation CB + Herculex BT + Herculex RW + RIB GENVT3PRIB = RR2 + YGCB + 2nd Generation CB + RW + RIB VT2PRIB = RR2 +2nd Generation CB + RIB GT/CB/LL = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL 3010A = Agrisure Artesian 3010A 3011A = Agrisure Artesian 3011A 3000GT = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW 3111 = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Viptera 3122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisurer RW + Herculex XTRA + E-Z Refuge 5122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Duracade + Herculex I + E-Z Refuge Herculex XTRA = CB/LL + RW + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms Herculex I = CB/LL + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms 6

7 Visit Our Web Site for Additional Information on These Hybrids Combine Ease Ability to Ear Pick Test Weight Fixed Ear Style Flex Plant Height Preferred Soil Types Leaf Canopy Corn on Continuous Corn Semi-flex M/T All Semi-upright Good Very Good 8.5 SB-44R Semi-flex M/T All Semi-upright Good Very Good 8.5 K-44C Semi-fixed - M/T Responds positively to high yielding Semi-upright Good Very Good 8.5 SB-44R80 environments and irrigation Semi-flex T Plant at moderate to high populations on all soils Standard Excellent Excellent 9.0 K-44C80 with good fertility Flex T Strong yields across variable soil types Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 K-44C85 Without Fungicide With Fungicide Tolerates Cold Soils Brand CORN Relative Maturity Semi-flex M Widely adaptable - all soil types Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 SB-46R Flex M/T Exciting yield potential in less productive to Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 SS-44S85 highly productive soils Flex M/T All soil types, but do not plant south of its zone Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 SS-44S89 as an early hybrid Fixed - M/T Position on better soils with high management Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 8.0 SS-44S Flex T All Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 K-45C Semi-flex T Place on better soils and increase nitrogen Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.0 SS-46S Flex T Rotated soils Semi-erect Fair Very Good 8.5 SB-45R Semi-flex T Benefits from side dress applications and Semi-upright Excellent Excellent 8.0 SB-44V90 higher N rates for environment Flex M/T Highly productive, rotated soils Semi-erect Very good Excellent 9.0 SB-44R Flex M/T Best results in better soils Semi-erect Very good Excellent 9.0 SS-44S Fixed - M/T Most all soil types east to west Semi-erect Good Very good 9.0 SB-44A Flex M All Semi-upright Good Very Good 9.0 SB-45V Fixed - M All soil types with good management and Semi-upright Excellent Excellent 8.0 SB-44R95 top fertility Fixed - M All soils, even those with a history of Goss's wilt Semi-upright Excellent Excellent 8.0 K-44C Flex M All soil types and zones including south of its zone Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 K-46C95 Plant Height S = Short M/S = Medium-Short M = Medium M/T = Medium-Tall T = Tall Heat Units to Black Layer As a general rule, we use the formula 23.5 x maturity = Heat Units to Black Layer. We sometimes adjust these scores depending on the rate of drydown, quality of late season plant health, test weight, and in field experience. Using these formulas usually gets Heat Units to Black Layer pretty close. 7

8 CORN Relative Maturity RM SB-44R74 & K-44C74 CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 7 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8 Ultra early flint/dent hybrid Look alike hybrid to our old SB-974RR, but with 20 bu more yield and much better roots Flowers and black layers exceptionally early Exhibits slow drydown due to flint kernel background Medium-tall plants with excellent staygreen kernel rows Above average test weights Not tested for Goss s wilt yet Okay to use in continuous corn Tall enough for ultra early silage in far northern markets Slower dry down helps preserve good test weights K-44C80 82 RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A medium-tall to tall, ultra showy, standard canopy plant with strong agronomics Flared husks promote excellent drydown Early flowering with excellent northern movement A must have hybrid for the early corn grower Rock solid stalks and roots Tall plants offer dual purpose potential Highly adapted to corn after corn acres due to its strong leaf health Very nice grain quality with above average test weights Plant at medium-high populations on all soils Maintain good fertility on lighter soils Excellent early plant vigor NEW SB-46R85 85 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 New yield leader for the early corn markets Impressive yield potential in less productive soils up to most highly productive fields Fast start in cooler soils Fairly early flowering for longer grain fill Excellent stalks and roots Semi-flex ear style with kernel rows Excellent late season staygreen and whole plant intactness Widely adaptable, with good southern movement Will perform in all environments Can be planted south of its maturity zone Can tolerate high plant population SB-44R80 80 RM K-44C85 85 RM SS-44S85 86 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 A dent-by-dent hybrid with fast drydown Exhibits strong yield performance for an early hybrid Strong stalks and excellent roots Positive response to high plant populations Best yields in high yielding environments with irrigation Semi-fixed ear style Tall plants could have early silage appeal Late season plant intactness is excellent Only average against Goss s wilt Very good northern leaf blight protection Has good test weights Don t plant in fields where Goss s wilt is present Keep plant populations high Irrigated fields are a plus CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Strong yield potential across environments and soil types Tall statured plants with medium ear placement Flowers early and dries down rapidly Very attractive grain quality Average test weights Above average ear length, girth and ear flex Very impressive late season plant intactness and staygreen Tolerates variable plant populations Has adequate husk cover to protect yield Do not plant in fields with a history of Goss s wilt Tolerates cold soils and early planting Highest yields come from highly productive soils CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 Fast drydown with impressive long ear style Outstanding top-end yield In two years of testing, out performed Pioneer P8210HR by 29.2 bushels and Pioneer P8673AMI by 16.9 bushels Exhibits strong stalk and root strength Has excellent seedling vigor Shows a positive response to fungicides Excels in variable soil types Tolerates high plant populations Fills the tips of ears well Flowers early Has average late season intactness and staygreen Don t use where Goss s wilt is a concern Has excellent early silage quality Be aware of possible greensnap potential (one of the seed parents is susceptible) 8

9 NEW SS 44S89 89 RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A very stable hybrid, producing consistently girthy ears down the row Medium-tall plants, with very good stalks and roots Best yield performance with medium to high plant populations Exhibits very good staygreen, and solid fall plant intactness Can move north of its maturity zone well, but do not plant south of the maturity zone Produces rows of kernels, with average plus test weights Has good ear flex, good girth, and good ear length Has been tested and shows good potential as an early silage hybrid Do not plant south of its zone Plant at higher plant populations Solid performance in all environments SS-44S90 90 RM K-45C90 90 RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 6 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A tall statured hybrid that has also been tested for silage quality and tonnage High yielding hybrid with impressive grain quality Full flex ear style Above average test weights Avoid fields with a history of Goss s wilt In 2 year testing, out yielded Mycogen MF2F383 by a ton per acre and more starch Averages 18 kernel rows Best results when kept within its maturity zone Best in rotated fields Use in rotated fields Don t plant where Goss s wilt is prevalent Keep within its maturity zone NEW SS-46S90 90 RM NEW SB-45R90 90 RM CORN ON CORN 7 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8 A high yield hybrid with full flex ear style and very nice grain quality Roundup version of our K-45C90 Best performance when kept within its maturity zone Has great potential as both a grain hybrid and a silage corn Strong seeding vigor for early planting Must be planted in rotated soils sod or bean ground Very good fall intactness and staygreen Shows good stress tolerance Do not plant where Goss s wilt is a concern Can be used as silage or grain Keep within its maturity zone SB-44V90 91 RM CORN Relative Maturity CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 High yield potential with very consistent ear size throughout the field Early flowering for maturity Excellent silage potential for growers who want full plant protection Very attractive fall appearance The excellent stalk quality gives growers a longer harvest window For best results, plant at the highest population for environment Shows very strong performance in the central and eastern Corn Belt Plant at the highest population for environment Position on the best soils with top fertility Has a long harvest window CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 Same genetics as our SB-44V90, now available as a SSRIB hybrid Replaces SS-44S90 with 15 bu more yield Excellent tolerance to eye spot Excels east to west across variable soil types Very solid disease package, including Goss s wilt tolerance Very good ear flex, kernel rows and good solid test weights Will benefit with extra yield, when using side dress applications and higher rates of nitrogen Rock solid drought and greensnap tolerance Apply higher rates of nitrogen Use as a medium to full season hybrid Plant on your better soils CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Very sound disease package with very good tolerance to Goss s wilt, eye spot, northern leaf blight, common rust and stalk anthracnose Roundup and corn borer protection Outstanding yield potential Very good ear flex and dry down with open husks Potential dual purpose hybrid Very good drought and greensnap tolerance Benefits from side dress applications and higher nitrogen rates for environment Performs well as a medium-early to full season hybrid in a cooler year Nice, long semi-flex ear style Excellent defensive hybrid Apply plenty of fertilizer and plant on best soils Great continuous corn hybrid Same genetics as SS-46S90 9

10 CORN Relative Maturity RM SS-44S92 & SB-44R92 CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Tremendous yield potential This hybrid has the potential to be the most dominant product in its maturity range Top performance across varying environments Excellent early vigor and rapid plant development Top notch stress tolerance Average against Goss s wilt and other leaf diseases Great candidate for continuous corn Impressive roots and stalks Fantastic fall appearance and excellent ear flex Plant this hybrid on every farm Use in continuous corn Can tolerate very high plant populations Available as a SmartStax RIB or as a Roundup Ready SB-44A93 93 RM SB-45V94 94 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 An exciting hybrid with strong yield performance and excellent silage data In silage testing, out performed DKC 35-54, Mycogen MR2F383 and Pioneer P8673AMI and P9526 AMK In grain trials, out yielded DKC by over 14 bu per acre P9188AMX by over 7 bu per acre and DKC by over 6 bu Great seedling vigor for fast starts Strong stalks and roots enhance late season standability Full flex ear style Slow drydown helps for silage production Great leaf disease protection, except for Goss s wilt Strong performance on all soil types Keep off acres with a history of Goss s wilt Use for grain or silage Has excellent early vigor Great choice for growers who do not want to plant a Leafy 95 RM SB-44R95 & K-44C95 NEW K-46C95 95 RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 Excellent companion hybrid to NEW K-46C98 Strong yield performance within its maturity range, with ability to move south Has shown excellent hybrid performance across all population densities, and soil types Outstanding stalk and root strength, doesn t need trait protection Average plus scores on all leaf diseases Has good ear flex, with kernel rows average High test weights Use to increase average test weights Can be planted south of its maturity zone Strong performance in all plant populations CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 Agrisure Artesian hybrid with outstanding yield potential and excellent agronomics Widely adapted across northern markets east to west Superior stalks and roots Medium-tall statured plants with good silage appeal White cob hybrid with excellent grain quality Good tolerance to cold soils and no-till planting Good late season plant health for delayed harvest Fixed ear style dictates higher plant populations Maintain high fertility levels for high population fields Does not contain any form of rootworm technology Artesian technology helps plants utilize water better Contains tolerance to Roundup type chemicals, Liberty and above ground pests Plant on any soil type with good fertility Use in fields that have Goss s wilt potential Keep plant population moderate to high Does not have rootworm protection 10 CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A medium statured hybrid with high yield potential Fixed ear style with above average test weights Very uniform throughout the field Less residue to run through the combine Very solid roots and stalks Has excellent tolerance to greensnap Shows better than average tolerance to drought stress Good protection against Goss s wilt, eye spot, common rust and stalk anthracnose Good early plant vigor Plant on continuous corn-on-corn acres Use where Goss s wilt is a concern Excellent for rich, bottom soils were hybrids tend to grow too tall Knee High by the 4th of July in Montana, Jon Morgan,Edgar, Montana SS-44S92.

11 SPECIALTY CORN Yellow Sweet Corn Varieties Kandy Korn 73 RM EAR LENGTH 8.8" EAR DIAMETER 1.8" KERNEL ROWS PLANT HEIGHT 6.5' EAR HEIGHT 20-24" Outstanding eating quality Early uniform stand in cool soils Broad adaptability across Corn Belt 3474 seeds/pound Bodacious 75 RM EAR LENGTH 8" EAR DIAMETER 1.75" KERNEL ROWS 18 PLANT HEIGHT 7' EAR HEIGHT 20" Exceptionally tender Homozygous flavor that holds well after harvest Excellent for home gardens and roadside stands High ear placement Resistance to major diseases 2874 seeds/pound Incredible 84 RM EAR LENGTH 9.5" EAR DIAMETER 2.0" KERNEL ROWS 18 PLANT HEIGHT 8' EAR HEIGHT 30" Tall plants, tight husks Notably good husk protection Excellent main season Roadside and fresh market favorite High ear placement 3408 seeds/pound SWEET CORN Bi-color Sweet Corn Varieties Ambrosia 75 RM EAR LENGTH 8" EAR DIAMETER 2.0" KERNEL ROWS 16 PLANT HEIGHT 6.5' EAR HEIGHT 20" Superb eating quality Exceptional early vigor Excellent for gardens and roadside stands 2618 seeds/pound Peaches & Cream Home garden variety Excellent eating Good tip fill and superior taste An old time favorite Girthy ears Tight husks 3632 seeds/pound 83 RM We have many more Sweet Corn varieties to choose from. Call the office for your favorite if it is not listed above

12 CORN Relative Maturity CORN Brand Relative Maturity RM Special/Unique Characteristics NEW SB-46V94 95 Improved hybrid, same female, new pollinator. VT2PRIB 26-36, Better performance in wider area SB-45V97 97 Great choice for continuous corn-on-corn VT2PRIB 28-36, acres - dual purpose potential SS-45S97 97 Excellent defensive hybrid with wide SSRIB 26-34, adaptability K-45C98 98 Conventional version of SB-44R98 Conventional 30-40, SB-44R98 98 Fast drying hybrid that excels in high yield RR , environments. RR version of K-45C98 NEW K-46C99 98 Conventional version of SB-46R99. Same CONV 28-36, pollinator as K-45C98 but with new female NEW SB-46V98 98 Replaces SB-44V98 with a much larger area of VT2PRIB 28-36, adaptability, and higher yields NEW SB-46R99 99 Same genetics as our K-46C98, produces RR , consistent, girthy ears down the row - solid stalks K Plant health and yield potential surpass many Conventional 28-36, traited hybrids NEW K-46C Same genetics as our SS-44S00. Excellent yield CONV 32-40, potential with strong agronomics SB-44R Roundup version of K-1000 RR 30-39, Technology Pop. Range (in thousands) Early Vigor Staygreen Heat Units to Black Layer Stalk Strength Root Strength Drought Tolerance Kernel Rows Per Ear SS-44S Widely adaptable, top yielding hybrid, extremely good agronomics, excellent root system SB-44A Excellent choice for corn-on-corn acres, with dependable stalk strength SS-45S SmartStax RIB Complete version of SB-44V00, K-1000 & SB-44R00 SB-44V Medium-tall hybrid with very strong roots aiding nutrient uptake KX-44H Excellent late season plant integrity for added harvestability SB-44V02 DG 102 DroughtGuard protected hybrid adjusts to varying populations NEW SS-45S02DG 102 Sister hybrid to our SB-44V02DG. Sold in limited quantities in 2017 NEW SB-45V Introduced in very limited quantities in 2017, excellent yield potential & plant health SSRIB 32-40, GTA 28-34, Artesian SSRIB 28-36, VT2PRIB 30-39, E-Z 26-34, VT2PRIB + DroughtGuard 28-38, SSRIB Drought 28-38, guard hybrid VT2PRIB 32-36, Color Key = Conventional = Traited = RR2 = Organic = RFS Rating Key 9 = Excellent 5 = Average 1 = Unacceptable Technology SSRIB = RR2 + YGRW + 2nd Generation CB + Herculex BT + Herculex RW + RIB GENVT3PRIB = RR2 + YGCB + 2nd Generation CB + RW + RIB VT2PRIB = RR2 +2nd Generation CB + RIB GT/CB/LL = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL 3010A = Agrisure Artesian 3010A 3011A = Agrisure Artesian 3011A 3000GT = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW 3111 = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Viptera 3122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisurer RW + Herculex XTRA + E-Z Refuge 5122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Duracade + Herculex I + E-Z Refuge Herculex XTRA = CB/LL + RW + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms Herculex I = CB/LL + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms 12

13 Visit Our Web Site for Additional Information on These Hybrids Combine Ease Ability to Ear Pick Test Weight Fixed Ear Style Flex Plant Height Preferred Soil Types Leaf Canopy Corn on Continuous Corn Semi-flex M/T All soils - including continuous corn Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-46V Flex M/T Central Corn Belt and West Semi-upright Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-45V Flex T All soils with top management Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 8.5 SS-45S Flex M Use as a full season hybrid in its zone Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 K-45C98 Without Fungicide With Fungicide Tolerates Cold Soils Brand CORN Relative Maturity Flex M Use as a full season hybrid in its maturity zone Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 SB-44R Semi-flex M/T Best yields from highly productive soils Semi-erect Good Excellent 8.5 K-46C Semi-flex M/T All across the cornbelt within its maturity zone Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 9.0 SB-46V Semi-flex M/T Moderate to highly productive soils Semi-erect Good Excellent 8.5 SB-46R Flex M/T Performs well everywhere, however rotated soils Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.0 K-1000 always a plus Semi-fixed - M All across the cornbelt Semi-erect Very Good Very Good 8.0 K-46C Flex M/T Widely adapted across all soil types Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.0 SB-44R Semi-fixed - M Widely adaptable to all soils East to West Semi-upright Good Excellent 8.5 SS-44S Semi-flex M/T Broadly adapts to most all soil types East to West Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 9.0 SB-44A Flex M/T Widely adapted across all soil types Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.0 SS-45S Flex M/T Widely adapted across soil types. Traited version Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.0 SB-44V00 of K Semi-flex M/T Place on any soil or rotation at medium Standard Very Good Better 8.5 KX-44H02 populations Flex M All Semi-upright Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-44V02 DG Flex M Solid performance in all soils Semi-erect Good Excellent 8.0 SS-45S02DG Semi-flex M All soil types - if south of its zone, harvest timely Semi-erect Good Excellent 8.0 SB-45V03 Plant Height S = Short M/S = Medium-Short M = Medium M/T = Medium-Tall T = Tall Heat Units to Black Layer As a general rule, we use the formula 23.5 x maturity = Heat Units to Black Layer. We sometimes adjust these scores depending on the rate of drydown, quality of late season plant health, test weight, and in field experience. Using these formulas usually gets Heat Units to Black Layer pretty close. 13

14 CORN Relative Maturity NEW SB-46V94 95 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 An improved hybrid, same female, but with a new pollinator Now fits a wider range of environments, still giving top performance from east to west Outstanding tolerance to Goss s wilt, and gray leaf spot Improved stalk and root strength Exhibits very good staygreen and late season intactness Produces long, semi-flex ears, deep kernels, above average test weights, averaging kernel rows and good husk cover Average early season vigor with slower early growth Excellent choice for continuous corn-on-corn Two years testing against P9188AMX shows SB-46V94 with 18 bu yield advantage and half a point dryer Plant where Goss s wilt and gray leaf spot are a problem Good choice where reduced plant populations are needed Use in continuous corn environment SS-45S97 97 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 Widely adaptable from east to west Tall attractive plants with very good health Recommended hybrid for continuous corn-on-corn Excellent protection against Goss s wilt Positive response to high fertility and top management Semi-flex ear style with very good test weights Adequate husk cover to protect yield Can be planted north of its zone and still produce dry corn Very good protection against greensnap Use on continuous corn-on-corn acres Good protection against Goss s wilt disease Adapts well to variable soil types with good fertility SB-44R98 98 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 This exciting hybrid exhibits exceptional yield potential for maturity In three years of testing, it out yielded Pioneer P9675XR by 14.9 Bushels and DeKalb DKC48-12 by 6.3 bushels A fast drying hybrid, excels in high yield environments Very strong tolerance to Goss s wilt, northern leaf blight Solid hybrid in continuous corn-on-corn environments has shown a very positive response to fungicide applications Medium height plants Big, girthy ears with deep kernels Average test weights Sacrifices some late season plant health for yield Place on the most productive soils Use where Goss s wilt or northern leaf blight are concerns Best performance when used as a full season hybrid in zone SB-45V97 97 RM K-45C98 98 RM NEW K-46C99 98 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A great hybrid to use on those corn-on-corn acres and where Goss s wilt is a concern Best suited for central Corn Belt and west Has excellent silage data as well as impressive grain yields Big girthy ear style with semi-flex ability Average test weights Medium plant stature Puts all its energy into grain so late fall plant appearance gets a little ratty Excellent against common rust, gray leaf spot and northern leaf blight Position on those acres that have a history of Goss s wilt Excellent for grain or silage Great for continuous corn-on-corn CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Conventional version of SB-44R98 A fast drying hybrid, that excels in high yield environments Very strong tolerance to Goss s wilt, northern leaf blight Big girthy ears with deep kernels Has excellent silage potential. In 2015 testing produced 32,989 lbs. of milk per acre Solid hybrid in continuous corn-on-corn environments has shown a very positive response to fungicide applications Medium height plants Average test weights Sacrifices some late season plant health for yield Place on the most productive soils Use where Goss s wilt or northern leaf blight are concerns Best performance when used as a full season hybrid in zone CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8 Conventional version of SB-46R99 Same male as our K-45C98 but with a new female, giving this hybrid a wider area of adaptation, and adding 4-5 bu. yield Produces consistent, girthy, semi-flex ears down the row Averages kernel rows Has strong Goss s wilt and northern leaf blight tolerance Good candidate for continuous corn-on-corn Attractive, medium-tall plants with good, healthy stalks Excellent staygreen and fall intactness Shows good response to fungicide applications Best yields when planted in highly productive soils Great candidate for fields with a history of Goss s wilt and northern leaf blight Plant in those continuous corn acres Plant in most productive soils 14

15 NEW SB-46V98 98 RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Replaces SB-44V98 with a much larger area of adaptability, and higher yields Excellent top end yield potential Semi-flex ear style, with excellent test weights Great choice for those tougher soil environments Medium height plants, less trash through the combine Makes very good silage due to the ratio of grain to stalk Strong emergence, with excellent early plant vigor for early planting or in reduced tillage operations kernel rows Great choice for those tougher soils Could be used for earlage or high grain content silage Excellent for no-till or minimum till operations K RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 A proven performance leader Very good grain quality with good ear flex Long slender ear style with excellent tip fill Performs well across multiple soils and maturity zones Strong, solid root system Average score against Goss s wilt Shows positive response to fungicide applications Above average test weights Tolerates high plant populations, but doesn t require them 15 bushel yield advantage over Pioneer P9675XR Out performs many traited hybrids Performs well in all soil types Healthy enough for continuous corn For superior results, plant this hybrid in rotated soils 100 & 101 RM SB-44R00 & SS-45S01 CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 Proven yield performance Strong seedling vigor Excellent root system Strong stalks with good staygreen Tolerates high plant populations Average against Goss s wilt Medium-tall plants Very good ear length and flex Adequate husk cover to protect yield Trait protected version of K-1000 Great choice for earlage Doesn t require the most fertile soils to compete Plant where corn borer protection is needed use SS version Use when a tall hybrid is desired Will help increase overall test weights Will compete on lesser quality soils CORN Relative Maturity NEW SB-46R99 99 RM, NEW K-46C RM SS-44S RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8 New female seed parent gives hybrids a wider area of adaptation Produces consistent, girthy, semi-flex ears down the row Medium-tall plants with semi-upright leaf style Plant on moderate to highly productive soils Exhibits strong Goss s wilt and northern leaf blight tolerance Has good solid stalks, with adequate root system Shows excellent late season intactness Exhibits strong seeding vigor Red cobs with kernel rows Same pedigree as K-46C99 Plant on moderate to highly productive soils Use where Goss s wilt is a concern Healthy enough for corn-on-corn acres CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 Same great genetics as our popular SS-44S00 but now as conventional Excellent top-end yield potential with strong agronomics Widely adaptable across all soil types east to west Plants maintain very good late season intactness This hybrid has very good stress tolerance with a good overall disease package kernel rows, with semi-fixed ear style and good test weights Excellent hybrid from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Mountain States Top performance in those tough variable soils Good tolerance to Goss s wilt and other leaf diseases A good fungicide treatment will pay dividends CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 A very widely adaptable hybrid that performs exceptionally well from Upper New York down through Delaware and west to Washington State Extremely good versatility across all soil types Excellent top end yield potential with strong agronomics Excellent stress tolerance Excellent late season plant health Semi-fixed ear style dictates moderate to high plant populations for environment Medium height plants that combine operators desire Good tolerance to Goss s wilt, gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight, eye spot, common rust and stalk anthracnose Great choice for fields with a history of leaf diseases Top yield performance east to west Maintain top fertility and higher plant populations Traited version of K-46C

16 CORN Relative Maturity SB-44A RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 Artesian hybrid with excellent stalk quality Has protection from Glyphosate (Roundup ) chemicals Excellent early season vigor Strong, deep penetrating root system Medium-tall plants with good ear placement Very good tolerance to Goss s wilt and eye spot Average disease scores on other leaf and stalk diseases Semi-flex ear style with medium-high test weights In 2014 yield trials, out performed Pioneer P9690AM and DeKalb DKC46-20RIB by 1.9 bu and 8.1 bu respectively Adapts well to most soil types Great choice for continuous corn acres Has protection against Goss s wilt and eye spot Has Artesian water utilization technology SB-44V RM KX-44H RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8 Healthy, attractive plants with wide, dark green leaves Standard leaf canopy Girthy ears with very good grain quality Best performance at medium plant populations Excellent stalks and very solid root system Strong emergence and seedling vigor Excellent late season plant health Can move south of its maturity zone Tolerates all soil types and rotations Due to the refuge component in KX-44H02 not being tolerant to liberty herbicide do not spray this hybrid with any product containing Liberty herbicides Plant at medium populations Seedling vigor assures top stands in toughest environments Can be planted south as an early hybrid Protection against corn rootworm, corn borer, Liberty and Roundup herbicides SB-44V02 DG 102 RM NEW SS-45S02DG 102 RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Sister hybrid to SB-44V02DG, introduced to a limited number of growers in 2017 Impressive late season staygreen and intactness Shows excellent stress tolerance Medium statured plants, with strong stalks Very solid root structure Above average test weights with rapid drydown Ears have excellent flex, good girth, and very good length Tips fill nicely Performs well in all soil types Average leaf disease tolerance including Goss s wilt Good ear flex for varying plant populations Shows good response to fungicides NEW SB-45V RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 Proven yield performance Strong seedling vigor Excellent root system Strong stalks with good staygreen Tolerates high plant populations Average against Goss s wilt Medium-tall plants Very good ear length and flex Adequate husk cover to protect yield Trait protected version of K-1000 Great choice for earlage Doesn t require the most fertile soils to compete Plant where corn borer protection is needed Use when a tall hybrid is desired Will help increase overall test weights 16 CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Yield winning hybrid with DroughtGard protection Impressive late season staygreen and intactness Strong yield potential with excellent stress tolerance Medium statured plants Strong stalks and roots Full ear flex Good ear girth Good test weights Average protection against Goss s wilt disease Performs well in all soil types Great choice for continuous corn acres Positive response to fungicides Adapts to all soils CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 7.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 Introduced in a very limited quantity in 2017 Great yield potential in a fast drying hybrid Excellent tolerance to greensnap, and southern leaf blight Girthy, semi-flex ear style kernel rows Positive yield response to fungicides Good tolerance to Goss s wilt, eye spot, and diplodia Great hybrid for central and west, excellent in the east Short husk cover, be aware if planting in bird flyways A semi-erect leaf angle Shoot for plant populations in the range of 32-36,000 Harvest early when grown in southern areas Shows good tolerance to drought prone soils Excellent hybrid for western zone, and southern Dakotas Use in high disease pressure environments Good performance in all soil types Does extremely well in S WI, Across S MN, N IA and into E SD

17 17 CORN Relative Maturity 103

18 CORN Relative Maturity CORN Brand Color Key = Conventional = Traited = RR2 = Organic = RFS Rating Key 9 = Excellent 5 = Average 1 = Unacceptable Relative Maturity RM Special/Unique Characteristics NEW SS-46S Replaces SS-45S03 with more yield, higher test SSRIB 32-41, weight, and healthier stalks SS-45S Use to achieve plot winning yields SSRIB 32-40, Technology SS-45S Very competitive across all yield environments SSRIB 32-42, SB-45R Same as K-45C04 RR , K-44C Very high yielding conventional hybrid with top Conventional 28-34, disease tolerance KX-44H Exceptional emergence, seedling vigor and 3122E-Z 28-38, canopy for early plantings NEW SB-46V Previously sold as SB-1005VT3 PRO RIB but now VT2PRIB 29-37, as VT2PRIB NEW SB-46T Previously sold as SB-1005VT3 PRO RIB GENVT3PRIB 29-37, NEW SS-44S Improved hybrid, same female, new pollinator. SSRIB 30-42, Very impressive disease tolerance SB-45R High yield potential with strong overall RR , disease tolerance NEW SB-45V Same genetics as SS-44S05. Impressive VT2PRIB 28-36, tolerance to Goss's wilt, NCB, and GLS NEW SB-46R Same genetics as our SB45V08. Strong tolerance RR , to Goss's wilt & GLS K-44C Solid agronomic qualities including strong stalks Conventional 30-38, SS-45S Can be grown north of its zone and still produce SSRIB 32-42, dry grain SB-45V Dominating hybrid, great disease protection VT2PRIB 26-36, SB-45R Strong disease tolerance with big yield potential RR , SB-44V Responds to good fertility and high management. Avoid continuous corn with Goss's history K-45C High yielding conventional with excellent disease tolerance SS-45S Can tolerate being grown both north & south of its zone SS-44S A full season hybrid, good greensnap tolerance, needs a fungicide for continuous corn SB-45V Grow on every acre from southern WI south into Mexico Technology SSRIB = RR2 + YGRW + 2nd Generation CB + Herculex BT + Herculex RW + RIB GENVT3PRIB = RR2 + YGCB + 2nd Generation CB + RW + RIB VT2PRIB = RR2 +2nd Generation CB + RIB GT/CB/LL = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL 3010A = Agrisure Artesian 3010A 3011A = Agrisure Artesian 3011A 3000GT = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW Pop. Range (in thousands) Early Vigor Staygreen Heat Units to Black Layer Stalk Strength Root Strength Drought Tolerance Kernel Rows Per Ear VT2PRIB 32-38, Conventional 32-39, SSRIB 32-40, SSRIB 28-36, VT2PRIB 34-42, = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Viptera 3122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisurer RW + Herculex XTRA + E-Z Refuge 5122 E-Z = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB/LL + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Duracade + Herculex I + E-Z Refuge Herculex XTRA = CB/LL + RW + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms Herculex I = CB/LL + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms

19 Visit Our Web Site for Additional Information on These Hybrids Combine Ease Ability to Ear Pick Test Weight Fixed Ear Style Flex Plant Height Preferred Soil Types Leaf Canopy Corn on Continuous Corn Semi-flex M/T Moderate to highly productive soils Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 9.0 SS-46S Fixed - M/T Highly productive Semi-upright Good Excellent 8.5 SS-45S Semi-fixed - M/T Top managed soils Semi-upright Good Excellent 8.5 SS-45S Flex M/T Fields with high nitrogen management Semi-upright Very Good Excellent 8.5 SB-45R04 Without Fungicide With Fungicide Tolerates Cold Soils Brand CORN Relative Maturity Flex M/T Fields with high nitrogen management Semi-upright Very Good Excellent 8.5 K-44C Semi-flex M/T Plant in any soil type at medium populations Standard Very good Excellent 9.0 KX-44H Fixed - M/T All soil types including tougher environments Erect Good Very Good 8.5 SB-46V Fixed - M/T All soil types including tougher environments Erect Good Very Good 8.5 SB-46T Semi-flex M Best if kept on highly productive soils Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.0 SS-44S Flex T Medium to well drained Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-45R Semi-flex M/T All across the Corn Belt, continuous corn or south Semi- erect Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-45V05 of its maturity zone Flex T Excellent yield performance in less productive Semi erect Good Excellent 8.5 SB-46R08 and highly productive soils Flex M/T Position on fertile, well drained soils for Semi-erect Very Good Very Good 8.5 K-44C08 maximum yield performance Fixed - M/T Highly managed Erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 SS-45S Flex M/T All Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 SB-45V Flex T Well drained Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.0 SB-45R Semi-flex M All soils East to West with high fertility and high Upright Good Very Good 8.5 SB-44V10 management and no Goss's wilt history Flex M All Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 K-45C Flex M/T All Erect Good Very Good 8.5 SS-45S Semi-flex M All, except continuous corn unless a fungicide Upright Poor Good 8.0 SS-44S14 is applied Semi-flex M All Semi-erect Good Very Good 9.0 SB-45V15 Plant Height S = Short M/S = Medium-Short M = Medium M/T = Medium-Tall T = Tall Heat Units to Black Layer As a general rule, we use the formula 23.5 x maturity = Heat Units to Black Layer. We sometimes adjust these scores depending on the rate of drydown, quality of late season plant health, test weight, and in field experience. Using these formulas usually gets Heat Units to Black Layer pretty close. 19

20 CORN Relative Maturity NEW SS-46S RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Can replace SS-45S03 with more yield, higher test weights, and healthier stalks Very solid roots and stalks kernel rows with high test weights Excellent early vigor makes SS-46S03 a great choice for minimum/no-till operations Excellent seedling vigor for early planting or planting into cooler soils Very strong Goss s wilt tolerance with low risk of greensnap Semi-flex ear style Tolerates medium to high plant populations Has increased bred-in anthracnose stalk resistance Tolerates multiple planting populations Good disease tolerance to Goss s wilt Use to increase average test weight Improved hybrid over SS-45S03 SS-45S RM SS-45S RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Very strong performance all across the Corn Belt Rewards irrigation environments north to south Very good Goss s wilt tolerance Competitive yields across all environments Rewards high fertility and top management Fungicide helps with gray leaf spot disease Good tolerance to all other leaf diseases Semi-flex ear style with timely irrigation helping in kernel depth Excellent test weights Medium-high ear height on medium-tall plants For top yield, needs top management Rewards application of fungicide Needs medium to high plant populations 104 RM SB-45R04 & K-44C04 KX-44H RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 Robust plants with standard canopy Blocky ears with deep kernels Average test weights Very strong stalks with deep roots Exceptionally strong emergence and seedling vigor Excellent ear flex to maximize yield potential under favorable growing conditions Very good stress tolerance helps to maintain stature and yield, even on the lightest of soils Plant on any soil type at moderate plant populations for best tip fill and girth Due to the refuge component in KX-44H05 not being tolerant to liberty herbicide do not spray this hybrid with any product containing Liberty herbicides Plant on any soil type Keep plant populations on the high side Well suited as a dual purpose hybrid in product mix NEW 105 RM SB-46V05 SB-46T05 CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 This top yielding hybrid competes very nicely against Pioneer s P0216 AMR Enhanced Goss s wilt tolerance for the day maturity zone Best performance at higher plant populations and higher nitrogen levels Puts everything into yield, so harvest timely Fixed ear style Medium-tall plants Everyone in Iowa, southern WI, southern MN on into SD needs to plant this hybrid Adapts to the eastern Corn Belt also Plant at high plant populations Fertilize to high levels Apply extra nitrogen for top yields CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Strongest yield performance when kept in the 105 day maturity zone Medium-tall plants Very good ear girth and flex Impressive late season plant intactness Positive yield response to intense nitrogen management Excellent tolerance to Goss s wilt Best yields from moderate to highly productive soils Average test weights Works well in continuous corn-on-corn Has excellent silage quality, out performing Mycogen s MF2F488 Can be used for grain or silage Positive response to intense nitrogen management Very tolerant of Goss s wilt CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 Although this trait combination is new to Kussmaul Seeds, the base hybrid is not, as growers have been buying this hybrid as SB-1005VT3 Genuity VT Triple PRO Corn Blend This hybrid features very good agronomics Ears are fixed style, are very uniform down the row, have short shanks, and very good husk cover Plant height is medium so less trash goes through the combine Test weights are above average Very good seeding vigor kernel rows Leaf habitat is moderately erect Plant as a defensive hybrid in tougher environments Adjust populations to match soil and fertility levels Use where other hybrids fail This hybrid is available as GENVT3P RIB 20

21 NEW 105 RM SB-45V05 & SS-44S05 CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Not a completely new set of hybrids, just a new male This change adds over 13 bu of yield Very impressive disease tolerance, including Goss s wilt, northern leaf blight, and gray leaf spot Allows it to excel at medium to high plant populations Gives improved stalk and root strength, lowering the risk of greensnap Increases drought tolerance, improves late season plant intactness Expect top yields on moderate to highly productive soils, as well as less productive soils with decreased plant populations Produces ears averaging kernel rows. Semi-flex ear style, good girth, and average test weights For highest yields, place on highly productive soils Can be grown in any environment across the Corn Belt Biggest yields at higher populations NEW SB-46R RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Same genetics as our SB-45V08 Has a history of dominant yield performance in this maturity Very strong tolerance to Goss s wilt and gray leaf spot Great scores in both late season staygreen and plant intactness Consistent ear development, with very deep kernels Average to average plus in test weight kernel rows Great performance in less productive, on up to highly productive soils Also has excellent silage quality Use to push that 300 bu yield goal Plant wherever Goss s wilt and gray leaf spot are a problem Can move south of its maturity zone for an early hybrid SS-45S RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A widely adaptable hybrid that produces top performance from the Atlantic Ocean out to California Very good Goss s wilt tolerance Excellent leaf blight protection Very good staygreen and late season plant intactness Positive response to high management Semi-fixed ear style means plant populations must be kept medium to high Can be planted late and still make great yields Can be planted north as far as farmers usually plant 105 day hybrid Husks remain tight until moisture drops to 25% Can be planted north Great leaf protection Keep plant populations high CORN Relative Maturity SB-45R RM K-44C RM SB-45V RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8 An attractive hybrid with very good grain quality Has high test weights Excellent ear flex Best performance on medium to well drained soils Very consistent ear size down the row Good husk cover Tall hybrid Out yielded Pioneer s PO533 AMI by over 25 Bu Does not require high populations Excellent defensive hybrid Great protection against Goss s wilt Keep off wet, heavy soils Let soils warm up before planting Use in fields where Goss s wilt is a concern CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Medium-tall hybrid with wide, dark green leaves Full-flex ears of good quality grain Very healthy stalks Good strong emergence and seedling vigor Great choice for no-till or minimum till practices Top plant health and stay green for conventional hybrid Strong agronomics Excels as a medium to late maturity hybrid Fits all soils and rotation practices Fits all across the southern Corn Belt Place on fertile, well drained soils for maximum yield Tolerates early planting Healthy enough for continuous corn-on-corn CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 Dominate yield performance over 3 years testing Has excellent yield data as a silage hybrid also Strong tolerance to Goss s wilt and gray leaf spot Excellent late season staygreen and intactness Very consistent ear size down the row Excellent ear flex with very deep kernels Great ability to move south of its maturity zone Performs in less productive through highly productive soils Plant on every farm in the day range Strong seedling vigor for fast starts Can be grown for grain or silage Strong protection against Goss s wilt and gray leaf spot Be sure to plant some as it will dominate this maturity zone Full traited version of SB-46R

22 CORN Relative Maturity SB-45R RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Out yields Pioneer s P0533 AMI by over 33 bu per acre three years testing! Taller hybrid with very good standability Excellent fall plant intactness Best performances on medium to well drained soils Strong overall disease package, including top resistance to Goss s wilt Excellent ear flex Average plus test weights Strong seedling vigor Strong, solid root system Use to shoot for big, big yields Excellent disease tolerance Plant on well drained soils K-45C RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 Plant this hybrid and shoot for the 300 bu club Best yields at medium to high plant populations Very strong agronomics, coupled with great disease package and healthy stalks Consistent ear development with deep kernels Good ear girth and flex Medium height plants Excellent roots Good solid test weight grain Very strong fall intactness and health Yields right beside Pioneer s P0987 hybrid Good tolerance to Goss s wilt Can be used in continuous corn Can tolerate higher plant populations SS-44S RM CORN ON CORN 5 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A medium hybrid with very good yield that must have a fungicide application for continuous corn-on-corn environments Good tolerance to Goss s wilt, stalk anthracnose, and southern leaf blight Very good stalk and root strength Very good green snap tolerance Yields well irrigated or non-irrigated Adapts to a very wide area of the Corn Belt Plant from northern IL through TX and down the East Coast Very nice tip fill Fully upright leaf canopy Plant at moderate to high plant population For continuous corn, use a fungicide Maintain good fertility SB-44V RM SS-45S RM SB-45V RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 A widely adapted hybrid; performs well east to west Positive response to fungicides and high management Avoid corn-on-corn in Goss s wilt areas Very good disease rating against common leaf and stalk diseases (except Goss s wilt) Good early plant vigor Extremely good stalks and roots, with excellent tolerance to greensnap Semi-flex ear style Very nice grain quality Can move south into central Missouri, northern Kansas and out to Delaware Keep in the eastern half of the western Corn Belt and east to Delaware Do not plant where Goss s wilt is a concern Keep on fertile soils with good management Maintain moderate to higher plant populations 22 CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 9 STALKS 8 8. ROOTS 8.5 This unique hybrid can be planted from as far north as the bottom 1/3 of Wisconsin down into Texas and from Delaware out to California Very strong yield potential across a wide range of environments Has ability to move both north and south of its zones Very good ear flex Good protection against Goss s wilt Average tolerance to gray leaf spot and stalk anthracnose Shows very good positive yield response to irrigation Irrigation a plus Tolerates Goss s wilt Very adaptable hybrid CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 This hybrid should be on every farm from southern Wisconsin down to Mexico Great yield potential over a broad range of environments Very consistent performance across soil types Excellent grain quality and high test weights Strong drought tolerance Strong tolerance to Goss s wilt Good staygreen and late season plant integrity Semi-flex ear style Medium height plants Can also move north as well as south of its zone If you can plant 110 day corn, you can grow this hybrid Good disease tolerance Consistent and adaptable hybrid Reminiscent of old reliable KS-115AA

23 VALUE PRICED CORN Relative Maturity 82 Value Priced Hybrids This is a list of hybrids we will no longer be offering. First come, first served. Absolutely no return of these hybrids will be accepted. Germination tests will be conducted on these hybrids winter to determine saleability. These hybrids are available in assorted grades and weights. Quantities are limited on some hybrids. These hybrids represent great value. SB 44V82 82 RM CORN ON CORN 8 DISEASE TOLERANCE 7.5 EAR FLEX SEMI-FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MED LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 9 HIGH POPULATION TOL 8.5 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 9 GOSS'S WILT TOL 4.5 Good top-end yields with rapid drydown Excellent seeding vigor Good test weight Strong stalk and root system Good performance in all soil types Do not use where Goss s wilt is a concern Use to help increase overall test weight Good choice for early planting/no till acres 23

24 VALUE PRICED CORN Relative Maturity RM RFS 883 & RFS 883RR CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FLEX TEST WEIGHT SILAGE STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT TALL LEAF ANGLE STANDARD EARLY VIGOR 8 HIGH POPULATION TOL 28-30,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 9 Available as conventional and Roundup Ready tolerant Ultra early silage with the leafy gene White cob hybrid Lots of yellow grain in the pile Also makes good earlage Use in the North, or elsewhere as an early option Healthy enough to leave standing for earlage Remember, it is not how big the pile is, but what is in the pile that counts SB-44R89 89 RM CORN ON CORN 9 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8.5 EAR FLEX 8.5 TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 9 PLANT HEIGHT MED LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 9 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 8.5 Was previously sold as SB-1089RR Flex ear style Excellent drought and stress hybrid makes this a great choice for western markets Solid stalks and roots Positive response to higher plant populations Good tolerance to Goss s wilt Average test weights Good solid choice for continuous corn acres K-44C91 CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 7 90 RM DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FIXED TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 9 HIGH POPULATION TOL 28-32,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7 A fixed ear style hybrid with potential to yield with traited hybrids Ideal around the Great Lakes where it is cool at night Strong stalks Average disease tolerance Needs medium/high populations with good fertility Medium-tall hybrid Excellent early vigor Not a western hybrid SB-44R85 85RM KX RM GL-1190DC 90 RM CORN ON CORN 8 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX SEMI-FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MEDIUM LEAF ANGLE SEMI-ERECT EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 7.5 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 9 GOSS'S WILT TOL 4.5 Good yield performance across environments, especially lower yielding conditions Shows good drought stress tolerance Semi-flex ear style with good husk cover Good strength against greensnap Don t plant where Goss s wilt is a concern Don t plant south of its maturity zone Maintain good fertility for environment 24 CORN ON CORN DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FIXED 8.5 TEST WEIGHT 7 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8 HIGH POPULATION TOL 28-34,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7.5 Same genetics as our old GL-1190 DC Good choice for early markets east to west Very solid stalks, good, rapid drydown Best in rotated soils with high fertility Has nice grain quality Fixed ear style dictates higher populations Don t plant in continuous corn-on-corn acres Keep plant populations on the higher side Makes excellent earlage CORN ON CORN 8.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 9 EAR FLEX FIXED TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 8.5 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 5.5 Dual modes of action against both corn borer, corn rootworm and other yield robbing pests Protect against Lepidopteran pests such as corn earworm, western bean cutworm, black cutworm, fall armyworm and stalk borer Medium-tall plants with excellent stalks and solid roots Fixed ear type, with medium test weights Must be market channeled, know where you will sell the grain prior to planting Use where a different form of rootworm protection is desired Must be market channeled USDA research reports up to 99.79% reduction in beetle emergence

25 SB-44V95 92 RM CORN ON CORN 9 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8.5 EAR FLEX FIXED TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 30-38,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7 VT Double PRO version of our SS-44S90 Very consistent ear size Flowers early Fixed ear style Position away from fields with a history of Goss s wilt Good tolerance to greensnap Position on better soils with high management Strongest performance in central Corn Belt and east Plant at highest population for environment & management practices SS-44S88 88 RM CORN ON CORN 8 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MEDIUM LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 9 HIGH POPULATION TOL 9 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 8 GOSS'S WILT TOL 4.5 Very consistent yield performance Excellent seeding vigor Good choice for corn on corn Excellent roots and stalks Plant in all soil types with good fertility Avoid fields with Goss s wilt disease Great choice for early planting SB-44V98 98 RM CORN ON CORN 8 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX SEMI-FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MEDIUM LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 8 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 8 GOSS'S WILT TOL 8.5 Has ability to move south as an early hybrid Agronomics allow highest plant population for soil type Very good heat and drought tolerance Good tolerance to green snap Only big sized seed available Good tolerance to Gross s wilt Great Performance in the central Corn Belt and west Medium height easy combining VALUE PRICED CORN Relative Maturity SS-44S95 95 RM KX-44H98 98 RM SS-44S RM CORN ON CORN 7.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FIXED TEST WEIGHT 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 7.5 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8 HIGH POPULATION TOL 30-40,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 8.5 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7.5 SmartStax RIB Complete version of our SB-44R96 Well suited for continuous corn fields without a history of Goss s wilt disease Flowers early for maturity Fixed ear type with good girth and kernel depth Good fall plant intactness Do not plant in fields with a history of Goss s wilt Highest yield reward at higher plant populations and with top fertility Best as a medium to full season hybrid CORN ON CORN 8.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8 EAR FLEX FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT 8 LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8 HIGH POPULATION TOL 8.5 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7.5 GOSS'S WILT TOL 5 Only large seed available Full flex ear style, excellent grain quality Good option for continuous corn Excellent tip fill Good agronomics Due to the refuge component in KX-44H98 not being tolerant to liberty herbicide do not spray this hybrid with any product containing Liberty herbicides Place on best soils, with top fertility Do not plant in tight clays Use wherever root warm pressure is high CORN ON CORN 8.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 9 EAR FLEX SEMI-FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8.5 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT MED/TALL LEAF ANGLE UPRIGHT EARLY VIGOR 8 HIGH POPULATION TOL 32-38,000 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7.5 Top of the line staygreen, fall intactness and standability Larger plant type with silage potential for those needing full plant protection Flowers late for maturity Prefers soils with higher fertility and top management Semi-flex ear style with deep kernels Positive yield response to higher plant populations Has good tolerance to Goss s wilt and other leaf diseases Plant early as it flowers late for maturity 25

26 VALUE PRICED CORN Relative Maturity SB-1008RR 108 RM CORN ON CORN 9 DISEASE TOLERANCE 8.5 EAR FLEX FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 9 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 9 GOSS'S WILT TOL 7 Handles drought and heat stress very well Tall hybrid with medium ear placement Solid stalks big root system Good ear flex Good performance in all soils Plant in any field or soil type Handles wide range of populations Excellent choice for cash grain producer GL-1010GT 110 RM CORN ON CORN 8.5 DISEASE TOLERANCE 9 EAR FLEX FLEX TEST WEIGHT 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 DROUGHT TOLERANCE 8.5 PLANT HEIGHT TALL LEAF ANGLE SE EARLY VIGOR 8.5 HIGH POPULATION TOL 8 EAR GIRTH HIGH FERTILITY 9 HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE SOIL 9 POORER SOIL TYPES 7.5 Plant where Goss wilt is a concern Great protection from all major leaf diseases Moves north and south of its maturity zone Rapid drydown for longer harvest window Good husk cover to protect yield Place on the most productive soils Plant early because of late flowering Use where a defensive hybrid is needed 26

27 Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) Kussmaul Seeds develops hybrids that benefit producers. Corn silage is becoming the feed that dairy and beef producers are relying on to meet the nutritional needs of their animals. Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) hybrids have higher levels of digestible nutrients per acre than dual-purpose corns. This translates into more milk and meat per acre! With normal corn plants, the stalk contributes 17-20% of the plant s total dry matter weight. Of this dry matter, the inner pith is more digestible than the outer rind. Kussmaul Seeds has produced RFS hybrids with a thinner outer rind and increased inner pith. The end result is a stalk that is more digestible. These hybrids also produce more leaves than normal grain hybrids. These hybrids have up to five more leaves above the ear, which contributes to more available protein to the rumen stomach. And with the extra leaves, there is more sugar in the plant. RFS hybrids are selected not just for tonnage, but for their ability to produce high grain yields. Kernels will have a softer texture, being 5-7% wetter than conventional hybrids of the same maturity. A higher percent of both stalk, and grain is available for digestion with RFS silage hybrids over conventional grain hybrids. With Kussmaul s RFS varieties, you will get more milk and more pounds of gain from the same size silo, bunker, or pile over regular grain hybrids. Key Features More tons per acre Soft kernel texture Thinner, more digestible stalk rinds Plant populations between 24-28,000 seeds per acre The value of RFS Hybrids RFS hybrids supply valuable nutritional characteristics, high yields and give our customers an economic advantage to produce them. To meet our Slect-Bred criteria, they must have: A high grain to stalk ratio Have an elevated sugar and protein content over dualpurpose corns Have excellent plant health We also screen for stalk flexibility, early flowering, slow drydown and soft kernel texture Reduced plant populations: The outer rind of the stalk is all lignin, which is not digestible to the cattle s rumen stomach. Reducing the population, results in fatter stalks, with more digestible inner pith. Growers have a longer harvest window with the slower drydown of RFS hybrids. This enables the grower to cut more tons at the most desirable harvest stage. RFS hybrids appear to be higher in moisture than they actually are, so be sure to keep a close eye on them as harvest season approaches. Named after the leafy gene that produces a distinctive plant with 8 or more leaves above the top ear, the advantages of growing and feeding a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid begin with these extra leaves. but the benefits don't end there Strong Agronomics Environment and management decisions have an impact on all crops, but Leafy Hybrids offers the grower some unique agronomic benefits in addition to the excellent agronomics that are required of any successful corn hybrid: A Leafy has tremendous spring vigor and quickly produces a thick canopy. This reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground for the competing weeds, even when the Leafy is planted at the recommended 28,000 to 30,000 plants per acre (70,000-75,000 pph). A Leafy is more likely to flex than break in a foul weather event. Leafies have been bred to produce ears that are positioned relatively low on tall flexible stalks. Leafies have been selected to resist ear molds that can be responsible for the mycotoxins that ruin feed. High Total Plant Yield Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids are bred to produce a high yield of digestible fiber and starch. Leafy s extra leaves above the ear increase the leaf area index of the plant, allowing for more sugar production. These sugars are converted to starch in the ear. Leafies have flex-type ears and the extra leaves of a Leafy help to develop and fill those ears with starch. Extra leaves also increase tonnage. A Leafy crop stands taller and fuller than non-leafy hybrids that are planted in the same location. Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids must be planted at low populations of 28,000-30,000 plants per acre (70,000-75,000 pph) to realize their optimal yield, but because each plant produces more dry matter than a dual purpose hybrid, you can realize top yields with less seed. Long Harvest Window Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids are bred to extend the ideal silage harvest window. They are selected for a slower and complimentary rate of drydown in both the plant and ear components. The whole plant stays near the ideal silage moisture level of 65% moisture and 50% kernel milkline for a longer period of time compared to dual purpose hybrids. Dairy producers are more likely to chop and store the best quality feed with this extended harvest window. RFS CORN 27

28 RFS CORN Relative Maturity RFS CORN Brand Relative Maturity Special/Unique Characteristics RM RFS Leafy & floury cross, excellent digestibility, white cob hybrid RFS-2095RR 95 Leafy & floury cross, excellent digestibility, white cob hybrid NEW RFS-44C99FF 100 First full flowery hybrid to hit the market. Will have a positive influence on animal intake RFS-4400FRR 100 Leafy x floury x RR2 hybrid can withstand higher populations Technology Pop. Range (in thousands) Early vigor Staygreen Heat Units to Black Layer Stalk Strength Root Strength Drought Tolerance Kernel Rows Per Ear Leafy floury/ 26-30, Conventional Leafy floury/rr , Leafy CONV 28-32, RR2-Leafy Floury 28-34, RFS-4401SS 101 Leafy hybrid with SS RIB protection Leafy & SSRIB 28-32, RFS-1005RR 105 Leafy & floury cross with very high fiber and starch Leafy floury/rr , digestibility, white cob hybrid NEW RFS-4405SS 105 Excellent agronomics, strong tolerance to Goss's wilt, plus RR, CB, RW, & herbicide protection in a leafy hybrid Leafy and SSRIB 28-32, RFS-1006QuadVIP 106 High grain content in the silage Leafy/ , RFS-2008RR 108 Top maturity for dairies in Wisconsin's long Leafy/RR , harvest window RFS-4410HXT 110 Has very good natural corn borer tolerance Herc XTRA 28-32, More Information on RFS Corn Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) Plant Population for Leafy and Floury Leafy Hybrids Leafy, The Right Choice for Silage Production Time to Rethink Your Corn Silage Variety Selection How to Properly Sample Silage

29 For Additional Information About RFS Hybrids See Pages Combine Ease Ability to Ear Pick Fixed Ear Style Flex Plant Height Preferred Soil Types Leaf Canopy Corn on Continuous Corn Chop Earlage - Semi-flex T All zones, maintain fertility & micronutrients Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 9.0 RFS-2095 Chop Earlage - Semi-flex T All zones, maintain fertility & micronutrients Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 9.0 RFS-2095RR Chop Earlage - Flex T Everywhere within its maturity zone Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 9.0 RFS-44C99FF No Yes - Flex T All Droopy Good Very Good 8.5 RFS-4400F-RR No Not - Flex M/T All Droopy Good Very Good 8.5 RFS-4401SS Recommended Chop Earlage - Flex T Best placement is on dairy acres, extra Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 RFS-1005RR manure a plus Chop Earlage - Flex T Great performance in all environments Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 8.0 RFS-44O5SS Without Fungicide With Fungicide Tolerates Cold Soils Brand RFS CORN Relative Maturity Chop Not Recommended - Flex T Avoid poorly drained soil Semi-erect RFS- 1006QuadVIP Chop Earlage - Semi-flex T All zones in maturity, all soil profiles Semi-erect Excellent Excellent 8.5 RFS-2008RR Flex M/T All Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 8.5 RFS-4410HXT Color Key = Conventional = Traited = RR2 = Organic = RFS Heat Units to Black Layer As a general rule, we use the formula 23.5 x maturity = Heat Units to Black Layer. We sometimes adjust these scores depending on the rate of drydown, quality of late season plant health, test weight, and in field experience. Using these formulas usually gets Heat Units to Black Layer pretty close. Technology GENSSRIB = RR2 + YGRW + 2nd Generation CB + Herculex BT + Herculex RW + RIB VT2ProRIB = RR2 + 2nd Generation CB + RIB GTCBLL = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB + LL Quad(3000GT) = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB + Agrisure RW + LL Quad VIP = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Viptera + LL A3122 = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB + Agrisure RW + Herculex XTRA + LL VT3ProRIB = RR2 + YGCB + 2nd Generation CB + RIB Agrisure Duracade = Agrisure GT + Agrisure CB + Agrisure RW + Agrisure Duracade + (5122) Herlulex I + LL + RIB Herculex XTRA = CB + RW + LL + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms Herculex I = CB + LL + Cutworms + Earworms + Stalk Borers + Armyworms Rating Key 9 = Excellent 5 = Average 1 = Unacceptable Plant Height S = Short M/S = Medium-Short M = Medium M/T = Medium-Tall T = Tall 29

30 RFS CORN Relative Maturity RFS-2095RR & 95 RM RFS-2095 CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS ROOTS Floury leafy hybrid with 25% of the kernels on each ear floury (no hard starch) remaining 75% of kernels quite soft White cob variety with very high starch digestibility Fiber digestibility is plus Excellent cool temperature emergence and early growth Puts 11 leaves above the ear Very good stress tolerance when populations are kept around 28,000 in 30 rows Has a very high, stable yield Use this hybrid to improve milk production Keep populations around 28,000 Use as silage only to improve milk production Place on better soils Great choice for high corn silage rations NEW RFS-44C99FF 100 RM RFS-4400FRR 100 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 A floury cross that is vigorous, robust and matures slowly, giving an ideal, long harvest period Starch digestibility and NDFd values are all very high Has excellent stress tolerance Can withstand plant populations as high as 34,000 Has 8-10 leaves above the ear Leaves are shorter and wide, making for very attractive plants White cob 7-hour ruminal starch digestion testing show a high percentage of digestion compared to straight leafy hybrids Use as a silage only hybrid Can withstand higher plant population Plant in fields where leaf diseases take a toll on other hybrids RFS-4401 SS 101 RM RFS-1005RR 105 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 All dairy farmers should be planting this hybrid for their silage variety Floury and leafy cross, where 25% of the kernels will be totally floury, and the remaining 75% will be typically leafy kernels 8-9 leaves above the ear High tonnage, with very high fiber and starch digestibility Pink cob, girthy, flexible ear style Excellent staygreen Very wide harvest window Stalks have good flexibility Shoot for a harvest population of between 26-30,000 PPA Don t plant more than you can chop Starch and standability are both depressed by increasing plant population NEW RFS-4405SS 105 RM CONVENTIONAL CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 9 ROOTS 9 The very first full flowery hybrid to hit the market Shows excellent agronomics Very good feed quality, with excellent short storage ensiling prior to feeding Has longer harvest window than grain hybrids Has the white cob silage guys desire Full ear flex with kernel rows 11 leaves above the ear Has long stay green, resistance to common rust, NCLB, and eyespot Available only as a conventional until trait integration can be completed in 2-3 years The high starch digestibility of a full flowery hybrid can reduce ration costs Use for silage or earlage Requires less storage time prior to feeding CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 A SmartStax RIB Complete X Leafy hybrid that balances high yields of both digestible fiber and digestible starch High fiber content to promote rumination and rumen retention Moderately tall hybrid with 9-10 leaves above the ear White cob hybrid Silage will have high grain content with large, energy rich ears Stalks are adequate for silage production Shorter bunker time required before feeding saves dry matter loss Extra leaves above the ear promote more sugar production that is converted to starch in the ear Plant where rootworm, corn borer and herbicide protection are needed in a silage hybrid Stalk strength is adequate for silage production however; don t leave in the field for grain harvest Use where high milk production is desired CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 The benefits of a leafy silage hybrid protected by both above and below ground pests, and having roundup technology too Excellent agronomics, with very strong tolerance to Goss s wilt Big, girthy ears, with good length and flex White cob, featuring kernel rows 11 to 12 leaves above the ear High starch content Adapts to fit any ration Long harvest windows, with short storage requirement Great choice for those tough corn on corn acres Relatively long harvest window, short ensiling period prior to feeding Great agronomics including Goss's wilt tolerance 30

31 RFS-1006QuadVIP 106 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 9 ROOTS 8.5 A silage variety that features high tonnage with excellent feedability and improved starch digestibility Fully protected against both above ground, as well as below ground pests Red cob hybrid Very good seedling vigor for faster starts to the growing season Expect taller plants than RFS-610 GT Semi-erect leaf habitat Long-slender, full flex ear style provides extra grain in the silage Avoid poorly drained soils Use in acres that have high corn borer pressure Rootworm trait protects roots for continuous corn-on-corn planting RFS-4410 HXT 110 RM CORN ON CORN 9 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 9 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8.5 Non-leafy silage hybrid 2 years silage testing revealed 33,297 lbs. milk per acre, 3,370 lbs. milk per ton and 37.5% starch Red cob hybrid Has excellent late season intactness and staygreen Healthy enough to leave standing and use for grain Good ear girth and flex Excellent tolerance to gray leaf spot, Goss s wilt and northern leaf blight, with natural corn borer tolerance Perfect choice for corn-on-corn acres Makes excellent earlage HXT = Herculex corn borer, Herculex rootworm and LL tolerance Non-Leafy Silage Hybrid Alternatives The following list of hybrids has also been selected as excellent silage hybrids. Although these hybrids are not Leafy Crosses, they are high in fiber and starch content, as well as good tonnage. Kussmaul Seeds recommends that silage producers plant the majority of their acres to RFS-Leafy type hybrids. Then finish up with, or plant one of the following varieties in fields where final usage is not determined yet. These hybrids would also be great choices for earlage. SB-45V94 Red cob Page 10 SB 45V97 Red cob Page 14 K-45C98/SB-44R98 Pink cob Page 14 K-44C04/SB-45R04 Pink cob Page 20 SB-45V08/SB-46R08 Pink cob Page 21 K-45C90 Red cob Page 9 SB-45R90 Red cob Page 9 SS-44S89 Red cob Page 9 SS-44S92 Red cob Page 11 SB-44R92 Red cob Page 11 SB-45V05 Red cob Page 21 SS-44S05 Red cob Page 21 K-45C10 Red cob Page 22 RFS CORN Relative Maturity Use for silage, earlage or grain Great disease tolerance Adapts to multiple soil types well RFS-2008RR 108 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Very dependable, high yielding silage hybrid Great feed that produces lots of milk Helps to maintain cow health in high silage rations Red cob hybrid Allows growers to eliminate their acres of grain hybrids planted for silage Has a relatively long period in which high quality silage can be harvested Shoot for a plant density of about 28,000 PPA With our RFS hybrids, starch is depressed by increasing plant populations Produces large ears of kernel rows Shoot for 28,000 plants per acre Fertilize for grain yields Place on highly productive soils Good early vigor allows for early planting in cooler soils 31

32 ORGANIC Corn Relative Maturity ORGANIC CORN RM Brand Relative Maturity Special/Unique Characteristics KO-44O77 77 Top rated agronomics coupled with late season plant integrity NEW KO-44O86 86 Ability to achieve impressive performance across high and low yield environments NEW KO-44O96 95 A rugged hybrid with above average stress tolerance-white cob hybrid NEW KO-44O98 98 Same genetics as our K-46C98 and SB-46R99. Rapid drydown with good test weight KO-44O Medium statured hybrid with standard canopy and girthy ears NEW KO-44O Best yield performance when kept within its maturity zone Technology Pop. Range (in thousands) Early vigor Staygreen Heat Units to Black Layer Stalk Strength Root Strength Drought Tolerance Kernel Rows Per Ear Organic 28-34, Organic 24-32, Organic 26-32, Organic 28-32, Organic 28-36, Organic 24-32, KO-44O77 77 RM NEW KO-44O86 86 RM NEW KO-44O96 95 RM CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 9 A medium-tall with standard canopy Semi-flex ears sit fairly high on the stalks Red cobs with average test weights Strong husk flair promotes fast drydown Has very good agronomics, good stress tolerance, and maintains good fall plant health For top yields, maintain medium-high to high plant populations on moderately good soils Has strong application into the dual-purpose grain or silage markets Strong emergence for faster starts in cooler soils Plant at medium-high to high plant populations Use for dual-purpose grain or silage in early markets Use in ultra early markets with good management CORN ON CORN 7 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Ability to achieve impressive performance across high and low yield environments Produces longer ears with very good flex and grain quality Husks flair to enhance drydown Has very good late season staygreen and intactness Good seedling vigor for rapid starts Expect kernel rows with the tips filled nicely Above average test weights Average-plus on most leaf diseases Red cob color Not recommended for corn-on-corn environments Great ear flex for variable populations Good performance in all soils CORN ON CORN 8 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8.5 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 8 A rugged hybrid with above average stress tolerance Features very good grain quality Produces high test weight Plants start out strong, with very good early plant vigor Flowers early for a 95 day hybrid, but dries down slower because higher test weight Semi-erect leaf angle White cob, averaging 16 kernel rows Does not require high plant population Might also make good silage Excellent seedling vigor Rating Key 9 = Excellent 5 = Average 1 = Unacceptable Plant Height M = Medium M/T = Medium-Tall T = Tall Heat Units to Black Layer As a general rule, we use the formula 23.5 x maturity = Heat Units to Black Layer. We sometimes adjust these scores depending on the rate of drydown, quality of late season plant health, test weight, and in field experience. Using these formulas usually gets Heat Units to Black Layer pretty close. 32

33 Combine Ease Ability to Ear Pick Test Weight Fixed Ear Style Flex Plant Height Preferred Soil Types Leaf Canopy Corn on Continuous Corn Semi-flex M/T All soil types at medium to high populations Standard Good Very Good 9.0 KO-44O77 with moderate management Flex M/T Not recommended for corn-on-corn Semi-erect Fair Good 8.5 KO-44O Flex M/T Keep in, or south of maturity zone Semi-erect Very Good Excellent 9.0 KO-44O Flex M All soil types, use as a full season hybrid in Semi-erect Good Excellent 8.5 KO-44O98 its zone Flex M Position on well drained, rotated soils Standard Poor Fair 9.0 KO-44O03 Without Fungicide With Fungicide Tolerates Cold Soils Brand ORGANIC Corn Relative Maturity Flex M/T Loves nitrogen, plenty of manure, and rotated soils that are highly productive Semi-erect Good Very Good 8.5 KO-44O05 NEW KO-44O98 98 RM KO-44O RM NEW KO-44O RM CORN ON CORN 7.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 7 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Top yield potential for maturity Hybrid dries down rapidly, with good test weight Has shown strong tolerance to Goss s wilt Medium plant height, with good ear flex and girth Red cobs with kernel rows Use as a full season hybrid in its zone Same genetics as K-46C98 and SB-44R98 Plant on highly productive soils Harvest timely Use as a full season hybrid CORN ON CORN 7 EARLY VIGOR 9 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8.5 ROOTS 9 A medium statured hybrid with standard canopy leaves Produces girthy ears with deep kernels White cob hybrid for dual purpose applications Consistent ear size down the row Excellent stalk quality, even under drought stress Excellent ear flex Needs moderate to high plant populations Plant in well drained, rotated soils Use root protection and fertilize well for top performance Use as a medium to full season hybrid in its maturity zone Can move south as an early hybrid Dual purpose potential CORN ON CORN 8.5 EARLY VIGOR 8.5 STAYGREEN 8 STALKS 8 ROOTS 8.5 Best performance when kept within its zone Medium-tall hybrid with good medium ear placement Good stay green and late season plant health Has excellent resistance to Goss s wilt Best if kept out of less productive fields Good seedling vigor for fast starts kernel rows with solid test weights Can also be used for silage Red cob color This hybrid loves nitrogen Great choice when planted in sod or bean ground Use in fields with plenty of manure Conventional versus Organic We have had customers ask us what the differences are between organic and conventional seed corn. Kussmaul s organic corn hybrids are produced by an organic seed producer, on organic soils, using inbred parent lines that were researched, bred and produced on organic soils. The drying, processing and bagging are certified by the Organic Association for delivery to organic growers. This seed does not contain any seed treatments of any kind; it is raw, clean seed. Kussmaul s conventional corn hybrids are grown from parent inbred lines that have not been exposed to any genetically modified organisms (GMO s) by the breeders, growers or Kussmaul. This does not guarantee that some contamination may not have occurred while in the production field by air borne pollen, which is out of our control. We only state that we have not exposed the seed to contamination and that we have grown the seed from parent lines that do not contain any known contamination. This seed is grown on regular seed production land, using chemicals to control weeds and using commercial fertilizers for plant food. Upon harvest, it is run through the same dryers, conditioning tower and bagging facility as seed containing GMO s. It is also treated with a colorant, as well as chemicals to control seed and insect diseases. 33

34 NON-GMO/UNTREATED Alfalfa Non-GMO/Untreated ALFALFA Brand Fall Dormancy Winter Hardiness Yield Expectations Forage Quality Disease Resistance Seedling Vigor Stand Persistence Regrowth After Harvest Standability Wheel Traffic Resistance Harvest Cuts ML Expression Summit EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX 4-5 EX Ascend EX EX VG EX EX EX EX G EX 4-5 VG Haymaker II Supreme EX VG EX EX EX EX VG G EX 3-4 EX Same alfalfa as in our regular alfalfa section (page 44) except this is non-coated, and is not treated with any fungicides, chemicals or colorants. All orders must be received in the Mt. Hope office by January 15, SUMMIT Summit is raw seed with Nitragin Gold Inoculant. Summit alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as a brand by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A fall dormancy variety with superior yield, forage quality and winter hardiness. Genetic Background: A variety developed from crossing elite FD 5 and FD 4 yield trial and nursery plants screened for high forage yield, quality and persistence. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: A medium tall showy variety with a dense canopy. Medium dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression 64%. Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR; Pea Aphid - R Management Keys: A variety displaying outstanding yield and quality potential across a wide range of geographies. Ideal for growers looking to maximize tonnage and quality over the entire season. Excellent regrowth allows for aggressive harvest management. Medium-early maturity to one-tenth flower. No known soil or management limitations. Use only in top management farming practices Fertilize twice a year Fits 5 and 6 cuts per year situations Very aggressive regrowth ASCEND 552 Ascend is raw seed with Nitragin Gold Inoculant. Ascend alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as Ascend 552 by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A very high yielding fall dormancy 5 variety with persistence equal to Vernal. Genetic Background: A variety comprised of elite yield trial plants from Pennsylvania crossed onto elite dormancy four plants selected for high forage quality. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: Plants are tall with an upright growth habit. Medium, dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression: 68% Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticillium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR Wheel Traffic Performance: An 11% advantage over Ameristand 403T. Management Keys: A variety for growers who aggressively manage their alfalfa crop and want a more uniform yield distribution across each season s harvest. Best adapted for 4- to 5-cut harvest systems and harvest as haylage and baled. Early maturity to first crop. Recommended for the more productive soils and aggressive management. No known soil or management limitations. Top seller in the central and eastern areas Very stable quality through 4 cuts Rapid regrowth favors silage harvest Strong regrowth keeps weeds choked out HAYMAKER II SUPREME Haymaker is raw seed with Nitragin Gold Inoculant. Supreme alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as Haymaker II Supreme by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A high quality yielding variety with persistence and wide area adaptation. Genetic Background: A variety comprised of elite plants selected for forage quality and disease resistance crossed onto yield trial plants for persistence. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: A finestemmed, leafy variety that is medium-tall and hides its yield in a dense canopy. Medium to medium-dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression 97% Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticillium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR Management Keys: A variety well adapted across fall dormancy 3 and 4 production zones. Well suited for 3- or 4-cut harvest systems and long rotations. Medium maturity to first crop harvest. Rapid recovery after harvest. High stem count per crown provides high yield. Very high forage quality potential. No known soil or management limitations. Fine stemmed, leafy dairy quality alfalfa Slower recover allows for baling or chopping Fits 3 cut systems very well Use where longer rotations are desired 34

35 ORGANIC & CONVENTIONAL SOYBEANS Brand Maturity Emergence Height Plant Type Lodging Brown Stem Rot Score Phytophthora Gene Phytophthora Tolerance Iron Deficiency Chlorosis Cyst Nematode Gene Cyst Nematode Tolerance Sclerotinia White Mold Sudden Death Syndrome Hilum Protein KS-28C17 Conventional T Medium 6 8 none 7 6 FT 6 8 ID - - ORGANIC Soybeans KS-28C20 Conventional MT Medium 7 ID none 6 6 PI ID ID - - KO-28O17 Organic MT Bushy 5 7 none 7 5 FT 6 8 ID Black Avg KO-28O22 Organic MT Med. Bushy 8 7 none 7 5 FT Black Avg KS-28C RM KS28C RM KO-28O17(USDA Organic) 1.8 RM KO-28O22(USDA Organic) 2.2 RM CONV. STANDABILITY 6 WHITE MOLD TOLERANCE 8 IRON CHLOROSIS TOLERANCE 6 CYST NEMATODE TOLERANCE 6 CONV. STANDABILITY 8 WHITE MOLD TOLERANCE ID IRON CHLOROSIS TOLERANCE 6 CYST NEMATODE TOLERANCE 7 HILUM SEED SIZE PROTEIN END USE Black Medium Average Feed Grade HILUM SEED SIZE PROTEIN END USE Black Medium Average Feed Grade Consistent High Yields; Cyst Resistance Widely-adapted with good overall defensive characteristics Sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean trait offers more weed control options (Sulfonylurea-tolerant soybeans can be sprayed with Synchrony or Reliance. Please call your chemical specialist) Field tolerance to cyst nematode Widely-adapted across SD, MN, and WI Black hilum Proven Performer Consistent high yields across multiple years and environments PI88788 for cyst resistance Medium-tall, very good standing Excellent emergence Black hilum Cyst-Resistant, Very High Yields Third highest yielding soybean in University of Minnesota 2010 specialty trials Widely-adapted, excellent emergence Cyst-resistant soybean with good all around defense (PI88788) Very good yield potential, consistently high yields Very good field tolerance to Phytophthora root rot, moderate resistance to brown stem rot, and moderate tolerance to Sclerotinia white mold Medium-tall, bushy plant suitable for wide rows One of the Highest Yielding Soybeans Under Organic Conditions For over four years KO-28O22 has out yielded or been competitive with every conventional, Roundup Ready, or Liberty Link soybean we ve tested it against Medium-tall, bushy plant type with very good lodging resistance Excellent emergence and very strong Phytophthora field tolerance Excellent white mold tolerance, some tolerance to sudden death syndrome Additional maturities of organic and conventional soybeans may be available. Check with your Kussmaul dealer or call into the office for possible availability. Some fields were questionable as of this printing. 35

36 SOYBEANS Numbering System KS - 28 G 15 Kussmaul Random Trait Variety Soybeans Number Package Maturity Trait Package Key G = Glyphosate Tolerant (Active ingredient in Roundup herbicides) L = Liberty Tolerance R = Roundup Ready 2 Yield N = Nematode Resistance X = Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Tolerance Rating Key 1 = Excellent 2.5 = Very Good 5 = Unacceptable NR = Not Rated Variety Maturity Key 00 = = = = = 3.1 Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance Rps1a = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 38 Rps1c = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 Rps1k = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38 N = No Resistance Ask your dealer about availability and costs of treated soybeans. We recommend planting 140,000 seeds per acre Kussmaul Seeds soybeans are available in pro-boxes and bulk bags or 140,000 seed units Pro-Boxes: Most soybeans are available in 50-unit pro-boxes for $1/ unit less than the bagged price. Volume and Early Pay discounts apply. You must order by February 15 and return the empty box before June 30. You will be invoiced $600 per pro-box at the time of pickup. This will come due on July 1, if the box has not been returned. You will be billed for damaged pro-boxes or lost lids. Bulk Bags: Soybeans available in 40 unit bulk bags (at 5,600,000 seeds). The price per unit is the same as 140,000-seed units. Volume and Early Pay discounts apply. Please call for availability. Small Bags: Paper bags containing 140,00 seeds. Bag weights may vary depending on the seed size of the soybeans and conditions in the growing year. Think Before You Bin Run Verification Required Most soybeans are still covered by a variety patent, and you will not be able to save and plant the seed from those varieties without a license giving you that added right. Check with your seed supplier before saving. All Kussmaul varieties are protected. Higher Seeding Rate Higher seeding rates may be required for bin-run compared to new branded seed. Yield Loss Genuity Roundup Ready 2 Yield soybean seed out-yielded bin-run Roundup Ready soybeans by 6.1 bu/a.1 Cleanout Loss Loss of seed or shrink occurs during seed cleaning and handling processes for bin-run seed. Lost Income Income lost by not selling a bushel of soybeans that is saved for planting the next year. Latest Technology Highest yielding soybean technology available Six soybean trait products anticipated to come from Monsanto in the next 2-7 years Leading seed treatment options Reliable Germination and Quality Rigorously tested for quality and meets US Federal Seed Act requirements Free of seed-borne diseases Properly stored and conditioned Monsanto Company is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship (ETS). Monsanto products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with Monsanto s Policy for Commercialization of Biotechnology-Derived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. Certain products have been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Growers should refer to for any updated information on import country approvals. Excellence Through Stewardship is a registered trademark of Biotechnology Industry Organization. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW DIRECTIONS FOR USE ON PESTICIDE LABELING. IT IS A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAW to use any pesticide product other than in accordance with its labeling. NOT ALL formulations of dicamba or glyphosate are approved for in-crop use with Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans. ONLY USE FORMULATIONS THAT ARE SPECIFICALLY LABELED FOR SUCH USES AND APPROVED FOR SUCH USE IN THE STATE OF APPLICATION. XTENDIMAX HERBICIDE WITH VAPORGRIP TECHNOLOGY AND IN CROP USES MAY NOT BE APPROVED IN ALL STATES. Contact the U.S. EPA and your state pesticide regulatory agency with any questions about the approval status of dicamba herbicide products for in-crop use with Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Roundup Ready crops contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup brand agricultural herbicides will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans contains genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate and dicamba. Glyphosate will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Dicamba will kill crops that are not tolerant to dicamba. Contact your Monsanto dealer or refer to Monsanto s Technology Use Guide for recommended weed control programs. Acceleron, Roundup Ready 2 Xtend, Genuity, Roundup Ready 2 Yield, Roundup Ready PLUS, Roundup, Roundup Ready, SR Design, VaporGrip, and XtendiMax are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC. Individual results may vary, and performance may vary from location to location and from year to year. This result may not be an indicator of results you may obtain as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible. 36

37 Advanced Weed Control Technology SOYBEANS The Roundup Ready XTend Crop System is an advanced weed management system that helps control more resistant and s in soybeans than any other crop system. tough-to-control broad leaf weeds than any other system. With multiple modes of action, farmers have more choices for the broad control of weeds, especially glyphosate resistant and tough to control broad leaf weeds as well as application and planting flexibility. With the advanced dicamba and glyphosate Xtend tolerant Your traits, Yield growers may choose XtendiMax herbicide with VaporGrip technology which is a low volatility Now dicamba Commercially formulation Available specially designed for the Roundup Ready XTend Crop System or they may choose to use Roundup XTend with VaporGrip herbicide, which is a low-volatility dicamba and glyphosate premix The herbicide. only soybean trait that provides tolerance to both dicamba and glyphosate Be sure to read and follow directions for the use of the Roundup Ready XTend Crop System. Built on the proven yield performance of Genuity To learn more about the Roundup Ready Roundup Xtend Ready Crop 2 Yield System technology and education opportunities, visit RoundupReadyXtend.com 5.4 Bu/A average advantage 1 vs. LibertyLink in herbicide system trials ACTIVE INGREDIENT: DICAMBA [4] NOW EPA APPROVED FOR IN-CROP USE Low volatility dicamba herbicide NOW EPA APPROVED FOR IN-CROP USE 22 fl oz/a AMS min. 10 GPA Xtend Weed Control Summary Designed to of be Application the industry s Requirements lowest volatility dicamba formulation through our exclusive VaporGrip Technology with a significant reduction in volatility potential compared to currently available dicamba formulations Ideal dicamba option to help manage glyphosate-resistant and tough-to-control weeds WEED HEIGHT Spray weeds that are less than Up to 14 days of soil activity on small-seeded 4 inches tallbroadleaf weeds 2 An integral component of the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System The XtendiMax herbicide with VaporGrip Technology application requirements are intended to help maximize weed control with on-target applications and minimize the potential of off-target movement. THIS SUMMARY IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR READING AND FOLLOWING ALL PRODUCT LABELING. HERBICIDE Low volatility XtendiMax herbicide with VaporGrip Technology AMMONIUM SULFATE Ammonium sulfate and ammonium-based additives are prohibited in applications that include XtendiMax with VaporGrip Technology APPLICATION RATES Apply 22 fluid ounces per acre for any single, in-crop application SPRAY VOLUME Apply in a minimum of 10 gallons of spray solution per acre NOZZLES To minimize drift, use nozzles approved on the herbicide product label and operating pressures to minimize driftable fines WIND SPEED Apply when wind speed is between 3 and 10 mph What s next? Upon regulatory approvals, the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System will include a dicamba and glyphosate pre-mix herbicide, to be branded as Roundup Xtend herbicide with VaporGrip Technology. DOWNWIND BUFFER Maintain the required label buffer to protect sensitive areas DO NOT SPRAY PENDING REGULATORY APPROVALS Low volatility dicamba and glyphosate pre-mix herbicide SUSCEPTIBLE CROPS Do not apply when wind is blowing toward adjacent susceptible crops GROUND SPEED Do not exceed 15 mph ground speed 1 Source: 2015 & 2016 Monsanto Systems Trials (14 locations in 2015 and 19 locations in 2016 reporting yield data). Significant at P 0.05 LSD of 1.6 Bu. Data as of November 7, Roundup Ready SPRAY BOOM HEIGHT Xtend Crop System data = Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans treated with dicamba, glyphosate and various residual herbicides. LibertyLink system data = LibertyLink soybeans treated with Liberty herbicide and various residual herbicides. 2 On certain small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Results may Do not exceed a boom height of 24 inches TRIPLE RINSE 24 vary, depending on rainfall and soil type. Always use dicamba with traditional residual herbicides in pre-emergence and postemergence applications that have different, effective sites of action, along with other Diversified Weed Management Practices above target (DWMPs). pest or crop canopy. Excessive Use triple-rinse cleanout procedure boom height will increase the potential for drift. DICAMBA TOLERANT CROP 3-10 mph DICAMBA TOLERANT CROP DOWNWIND BUFFER Designed to be the industry s lowest volatility dicamba and glyphosate pre-mix herbicide through our exclusive VaporGrip Technology The only dicamba and glyphosate pre-mix herbicide formulation for convenience of use 15 mph SENSITIVE AREAS SUSCEPTIBLE CROP Designed specifically for the Roundup Ready Xtend Crop System 37 MDIC System Comparison Flier_PostApproval_SOY ONLY_8p5x11_ indd 1 11/21/16 11:00 AM

38 SOYBEANS Relative Maturity SOYBEANS RM Brand Relative Maturity Technology SCN Height Emergence Score Standability Protien /Oil Plant Type Estimated Seed Size KS-28G GT LR1 31" /22.4 Med-bushy 4200 KS-28G GT LR4 33" /22.2 Med-bushy 3000 KS-28G GT - 32" /21.0 Med-bushy 3100 KS-28G GT - 32" /20.2 Med-bushy 2900 KS-28G GT - 34" /20.7 Med-bushy 2750 KS-28G18N 1.8 GT R3-MR 14 34" High Med-Bushy 3000 NEW KS-28X18N 1.8 RR2XT PI Med-Tall Not Known Med-Bushy KS-28G GT - 35" /20.6 Med-bushy 2720 KS-28G GT LR3 32" /21.2 Med-bushy 2850 NEW KS-28RB GENRR2Y Rpslc " Not Known Med-Bushy 2400 NEW KS-28R GENRR2Y " Not Yet Know Med-bushy 3100 KS-28G23N 2.3 GT LR3 32" /21.1 Med-bushy 3200 NEW KS-28X23N 2.3 RR2XT MR1, R3 34" - Tall /21.1 Med-Bushy KS-28G GT " Not Known Bushy 2900 KS-28R27N 2.7 GENRR2Y R3-MR 14 36" Not Known Med-Bushy 2200 KS-28R GENRR2Y R3-MR 14 37" Not Known Med-Bushy 2400 Rating 1 = Excellent 2.5 = Very Good 5 = Unacceptable NR = Not Rated Color Key = RR2XT = GENRR2Y = Glyphosate Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance Rps1a = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 38 Rps1c = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 Rps1k = denotes resistance to races 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38 N = No Resistance 38

39 Pubescence Phytophthora Resistance Phytophthora Tolerance Brown Stem Rot Score Iron Deficiency Chlorosis Sclerotinia White Mold Light Tawny Rclc 1.7 MR Pending KS-28G05 Light Tawny MR Pending KS-28G09 Light Tawny Rglk 1.8 MR Pending KS-28G12 Light Tawny Pending KS-28G15 Patent No./Status Variety Number Brand These seeds are protected under patent laws Number Unauthorized propagation is prohibited. SOYBEANS Relative Maturity Light Tawny Rglk 1.9 R Pending KS-28G17 Gray Rps1k Pending MM74629 KS-28G18N Gray Rps la+3a 2.0 R Pending KS-28X18N Light Tawny KS-28G20 Light Tawny Rglk 1.8 R KS-28G21 Light Tawny Rc Pending Q KS-28RB21 Light Tawny Rc Q KS-28R21 Light Tawny Rglk 1.8 MR KS-28G23N Gray Rps1c 1.6 MR Pending KS-28X23N Light Tawny Q KS-28G25N Tawny Rc(Rps1c) Pending IQE-0605 KS-28R27 Gray Rc(Rps1c) Pending IQE-0611 KS-28R33 REMINDER - FARMERS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO KEEP ANY GENUITY ROUNDUP READY 2 YIELD SOYBEANS, GLYPHOSATE SOYBEANS OR XTEND SOYBEANS THAT THEY HARVEST. ALL OF OUR SOYBEAN VARIETIES ARE PROTECTED BY PATENTS. For those growers needing later varieties, please contact our office for more information. 39

40 SOYBEANS Relative Maturity SOYBEANS RM KS-28G05 0.5RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Superb standability for easier harvest Very attractive, tawny color Has out yielded Asgrow s AG0301 by 20% and Pioneer s P90M90RR by 15% Very solid defensive line that excels in northern WI, MN and ND Medium height with strong branching tendency KS-28G RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Tolerant of glyphosate herbicides High yielding soybean line that outperforms Pioneer P90M90 by 16% Yielded over 65 bushels per acre in our production field in 2014 Great defensive traits, including strong tolerance to brown stem rot and Phytophthora root rot Seed size tends to run large Strong emergence helps this line in no till soils Use in MN, WI, MI, ND, SD and MT Attractive, bushy plants KS-28G RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS High yielding line that is stable over a wide geographic region Has the K gene for good field tolerance to Phytophthora root rot Strong defense against brown stem rot and white mold Medium-bushy plants allow wider range of row width options Excellent no-till choice for WI, MN, SD and ND 12% yield advantage over Asgrow s AG0801 Better standability than P91B33RR Also tolerant of Dupont's Harmony & Synchrony herbicides KS-28G RM KS-28G RM KS-28G18N 1.8 RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS We feel this line may be the new yield champion in this maturity! In testing in 2009, out yielded all competitors by 8%, including DK15-51 Very attractive bean with excellent standability Adapts well across the Midwest including MI, WI, MN, IA and SD Super brown stem rot and Phytophthora root rot scores GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Contains the K gene for good Phytophthora root rot tolerance Excellent resistance to brown stem rot Has consistently shown high yields all through testing by out yielding DeKalb s DK15-51 by 10% and Asgrow s AG1702 by 2% Standability is very strong Great protein to oil ratio Use WI and west through its maturity zone GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Stands and looks great Has it all! Yield + SCN + Rps1k + IDC High oil content Excellent plant uniformity Rapid seedling vigor Has cyst marker PI Purple flower, tan pod, black hilum 40

41 NEW KS-28X18N 1.8 RM EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Broad adaptation across late group 1 s Indicates limited tolerance to sudden death syndrome Good resistance to brown stem rot Excellent standability Also shows high level of tolerance to white mold Solid nematode bean KS-28G RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Out yields many of the Genuity Roundup Ready 2 Yield brands by over 8% Easily out performs the competition Very widely adaptable from NY to SD Excellent white mold score Very good standability for a taller bean In over 140 reps, beat both Asgrow and Pioneer varieties by over 6 bushels per acre KS-28G RM GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Excellent tolerance to SCN, bean beetles, sudden death syndrome, white mold, brown stem rot and Phytophthora root rot Performs in a wide geographic zone from IN to NE Extremely strong emergence and standability scores An equally great defensive, as well as offensive line Has natural ability to fight off both cyst nematodes and bean leaf beetles SOYBEANS Relative Maturity NEW KS-28RB RM NEW KS-28R RM KS-28G23N 2.3 RM EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Good SCN protection with Rps1c gene Extremely good tolerance to sudden death syndrome and iron chlorosis deficiency Brown pod wall Black hilum Light tawny pubescence White flowers EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Nice Medium height plants Attractive plant color Purple flowers Tan pod walls Brown Hilum Shattering score is excellent at 1.1 Excellent emergence score Medium bushy type plants Very competitive yield performance from SD to MI 3.7 bushels over Asgrow s AG1832 and AG1931. Beats NKS20 YZ by 3.3 Bushels. Out-yielded Pioneer P92Y22 by 3.2 Bushels GT EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS In testing, this line took the top yields in several state trials, including northern IL, northern and central IA Defensive traits aggressively stop sudden death syndrome, bean beetle feeding and soybean cyst nematode damage Continues to produce top yields as it moves south into the late II and early III zones Out yields lines such as Pioneer s 92B38 and Asgrow s AG2205 Yields equally well from OH west to CO and southern WI down to central IL 41

42 SOYBEANS Relative Maturity SOYBEANS RM NEW KS-28X23N 2.3 RM EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE WHITE MOLD IRON CHLOROSIS Roundup Ready 2 XTend Soybean that s a monster in IA, MN, WI, and MI Tall with excellent standability Excellent protection against SWM, BSR-MR, and has Rps1c gene Purple flowers, gray pubescence, brown pod and black hilum Yield Leader KS-28R RM EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE SUDDEN DEATH IRON CHLOROSIS Great offensive soybean line with remarkable yield power Attractive tawny color Has strong emergence capabilities Purple flower, tan pod wall, black hilum Good against sudden death syndrome disease at 1.5 Rps1c gene Top choice for Late Group II KS-28R RM EMERGENCE SCORE STANDABILITY PRR TOLERANCE SUDDEN DEATH IRON CHLOROSIS Top mid group III soybean Taller line with great standability Medium-bushy type plants can be rowed or drilled Gray pubescence Purple flower, brown pod wall, imperfect black hilum Excellent shattering score of 1.2 Smaller bean size at around 2400 More Information on Soybeans Soybean Production Guidelines...91 Soybean Insects...92 Stages of Development...92 Looking for Ways to Get the Yellow Out...93 Dodge Sudden Death

43 Pounds of Soybean Seeds Per Acre Planting Rate Seeds/Acre , , , , , , , , , , , , SOYBEANS Relative Maturity Harvest Harvest soybeans when moisture is between 13 to 15% for maximum weight and to minimize field losses like shatter or lodging. Soybeans drier than 10% are brittle and more likely to split during handling and harvest, plus germinations are likely to be lower. Soybeans can be winter stored at 13%, stored for 1 year at 12%, and at 11% or less for more than 1 year. In summary, to maximize soybean production: Plant adapted varieties at proper seeding rates and at optimum dates. Fertilize and inoculate based on sound soil tests and cultural practices. Scout, monitor, and control pest (weed, insect, and disease) populations as needed. Finally, keep harvest and storage losses to a minimum. Seed Inoculants Boosting Yields in Good or Poor Soil Conditions Inoculating soybean seed helps achieve higher yields. This holds true even when inoculants are used in fields with ideal soil conditions. So how does inoculation work? In short, inoculation boosts yield, because it ensures the early formation of effective nodules and an ample supply of nitrogen for developing plants. By adding large numbers of superior nitrogen-fixing bacteria, known as Rhizobia, to the seedlings root zone, you maximize the nitrogen-fixing potential of your crop. Since nitrogen fixation is a process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for your plants, the rate of growth is proportional to the amount of fixed nitrogen. By increasing the amount of nitrogen fixed by your soybean plants, inoculation also eliminates the need to apply commercial nitrogen sources during the growth state saving you both time and money later on. 43

44 ALFALFA ALFALFA Performance Brand Fall Dormancy High Yielding, Traffic Tested, Genuity Roundup Ready Alfalfa Assured alfalfa products listed meet or exceed Kussmaul Seeds Performance Assured criteria for exceptional performance and value. Winter Hardiness Yield Expectations Forage Quality Disease Resistance AmeriStand 433T RR EX EX EX EX EX Fast VG EX 3-4 VG Seedling Vigor Stand Persistence Regrowth After Harvest Standability Wheel Traffic Resistance Harvest Cuts ML Expression Ameristand 455TQ RR EX EX EX EX EX Very Fast VG EX 4-5 VG Conventional Alfalfa Ascend EX EX VG EX EX EX EX G EX 4-5 VG Summit EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX EX 4-5 EX Marathon EX EX EX EX EX EX VG VG 4-5 VG Haymaker II Supreme EX VG EX EX EX EX VG G EX 3-4 EX Leafy EX EX EX EX EX EX VG VG 4 VG Kow Chow VG VG EX EX EX G VG VG 3-4 VG K9681 brand VG G EX EX EX EX G G EX 2-3 EX Hi-Gest EX EX EX EX EX EX VG G % Pest Resistance HR = High Resistance R = Resistance MR = Moderate Resistance S = Susceptible Fall Dormancy Fall dormancy numbers are a reflection on average number of harvest cuts per year Winter Hardiness Rating 1 = Best 5 = Poorest Rating Scale EX = Excellent VG = Very Good G = Good P = Poor Numeric Scale 1-5 Conventional Genuity Roundup Ready AmeriStand 433T RR Top quality Traffic Tested alfalfa with Roundup Ready tolerance. Key Features: High yield potential with excellent stand persistence. High resistance to four yield-robbing diseases. Fall Dormancy Rating: 3.3 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.5 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - R; Fusarium Wilt - R; Pea Aphid - R AmeriStand 455TQ RR Top quality Traffic Tested Alfalfa with Roundup Ready tolerance Key Features: Produces large and deep set crowns with high root crown carbohydrate reserves for regrowth and winter survival. High resistance to six yieldrobbing alfalfa pests. Fall Dormancy Rating: 4.4 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.0 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - R; Fusarium Wilt - HR; Stem Nematode - R 44

45 ASCEND 552 Ascend alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as Ascend 552 by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A very high yielding fall dormancy 5 variety with persistence equal to Vernal. Genetic Background: A variety comprised of elite yield trial plants from Pennsylvania crossed onto elite dormancy four plants selected for high forage quality. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: Plants are tall with an upright growth habit. Medium, dark green foliage. Multifoliate Leaf Expression: 68% Fall Dormancy: 5.0 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.22 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticillium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR Wheel Traffic Performance: An 11% advantage over Ameristand 403T. Management Keys: A variety for growers who aggressively manage their alfalfa crop and want a more uniform yield distribution across each season s harvest. Best adapted for 4- to 5-cut harvest systems and harvest as haylage and baled. Early maturity to first crop. Recommended for the more productive soils and aggressive management. No known soil or management limitations. Top seller in the central and eastern areas Very stable quality through 4 cuts Rapid regrowth favors silage harvest Strong regrowth keeps weeds choked out MARATHON 500 Key Features: A new generation selection with Aphanomyces Root Rot Race 2 protection. Fall Dormancy: 4.5 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.6. Rated 35 of 35 on Wisconsin Disease Index scale when including Aphanomyces Root Rot Race 2. Pest Package: Pea Aphid - R, Stem Nematode - R Management Keys: Forage quality is very high. Excellent product for areas that stay wet longer or have root rot problems. High in crude protein and milk per ton test. Use in fields where Aphanomyces Root Rot Race 2 is present Produces excellent dairy quality hay Great choice for heavy, gumbo soils Alfalfa Coating Options 34% Clay 7-8% Clay Raw Orders must be placed by January 1, 2018 to guarantee your preferred choice. Available only on Summit, Ascend 552, Haymaker II Supreme, K9681 Brand and Kow Chow ALFALFA SUMMIT Summit alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as a brand by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A fall dormancy variety with superior yield, forage quality and winter hardiness. Genetic Background: A variety developed from crossing elite FD 5 and FD 4 yield trial and nursery plants screened for high forage yield, quality and persistence. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: A medium-tall showy variety with a dense canopy. Medium dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression 64% Fall Dormancy Rating: 4.5 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.0 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR; Pea Aphid - R Management Keys: A variety displaying outstanding yield and quality potential across a wide range of geographies. Ideal for growers looking to maximize tonnage and quality over the entire season. Excellent regrowth allows for aggressive harvest management. Medium-early maturity to one-tenth flower. No known soil or management limitations. Use only in top management farming practices Fertilize twice a year Fits 5 and 6 cuts per year situations Very aggressive regrowth HAYMAKER II SUPREME Supreme alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as Haymaker II Supreme by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A high quality, high yielding variety with persistence and wide area adaptation. Genetic Background: A variety comprised of elite plants selected for forage quality and disease resistance crossed onto yield trial plants for persistence. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: A fine-stemmed, leafy variety that is medium-tall and hides its yield in a dense canopy. Medium to medium-dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression 97% Fall Dormancy Rating: 4.0 Winter Hardiness Rating: 1.9 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticillium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR Management Keys: A variety well adapted across fall dormancy 3 and 4 production zones. Well suited for 3- or 4-cut harvest systems and long rotations. Medium maturity to first crop harvest. Rapid recovery after harvest. High stem count per crown provides high yield. Very high forage quality potential. No known soil or management limitations. Fine stemmed, leafy dairy quality alfalfa Slower recover allows for baling or chopping Fits 3 cut systems very well Use where longer rotations are desired Some of our Alfalfa varieties may be ordered in 34% coated seed, 8% coated seed or as raw seed. Some varieties may be ordered with different fungicide treatments also. Please talk to our Kussmaul Seed rep for these different options 45

46 ALFALFA LEAFY 430 This alfalfa is a product of a selection program designed to change the fall dormancy/ winterhardiness relationship, resulting in a new generation product. Key Features: Leafy 430 combines later fall dormancy, excellent winterhardiness, fast recovery after cutting, and excellent forage yield. Fall Dormancy Rating: 4.0 Winter hardiness Rating: 1.3. Rated 30 out of 30 on Wisconsin Disease Index scale. Pest Package: Pea Aphids - R, Stem Nematode - R Management Keys: A high yielding product for the progressive grower who demands more return per acre in both quantity and quality. Makes excellent quality baled hay Fine stems drydown well for multiple harvest choices Very, very leafy, enter this variety in forage bowls Kow Chow 4 A proven high quality alfalfa that dairy producers desire. Now with Apex seed coating. Key Features: Its disease resistance rating of 29/30 allows producers to plant their alfalfa crop under a variety of conditions and soil types. Kow Chow 4 Brand's persistence, quality forage and winter hardiness are desirable traits which dairy producers want. Kow Chow 4 Brand is a long rotation alfalfa with several years of proven performance. Fall Dormancy Rating: 4.0 Winter Hardiness Rating: 2.0 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - R; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR; Pea Aphid - HR Management Keys: Kow Chow is a great choice for those growers who only take three cuttings per year. Plant Kow Chow on less productive soils, tight clays, rented land or where shorter rotations are desired to decrease input costs. Kow Chow is also a sure bet where longer rotations are desired. Fertilize twice per year for improved tonnage and longer stand life. Makes ideal forage for lactating dairy cows. Fine stems drydown well to aid in better quality baled hay. Great choice for dairy producers Plant under a variety of conditions and soil types Plant for long rotation DO NOT EXPORT ROUNDUP READY ALFALFA SEED OR CROP, INCLUDING HAY OR HAY PRODUCTS, TO CHINA PENDING IMPORT APPROVAL. IN ADDITION, DUE TO THE UNIQUE CROPPING PRACTICES DO NOT PLANT ROUNDUP READY ALFALFA IN IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, PENDING IMPORT APPROVALS AND UNTIL FORAGE GENETICS INTERNATIONAL, LLC (FGI) GRANTS EXPRESS PERMISSION FOR SUCH PLANTING. IT IS A VIOLATION OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW TO MOVE MATERIAL CONTAINING BIOTECH TRAITS ACROSS BOUNDARIES INTO NATIONS WHERE IMPORT IS NOT PERMITTED. GROWERS SHOULD TALK TO THEIR PRODUCT PURCHASER TO CONFIRM THEIR BUYING POSITION FOR THIS PRODUCT. Forage Genetics International, LLC ( FGI ) is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship (ETS). FGI products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with FGI s Policy for Commercialization of Biotechnology-Derived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. Certain products have been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Growers should refer to for any updated information on import country approvals. Excellence Through Stewardship is a registered trademark of Biotechnology Industry Organization. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Roundup Ready crops contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup brand agricultural herbicides will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Genuity Design, Genuity Icons, Genuity, Roundup Ready and Roundup are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC, used under license by FGI. K9681 brand K9681 brand alfalfa is a licensed proprietary variety marketed as a brand by Kussmaul Seeds. Key Features: A fall dormancy 3 brand for growers who expect top forage quality and exceptional winter survival. Genetic Background: A variety comprised of elite fall dormancy 3 yield trial plants selected for stand persistence, drought tolerance, and screened for crown and root health. Field Appearance at Bud Stage: An eye appealing brand with a uniform, medium-tall, semi-upright growth habit and healthy, dark green foliage. Multifoliate leaf expression: 84% Fall Dormancy: 3 Winter Hardiness Rating: 1.75 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticillium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR Management Keys: K9681 brand fits 2 or 3 cut harvest systems and mediumlong rotations. Expect a fast start in the spring, a medium early maturity to one-tenth flower. For dryland areas or where irrigation water is short. No known soil type or management limitations. Multi-purpose alfalfa that fits multiple farming practices Good choice for dryland and poorer soils Fits 2 and 3 cut systems Retains leaves well when baled Hi-Gest 360 Low lignin technology. Key Features: First commercially available low-lignin alfalfa variety for dormant producers. Variety Patents Pending. Whole plant lignin for Hi-Gest 360 is 7 to 10% lower than other dormant varieties for improved performance. Product of conventional plant breeding. No yield drag, no loss of pest resistance, no reduction in winter hardiness with 28 to 30 day harvest schedules Appearance at Harvest Maturity: Plants are medium-tall, with a dense canopy of stems and leaves Fall Dormancy Rating:3.0 Winter Hardiness Rating: 1.5 Multifoliate Leaf Expression: 73% FastGrowth Rating: 1.83 Pest Package: Anthracnose - HR; Aphanomyces Race I - HR; Bacterial Wilt - HR; Phytophthora Root Rot - HR; Verticilium Wilt - HR; Fusarium Wilt - HR; Blue Alfalfa Aphid - R; Cowpea Aphid - R; Stem Nematode - R Management Keys: Adapted to today s best alfalfa management practices. No on-farm field or management adjustments needed to grow or feed. Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa offers a wider harvest window of up to 7 days if harvest timing is delayed past late bud or one-tenth flower. Rations using Hi-Gest can be easily balanced by nutritionists with the results of an accurate feed test Use in dairy rations where reduced lignin is desired Plant on highly productive soils and fertilize twice per year Begin cutting at early bud stage If your feed samples of Hi-Gest is too rich, scale back your cut system to cut at late bud early bloom stage 46

47 Net Contents: A systemic insecticide and biological seed treatment for use on corn, cotton, sorghum, soybean, and sugarbeets for the control of listed insect pests and protection from listed Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para soil plant pathogenic nematodes que se la explique a usted en detalle. (If you do not understand the label, find someone ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: to explain it to you in detail.) Clothianidin % FOR ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS: Bacillus firmus I % OTHER INGREDIENTS: % See Inside Booklet. Contains 4.17 pounds clothianidin per U.S. gallon TOTAL: % For PRODUCT USE Information Call BAYER Contains 0.84 pounds Bacillus firmus per U.S. gallon ( ) (contains a minimum of 2 X10 9 cfu/ml) For MEDICAL And TRANSPORTATION Emergencies ONLY EPA Reg. No Call 24 Hours A Day Produced for: P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Bayer CropScience TREATMENTS - Corn Corn Treatments - applied at the seed plant Standard Treatment - Seed without Rootworm Traits or Maxim Quattro or Acceleron 250 All hybrids (except organic) come treated with Maxim/Quattro or Acceleron 250 which includes four types of fungicides. Standard Treatment - Seed with Rootworm Traits An on-seed application of a combination of Cruiser 5FS insecticide (0.25 mg a.i./seed of thiamethoxam) and Maxim Quattro seedapplied fungicide, CruiserMaxx Corn 250 insecticide/fungicide seed treatment protects corn seed and seedlings against early-season insects and seedborne and soilborne disease leading to increased plant stand, uniformity, vigor and yield potential. CruiserMaxx Corn 250 is an application of Cruiser 5FS insecticide delivered at the 0.25 mg a.i./seed rate and Maxim Quattro fungicide. TREATMENTS / / or Maxim / Quattro with CrusierMaxx Corn 250 or Acceleron 250 with Poncho Votivo Quads, Quad VIPs, GENVT3s and SmartStax RIBs come treated with Maxim /Quattro with CruiserMaxx Corn 250 or Acceleron with Poncho Votivo which includes four types of fungicides and an insecticide. Optional Corn Planter Box Treatments For growers that have ordered untreated seeds or for growers that want extra protection. #1 Maxim Quattro = $4.75 per 80,000 unit #2 Maxim Quattro Plus CruiserMaxx Corn 250* = $ per 80,000 unit * 20 bag minimum per variety. For orders less than 20 bags there will be a $ set-up/clean-up charge added per variety. #3 - Maxim Quattro Plus CruiserMaxx Corn 1250* = $62.24 per 80,000 unit * 50 bag minimum per variety. For orders less than 50 units there will be a $ set-up/clean-up charge added per variety. Treatment Product Descriptions A four-way formulation, Maxim Quattro seed-applied fungicide contains four active ingredients to provide broad-spectrum protection against early-season disease. Maxim Quattro contains thiabendazole, which US F (111130) delivers PONCHO/VOTiVO 2.5 GALLON best-in-class ETL - CMYK systemic protection against Fusarium 12/6/11 species including Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. 2.5 Gallons KEEP OUT CAUTION OF REACH OF CHILDREN Acceleron Corn Seed Treatment Products paired with Poncho/VOTiVO US F F 12/11 offer an additional mode of action for nematode management. Bayer CropScience LP Protects against damage from a wide range of nematode species, as well as increased protection from early-season insect pests. Poncho/VOTiVO seed treatment, available on the seed genetics and trait technologies of Genuity corn, helps protect your seed's genetic yield potential from the moment it's planted all the way through the critical stages of early-season development. Poncho VOTiVO provides enhanced secondary pest control along with a biological mode of action to protect corn seedlings and roots against nematodes. Treating corn with Acceleron Seed Applied Solutions is one of the best ways to provide more complete and consistent protection against seedling and seed diseases, early-season insects and pests. High-yielding corn genetics and Genuity trait technologies are protected from the moment they are planted. Maximizes early-season plant stand, uniformity and vigor for higher yield potential. 47

48 TREATMENTS TREATMENTS - Soybeans Option #1 CruiserMaxx Beans plus Optimize An insecticide plus two fungicides and an inoculant Cost per 140,000 seed unit = $18.42 Option #2 plus A fungicide and an inoculant Cost per 140,000 seed unit = $10.59 Cut off date for ordering treated soybeans is February 1, 2016 Orders placed after February 1, 2016 will be charged $1.50 per 140,000 seed unit. This fee is to off-set the extra labor required for setting up, treating, cleaning up and replacing bags. How It Works Optimize products combine LCO technology with quality inoculants. The LCO molecule enhances the soil microbial environment to support the plant s nutritional availability, supporting the growth and yield potential of the crop, while the bacterial inoculant grows on plant roots and forms root nodules which convert, or fix, nitrogen from the air into forms the plant can use. 42-S Thiram is a liquid fungicide that will usually increase stands and yields by reducing losses from seed decay, damping off, and seedling blights caused by many seed-born and soil-born organisms. Benefits of using N-TAKE: It is liquid-based, making it easier for the farmer to apply No inoculant dust-off after application means it won t interfere with seed monitors Long on-seed product life reduced the threat of weather delays, so you can order seed with a margin of safety, even when the weather is uncertain Compatibility with fungicides (visit us online at for details) means soybeans can be planted earlier in the season, maximizing yield potential N-TAKE - liquid, treats 50 units = $98.75 N-Dure - Dry, treats 6 units = $13.59 N-Dure - Dry, treats 30 units = $44.67 Treatment Product Descriptions CruiserMaxx Beans is an on-seed application of separately registered products that combines three active ingredients to protect against a broad spectrum of damaging above- and below-ground insects, as well as all major seedborne and soilborne diseases. CruiserMaxx Beans is backed by extensive testing, use and proven performance over the last 10 years, on more than 80 million acres, and across environments. CruiserMaxx Beans is an on-seed application of CruiserMaxx alone or with Apron XL. Apron XL, Cruiser, and CruiserMaxx are registered trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. TREATMENTS- Bird Damage Scientifically Proven Bird Repellent In many areas of the country, birds are known to destroy hundreds of acres of field and sweet corn before it even has a chance to emerge. To stop this potentially devastating yield loss, a growing number of farmers have turned to Avipel Shield. Studies of Avipel conducted by the USDA and other organizations have demonstrated Avipel's efficient protection of planted corn seed and its light environmental footprint. Avipel Shield is the scientifically formulated seed treatment that stops birds from eating newly planted corn seed. Avipel's liquid and dry applications surround each kernel with a protective coating that causes birds immediate, yet temporary, digestive distress. After attempting to eat newly planted seed, they quickly look elsewhere, leaving your newly planted field unharmed. Avipel Shield - treats 200 lbs of seed = $ Maureen Leong-Kee

49 Forage Discover for yourself what more and more growers are learning each year about Kussmaul Seeds Forage Master. Forage Master is a 50/50 blend of high quality forage field peas mixed with a tall forage triticale.(triticale is a cross between wheat and rye. Triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance of rye.) Dairy farmers have discovered that by planting Kussmaul Seed's Forage Master, underseeded with alfalfa is the best, most economical way to establish a field of new seeding. It can be planted as early in the spring as is possible to work the soil, at about lbs per acre, dependent on whether alfalfa is seeded with it. Harvest at about 60 days after seeding, when the triticale is in the boot stage. Most growers chop their Forage Master, as here in the Midwest, it can be very hard to get the big windrows to dry down enough for dry hay baling. Makes excellent dry cow feed, heifer feed or blend into your milking ration. The unique thing about establishing a new field of alfalfa using Forage Master as the cover crop is the amount of high quality forage growers harvest. As the peas are growing, they are climbing up the stiff strawed triticale, so there is less lodging. Plus, they are providing large amounts of nitrogen to the young alfalfa plants through nodulation. Not only is this a stabilized form of nitrogen available to the following crop, it is very common to have new alfalfa plants at knee high or higher when the mixture is cut the first time. Many growers will harvest two more crops of alfalfa the seeding year! Because the peas climb up the triticale and triticale very seldom ever lodges, you can see how this helps new seedling alfalfa plants get off to a rapid start. Contact your Kussmaul Seeds Rep to order your Forage Master today. Forage Master Used for Establishing Alfalfa Stands Forage Master is a mixture of forage triticale and forage field peas. This combination provides higher protein levels, lower fiber levels and better yield consistency than other spring cereals. Blend is Important Inaccurate blend percentages can cause problems in the field. With Forage Master you know the blend is right! Modern conditioning facilities and strict monitoring procedures insure precise mixture percentages. Mixture is Complimentary Both triticale and forage peas are cool season crops and perform best when seeded as early as possible in the spring. Triticale is very leafy and stands better than oats, providing a strong understructure for the peas that grow slightly faster. As a legume, peas provide large amounts of nitrogen through heavy nodulation. Consider the value of this stabilized form of N to the companion plant, triticale, and its residual value to the following crop. A unique pre-inoculation procedure insures high levels of bacteria necessary to stimulate adequate nitrogen fixation during the growing season. Excellent Nurse Crop Characteristics After quick emergence, triticale and peas develop more slowly than other nurse crops, allowing the underseeding of alfalfa to develop vigorous seedlings. Rapid Forage Master growth in the three weeks prior to a timely harvest result in high Forage Master yields and well established alfalfa crop. High Forage Quality High quality forage is a result of leaf density and genetic selection. High leaf density contributes to higher protein levels, higher yields and lower fiber than other cereal crops. Protein levels of 15-20% and excellent palatability qualify Forage Master for use in lactating rations. High levels of sugars and soluble carbohydrates in the leaves and stems result in a sweet taste that explains the excellent palatability of Forage Master. Seeding Rates: Alone: 120 lbs/acre with a grain drill Broadcast: not recommended Under seed alfalfa: lbs/acre Seeding Depth: 1/2 to 1 deeper seed placement will restrict the tillering intensity of the triticale Seeding Date: Seed as early as possible in the spring. Forage Master will tolerate cold temperature and snow. Yield: Tonnage will depend on many things such as weather, fertility, and management. Growers have had reported yields of up to 4 tons of dry matter per acre. FORAGE Grasses Use to establish new alfalfa stands Beardless triticale assures better feedability Provides excellent erosion control versus direct seeding For dairy quality, cut in the boot stage Can be planted early into cold soils 49

50 FORAGE Grasses Green Mix Green Mix is a Forage Plus oat and Arvica pea mix ideal for heifer and dry cow feed. During the early stages of development, Green Mix grows slowly allowing the alfalfa to get a good start before it must compete with the Green Mix. Green Mix is a late-maturing oat and pea mix reaching forage cutting stage 5-7 days later than typical oat and pea mixes. Forage Plus High yielding forage oat developed by the University of Wisconsin Madison Very high dry matter yield, acceptable forage quality and relative low crude protein percentage. Excellent crown rust resistance Recommended time to cut is at the late boot stage when the head can be felt in the stem of the oats. Cutting can be a week prior to heading, with a reduced but still competitive dry matter yield. Arvica Relatively new proprietary pea variety, Arvica is a forage type pea that is setting a new standard in forage peas. Late maturity, high yielding pea variety Seeding rate = 100 lbs per acre Depth 1.5 Under-seeded Alfalfa Rate = lbs per acre Depth =.25 Green Mix works very well as a Fall seeding crop. After winter wheat harvest, plant a Fall seeding of Forage Plus and Arvica Peas (Green Mix). This will provide added tonnage and greater density of feed when compared to Brown Midrib Sorghum. Grower tip Plant Green Mix for dry cow or heifer feed. Plant Forage Master for milk cows and beef cows nursing calves. Sorghum-Sudangrass Standard Very good dry matter yield potential Excellent early season vigor and regrowth Small seeded product with excellent palatability Dark green plant color with thin stems and upright growth habit Low water requirement with very good drought tolerance, likes hot weather Versatile crop usage for excellent hay, green chop, silage and grazing Establishment: Soil temperature should be at least 60 F. Can be no-tilled into the stubble of winter and spring crops. Do not plant in soils with ph greater than Chlorosis can be a severe problem. Fertilization: Apply units of nitrogen/acre at seeding; 50 units of nitrogen/acre after first cutting to reach maximum production. Planting Range: Mid-May through July (soil temp 60 +) Seeding Rate: Dryland: lbs/acre. Seeds per square foot: 4-9 Irrigated: lbs/acre. Seeds per square foot: 9-22 Seeding Depth: Planting depth should be 1 Harvest: Harvest days after seeding. Protein will decline as harvest is delayed, but energy will increase upon heading due to continued sugar production. The potential for prussic acid and nitrate build-up must be managed. Larger stems make drying for hay difficult. Peas and Barley Mix A 50/50 blend of forage peas and barley. Barley can enhance standability of the crop. Provides a good quality, quick forage crop. Makes a good companion crop to establishing alfalfa. Succotash 40% Oats, 30% Spring Wheat, 30% Barley. 3-Species mix improves yield for both hay and grain. Provides High protein levels Better standability Use for hay or grain Great hog feed as grain Good hay quality when cut early for dry cows and heifers Grain varieties VNS Sold in 50 lb bags Sudangrass Hybrid Sudangrass High yielding, fine stems for reliable summer forage 13% more forage and over 1.2 tons/acre than Piper Profuse tillering with rapid recovery after harvest Very high digestibility; big beef gains and more milk per acre Well adapted to humid, temperate climate Responds very well to fertilizer and irrigation Harvest at Description: Hybrid sudangrass is a fast-growing annual grass used for forage production. It is finer quality than the sorghum-sudans, but significantly coarser than Japanese millet. It is easier to make for hay than the sorghum-sudans because of its finer stems. Grows 4-7' tall. Yields have ranged from 3-5 tons/acre dry matter. When harvested early (30"), contains high levels of energy and protein. The quality and energy is significantly reduced after heading. Best Use: Best suited for hay, grazing, silage, and green chop. Leave 6-8" of stubble for best re-growth potential. Likes hot weather. Special Needs: The potential for prussic acid and nitrate build-up must be managed Planting Range: Mid-May through August 1st (soil temps 60 +) Seeding Recommendations: Drill or broadcast 1/2"-1 1/2" deep. Seeding Rate: Drilled: lbs/acre Broadcast: lbs/acre Seeding Rate: Plant 100 lbs/acre 50

51 Forage Sorghum (Sudangrass) Forage sorghums are often combined with corn for silage production on lighter soils. The seed is usually mixed with seed corn at the planter box at a rate of 2.5 lbs per acre. The tall plant height (7-9+ feet) has high forage yield potential, especially in drought conditions. Produces best in hot summer conditions, needs hot summer temperatures to reach optimum yields Best suited for well drained, fertile soils One cut system PRECAUTIONS need to be taken against prussic acid poisoning when harvested too early after a frost. If harvested after frost and put in silo, bag or bunker, allow two weeks before feeding to lower prussic acid levels in feed. Establishment: Sterile (no seed head) plant with very good seedling vigor, high stalk sugars, tremendous tillering capacity; only a one cut system. Fertilization: Apply units of nitrogen/acre at seeding to reach maximum production. Seeding Rate: Alone: lbs/acre With corn: 2.5 lbs/acre Soil Types: Well drained, fertile soils; ph Seeding Depth: deep in well prepared, firm seedbed Timothy Kaitlyn Brand Timothy Kaitlyn Brand Timothy is a blend of very hardy Timothys. It is similar to Comtal in its characteristics and ability to produce high quality forage. Kaitlyn Brand differs from Comtal in maturity. Intermediate maturity rate: good for 3-4 cut program High quality forage Suited for cooler climates; does not perform well in drought or heat-prone areas Use for hay, pasture, silage and waterways. Upright growing plant with new growth from tillers and corms Establishment: Test soil and apply recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. It has a shallow, fibrous root system that does not allow Timothy to compete well. It may be seeded alone or with a legume and/or other grasses. Seeding Rate: Seeding Depth: Drilled: 4-6 lbs/acre 1/4-1/2 deep in well Broadcast: 6-10 lbs/acre prepared, firm seedbed In Mixtures: 2-3 lbs/acre Soil Types: Best adapted to loam and clay soils; ph Orchardgrass Orchardgrass Orchardgrass is one of the most versatile and widely planted cool-season perennial grasses in the Midwest and northern Plains. Orchardgrass can be excellent forage quality and can provide large yields. Furthermore, its cold, heat and drought tolerances result in a persistent stand that can last for many years. Orchardgrass varieties are categorized by their maturity, and therefore, can be carefully matched to management practices in pastures, hay fields and mixed alfalfa stands. Orchardgrass is often not as winterhardy as bromegrasses, but it is often more persistent than timothy or perennial ryegrass. Establishment: Test soil and apply the recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. Orchardgrass has a moderately deep root system and is easy to establish. It may be seeded alone or with a legume and/or other grasses. Ideal planting times are early spring and early fall (or late summer). Soil Types: Orchardgrass can thrive in various soil types with a ph of It can tolerate shade and can withstand some drought conditions, along with periods of excess moisture. Seeding Rate: Drilled: 15 lbs/acre Broadcast: 20 lbs/acre In Mixtures: 5-10 lbs/acre Seeding Depth: 1/4 1/2 deep, in a well prepared, firm seedbed Soil Types: Adapted to numerous soil types; ph Destoni Orchardgrass (Medium-Late Maturity) Destoni Orchardgrass is a high-performing blend of two medium- to late-maturing orchardgrass varieties. It has all the excellent qualities of Annie Orchardgrass, except it matures approximately 10 days later. The late maturity is an excellent characteristic for grass stands or mixed alfalfa stands that are not cut until later in the spring. The late maturity feature is also great for pastures or hay fields that include earlier maturing species, such as Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass and/or bromegrass. Mixing species with different maturities lengthens the seasonal harvest window, often providing additional cuts or extended quality grazing times. Characteristics: Later maturity benefits quality in later harvest Excellent choice for mixed alfalfas Excellent choice for mixed grass or clovers stands Fast regrowth and excellent yields Provides same basic climate and disease tolerances as Annie Orchardgrass Annie Orchardgrass (Early-Medium Maturity) Annie Orchardgrass is a blend of two high-performing varieties with an early-medium maturity (within a few days of the maturity of Potomac orchardgrass) with excellent cold and disease tolerance. The earlier maturity is excellent for pastures or for early harvests, particularly for early pre-bloom alfalfa cuts. With similar maturity dates, Annie Orchardgrass is an excellent choice to mix with red or white clovers. Furthermore, Annie is an excellent choice to mix with other grass species in pastures or hay fields. Characteristics: Excellent yields and forage quality Aids in soil erosion because of persistence Fast regrowth Disease resistant Drought resistant 51 FORAGE Grasses

52 FORAGE Grasses Smooth Bromegrass Bromegrass is a cool season, sod-forming grass that performs well in various soil types. It does not tolerate frequent cutting (more than 2-3 times per season) and recovers slowly, making it an ideal companion for alfalfa, timothy, and tall fescue. Bromegrass spreads by rhizomes (underground stems) and forms an excellent sod. Very winterhardy; extremely drought tolerant Slow to establish, may not be seen until the year after seeding Adapts to diverse soils Use for hay, pasture, waterways Establishment: Test soil and apply recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. May be seeded alone or in mixtures with legumes or other grasses. It should not be planted with aggressive grasses, such as rye grass and orchardgrass. Bromegrass needs time to recover after cutting. Seeding Rate: Drilled: lbs/acre Broadcast: lbs/acre In Mixtures: 4-7 lbs/acre Seeding Depth: 1/4-1/2 deep in well prepared, firm seedbed Soil Types: Adapted to various soil types with a soil ph of Bromegrass can withstand some drought conditions and works well on shallow soils. Ryegrass Annual Ryegrass A true annual ryegrass that is economical and is used in a quick fix situation. It is quick to germ and to establish It s uses include forage and or turf applications When a low cost, quick fix is needed, consider this product Description: Annual ryegrass establishes very rapidly, giving you higher productivity in the planting season. Annual ryegrass is capable of producing forage yield in a very short period of time. Has good cold tolerance. Best Use: Best use for single year forage production, or as green manure plow down seeded in the fall. Planting Range: March- May, August-September. Best Adaptation: Well adapted to heavier soil types. Special Needs: Will head out in early to mid-summer. Will winter kill. Seeding Recommendations: Seed lbs/acre to beef up pastures or 30 lbs/acre straight. Italian Ryegrass Italian Ryegrass, also called annual ryegrass is an annual grass that can act like a biennial or short lived perennial. It is a cool season grass that establishes quickly and will produce highly nutritious feed It can be used for pastures, hay mixes or as an emergency crop following winter killed alfalfa Use Italian Ryegrass when wanting a quick fix with intention of seeing some carry over into next crop season Description: Referred to as the Italian Stallion of cool season grasses by our friends at the University of Minnesota due to its quick re-growth, very early development in spring and a prolonged growing period in the fall. It will not head out in the seeding year unless you get a hard freeze after seed has germinated. This results in high quality forage production without the low quality stems and seed heads. Considered an annual in the upper Midwest. Recently, it has also been recognized as the perfect rotation crop for plow down or emergency feed. Best Use: Best suited as a pasture crop seeded at full rate. When seeded at a lower rate it can be used in hay mixtures and as a nurse crop for alfalfa seedlings. Begin grazing at 4-6" and remove animals when the grass is down to 2-3". Best Adaptations: Produces best on heavier, moisture-holding soils. Special Needs: Keep off of droughty ground. Planting Range: March-May, August 1st-15th (for late fall grazing). Seeding Recommendations: Seed 4-5 lbs/acre as a cover crop or lbs/acre straight. Suggestions: Use instead of small grain as your cover crop over new alfalfa seedlings. Can give you up to 1/2 ton of additional hay in the seeding year over that of a small grain. Seed early spring onto pasture that has been closely grazed the previous fall to improve yield and quality. SugarRye Perennial Ryegrass Perennial ryegrass is a short-lived, cool-season perennial grass. It is primarily known for its exceptional forage quality (high sugar content) and quick establishment. Perennial ryegrass is also very active in cooler soils. SugarRye Perennial Ryegrass is a high-performing blend of improved, tetraploid perennial ryegrass varieties developed for higher yields, higher sugar content, increased disease resistance and improved winterhardiness. Beef and dairy cattle can perform very well on pastures or hay that contain a large percentage of SugarRye. Characteristics: Excellent forage quality (high sugar content) Fast germination and good yields Excellent choice for mixed grass or legume stands Good disease resistance Persistent for two to three years Establishment: Test soil and apply the recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. It may be seeded alone or with a legume and/or other grasses. Ideal planting times are early spring and early fall (or late summer). Seeding Rate: Drilled: 25 lbs/acre Broadcast: 30 lbs/acre In Mixtures: lbs/acre Seeding Depth: 1/4 1/2 deep, in a well prepared, firm seedbed Soil Types: Adapted to numerous soil types; ph

53 Fescue NutriFescue Tall Fescue Tall Fescue is a long-lived, cool-season perennial grass. Tall fescue is generally accepted to be the most heat- and drought-tolerant of all the cool-season perennial grasses. However, it also shows very good winter hardiness. Older tall fescue varieties, such as Kentucky 31, contain a toxic fungus called endophyte, which is very harmful to livestock. Newer varieties have been developed that do not contain endophyte, such as NutriFescue Tall Fescue, which is a blend of premium endophyte-free forage tall fescue varieties. For mixed grass and legume pastures and hay fields, NutriFescue is an excellent addition to the field because of its stronger performance during the hottest and driest times of the summer. Characteristics: Excellent heat and drought tolerance Good forage quality and excellent yields Very good cold tolerance Excellent choice for mixed grass or clover stands Establishment: Test soil and apply the recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. It may be seeded alone or with a legume and/or other grasses. Ideal planting times are early spring and early fall (or late summer). Seeding Rate: Drilled: 25 lbs/acre Broadcast: 30 lbs/acre In Mixtures: lbs/acre Seeding Depth: 1/4 1/2 deep, in a well prepared, firm seedbed Soil Depths: Best adapted to loam and clay soils, but can thrive in many soil types; ph VNS Cereal Rye Rye is a very popular cereal grain for cover crops or forage though winter and early spring. Very aggressive to establish and very winterhardy. Rye is good for soil building and helps suppress winter annual weeds. Rye matures very fast in the spring for forage. Harvest before "boot stage" for best quality. Forage Yield is typically between 11/2 to 2 ton DM/acres. 50 lb bags. Seed at 150 lbs/acre. Field Peas Description: field peas are planted early, grow tall and leafy, and are tolerant to frost and drought. They can be harvested for silage, pasture, hay, or grain. When grown in mixture with small grains, peas add tremendous quality and increase the protein content in forage. The small grain allows the peas to stand more erect making them easier to harvest. Best Use: Forage (4010/Yellow) or Grain (Yellow) Best Adaptations: Excellent forage crop or alfalfa cover crop when combined with a small grain. Good protein source when combined for grain. Special Needs: Avoid wet ground. Likes cool wet weather. Reduce planting rates when using as a cover crop for alfalfa. Use inoculants when planting peas on ground that has not had them. Planting Range: March to April Seeding Recommendations: Plant deep and early. Seed lbs/acre with lbs/acre with small grain for forage or lbs/acre alone for grain Field Peas Leafy, speckled field pea High forage yields Not intended to be harvested for grain Tillage Radish Benefits of tillage Radish Reduce compaction - aggressive tap root bio-drills deep into the subsoil opening up channels for the next crops roots Control winter annuals Scavenges nutrients - tap root absorbs nutrients deep in the soil profile and deposits them near the surface for the subsequent crops use. Nitrogen mineralization - this radish will capture (N) in the fall and release it to be utilized by your crop in the spring Increased Soil Temperature - increased soil temperature at planting allows for earlier planting and better emergence Nematode suppression thus increasing crop yield Increased crop yields: no-till corn yields up 10%, beans yields up 11%, winter wheat 5-12 bu/ac Seeding Rate: 6-10 lbs/acre FORAGE Grasses Triticale Triticale is a cool season crop and performs best when seeded as early as possible in the spring. Triticale is very leafy and stands better than oats. After quick emergence, triticale develops more slowly than other nurse crops, allowing the under-seeding of alfalfa to develop vigorous seedlings. Clover Kalli III Red Clover Three year Red Clover lets you add an extra cutting per year with longer stand persistence than medium Red Clover. Description: Red clover is one of the most widely-seeded forage legumes in the world. It establishes easily and rapidly. Not as drought-tolerant or winter-hardy as alfalfa. Medium Red Clovers will recover after being cut and Mammoth Red Clover will not. Best Use: Pasture, Haylage, Dry Hay or Cover Crop Best Adaptation: Red Clover grows on wet and low ph soils that won't support alfalfa. Management Drawbacks: Difficult to dry as hay. Improved varieties (Cinnamon, Freedom) dry down faster. Can cause livestock to bloat when grazed. Agronomic Situations to Avoid: droughty soils Planting Range: February through May, July 15th - August 30th. Can be frost-seeded. Seeding Recommendations: Drill or broadcast & roll. Plant 1/4" to 1/2" deep. Seeding Rate: Seed 8-12 lbs/acre straight; 2-5 lbs/acre in a mix Suggestions: Red clover should be cut no later than September 1st in the seeding year to allow for overwintering. Graze or cut for hay when the red clover is at 1/4 to 1/2 bloom. Leave at least 2 inches of growth after each harvest. 53

54 FORAGE Grasses Ladino/White Clover Ladino Clover and new, large, taller white clovers are short-lived perennials with a persistence of only 1-2 years. They can reseed themselves. Both plants are in the white clover family because, as the name implies, they have white blossoms. These two clovers are unique because they spread by stolons (above ground stems) and the leaves and flowers also originate from the stolons. Ladino clover is a large type of white clover and is more productive than white clover in hay or forage production. Ladino clover is also used in deer food plots. White clover may be used in pastures; however, it has been primarily used for lawns and low cover. These products have a shallow root system, no drought tolerance and do not persist very well on extremely sandy soil. Establishment: Test soil and apply recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. Ladino/White Clover has excellent seedling vigor and may be used for frost seeding or renovating existing pastures. Seeding Rate: Seeding Depth: Drilled: 3-4 lbs/acre 1/4" - 1/2" deep in well Broadcast: 4-6 lbs/acre prepared, firm seedbed Soil Types: Best adapted to fertile, moist soils; ph Alsike Clover A short-lived perennial with a 1-3 year growth life, that tends to act more like a biennial. Alsike has pink-white flowers on upright, hairless stems originating from a narrow crown. It has excellent seedling vigor, generally planted with grasses to reduce the risk of bloat and enhance hay drying. Can provide lbs of nitrogen to surrounding grasses or can enhance next crop Adapted to moist, poorly drained soils; drought intolerant, used for hay, pasture, frost seeding or pasture renovation. Establishment: Test soil and apply recommended lime and fertilizer prior to planting. Seeding Rate: Seeding Depth: Drilled: 7-8 lbs/acre 1/4-1/2 deep in well Broadcast: 8-10 lbs/acre prepared, firm seedbed Soil Types: Best adapted to moist, poorly drained soils; tolerates waterlogged soils, spring flooding up to 6 weeks; intolerant of drought and sandy soils. It grows best between a soil ph of Disclaimer: These are general guidelines and descriptions about these forages and grasses. Performance could be different in different growing regions. Kussmaul Seed Co. makes no guarantees that everyone will see the same results. Varieties may or may not remain the same as listed. This is dependent upon these varieties all surviving the growing season and passing germination and quality testing. As of this publication going to press, some areas of the west are experiencing dry growing conditions. Premium Forage Formulas Alfalfa Base Pasture Mix 60% alfalfa Kaitlyn Timothy reduces bitter taste For higher protein feed More milk per acre 10% Ladino 10% Kali III Red Clover 20% Kaitlyn Timothy 60% Alfalfa Clover Base Pasture Mix 55% clover Withstands traffic and shorter clippings Grass aids in drydown For longer rotation 25% Kaitlyn Timothy 43% Kali III Red Clover 20% Orchard Grass 10% 2% Alsike Ladino Clover Waterway & Grazing Mix 85% grass content For higher digestibility and palatability Great for establishing waterways, renovating pastures or blending with alfalfa for grazing 25% Kaitlyn Timothy 25% Brome Grass 25% Kentucky Bluegrass 10% Perennial 15% White Clover Ryegrass Special Order Customer Choice Choose your own blend Your Choice Your Choice Your Choice Your Choice No returns on hay and forage mixes. * Custom blends upon request. Please allow ten days advance notice for any custom blends. 54

55 Small Grains - OATS Plant Characteristics Brand Certified Non-Certified Origin Kernel Color Maturity (Head Date) Height (Inches) % Lodging Test Weight ( Lbs. Per Bu.) Kernel Protein Crown Rust Stem Rust Disease Resistance Septoria Smut Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PVP SMALL GRAINS Oats Badger WI Yes No WI Yellow 23-Jun 32 Medium 35.9 Medium R R IR R R Yes Esker WI Yes No WI Yellow 26-Jun 35 Medium 36.7 Medium R IR IR R R Yes Ogle Yes Yes IL Yellow 26-Jun 36 Weak 35.5 Low IR S S S R No BetaGene WI Certified No WI Yellow 28-Jun 35.4 Low 36.3 High IR IR IR R R Yes Forage Plus Yes No WI For chopping only Yes Wisconsin Certified Seed Oats Badger Early season oat developed at the University of Wisconsin and released in 2010 Consistently high grain yields and excellent test weight Good barley yellow dwarf virus tolerance and very good crown rust resistance U.S. plant protected variety. Certified seed only Esker Mid-season oat with consistently high grain yields Barley yellow dwarf virus tolerance is compatible to that of Ogle Oats. Crown Rust resistance is good Released in 2004 U.S. plant protected variety. Certified seed only Forage Plus Released by the University of Wisconsin Madison in 2001 Tall, very late maturity oat Exceptionally high forage yields. Forage Plus can be harvested over a longer than normal time period because it has excellent yields, even with early harvest Good grain yields, yellow kernels and excellent resistance to crown rust 2.9 tons per acre 14.1% Crude Protein Relative Feed Quality = Plant Protected Variety. Certified seed only BetaGene Yellow oats, mid-late maturity, with excellent yield potential and high beta-glucan Consistently high grain yields in state-wide tests. Good test weights BetaGene oats were ranked number 1 for beta-glucan percentage for the last 3 years with a beta-glucan as high as 7.3%. (Beta-glucan is a heart healthy chemical that is exclusive to oats) A food grade oat should be the number 1 oat selection for any growers interested in this market 2% higher in beta-glucan on average than other oat varieties on the market. A 2% bump translates to a 20% boost in beta-glucan levels in products made from oats Milling and food manufacturers are very interested in this variety and it may open some new markets for oats Plant Variety Protected. Certified seed only Certified and Non-Certified Oats Ogle Medium maturing oat variety developed at the University of Illinois Tall, very good straw strength Produces very good grain yields in the absence of leaf rust. Ogle is susceptible to both leaf rust and smut, but possesses tolerance to red leaf virus. It has slightly below average test weight and grain color is yellow Available as Standard or Certified 55

56 SMALL GRAINS Wheat Small Grains - WHEAT WHEAT Brand Head Scab Leaf Rust Disease Resistance Powdery Mildew KF Excellent Moderate Moderate 4 KF Excellent Fair Fair 5 KF Excellent Fair Superior 5 NEW KF-222 Superior Excellent Fair 5 NEW KF-468 Excellent Fair Fair 5 NEW KF-553 Superior Excellent Fair 5 NEW KF-727 Excellent Excellent Excellent 5 PRO WHEAT PUBLIC WHEAT Pro 320 A Excellent Excellent Fair 5 Pro 200 Moderate Excellent Fair 4 Kaskaskia Moderate Moderate Fair 3 Yield Score Rating Key 5 = Very High 1 = Low Wheat KF Very winter hardy wheat Requires fungicide for powdery mildew Smooth head Plant height - 39" Mid-full maturity Consistently high yielder KF Kussmaul Seeds best seller! Excellent straw strength Well adapted from Wisconsin east to Ohio Excellent winter hardiness Smooth head Plant height - 36" Mid-early maturity Top yielder across Wisconsin and Illinois 56

57 KF Excellent winter hardiness Tremendous yield potential across environments Smooth head Plant height - 36" Early maturity Superior protection against stripe rust NEW KF 222 Superior protection against stripe rust Smooth head Average 39" tall Medium-full maturity High test weight Above average winter hardiness Will require fungicide for powdery mildew Pro Wheat Pro 320 A Another top yielder in 2015 Wisconsin and Illinois yield trials Has dual purpose usage - grain or forage Excellent test weights and winter hardiness Bearded variety Plant height - 36" Mid maturity Pro 200 Pro 200 is best for late planting due to its Excellent winter hardiness and respectable yields Excellent test weights Smooth head, mid maturity Plant height - 36" SMALL GRAINS Wheat NEW KF 468 Excellent straw strength Highly adaptable for excellent yields and performance in Midwest High test weight Smooth head Average height - 36" (medium) Medium-early maturity NEW KF 553 Superior protection against stripe rust and head scab Excellent winter hardiness Smooth head Medium-tall, 37" Early maturity High test weights Public Wheat Kaskaskia A Wisconsin certified variety that continues to be a favorite winter wheat with consistently high yields Good test weights Very winter hardy Bearded head Mid maturity Plant height - 36" Also Available VNS Winter Rye NEW KF 727 Has shown excellent yields Has dual purpose potential, grain or forage Excellent test weights and winter hardiness Smooth head Average, 35" tall Early-medium maturity Strong resistance to leaf rust, head scab, powdery mildew, BYDV and rust 57

58 WILDLIFE Wildlife Seed Perennials G-FORCE Select New Zealand White Clovers, Ladino Clover, White Dutch Clover, Chicory, Lancelot Plantain, Small Burnett, Trefoil Perennial 3-5 year stand High Protein High Nutrition Very Palatable Plant April 15-June 1 or Aug (Midwest dates). This exciting 100% perennial blend will outdraw straight clover and clover-chicory blends. It has that extra something to put deer into your plot. Also draws turkeys for the clovers, chicory and insects. Deer are natural browsers, they pick the plants that are the most succulent. G-FORCE uses a wide variety of plants with variable maturity dates, giving deer more to choose from. G-FORCE contains our reliable clovers, plantain and extra chicory with small burnett (a cucumber smell they can't resist) and trefoil. #1 Selling Perennial Blend! Put G-FORCE to work for you this year! MAXI-RACK Treestand Blend Aslike Clover, Ladino Clover, White Dutch Clover, Chicory, Dwarf Essex Rape Perennial 2-3 year stand High Protein High Nutrition Very Palatable Plant April 1 - Aug 31 (Midwest dates). MAXI-RACK Treestand Blend was developed to use around your treestand and in the woods, trails and those hard-to-get-to places. MAXI-RACK Treestand Blend utilizes less expensive seeds that work in lower ph soils. We still recommend Pel-lime and fertilizer for the best performance. SPORTSMEN AND WOMEN. OUR WILDLIFE SEEDS MAKE GOOD DOOR OPENERS, CHRISTMAS GIFTS AND ARE A GREAT WAY TO SAY THANK YOU TO THOSE FARMERS WHO'S LAND YOU ARE HUNTING. RAMPAGE CLOVER MIX Ladino Clovers, White Clovers, Alsike Clover, White Dutch Clover 100% Perennial 3-5 year stand Plant April 15-June 1 or Aug (mid- west dates). We've taken the best, most reliable clovers and put them in a blend of their own... our 100% clover blend! Perfect for frost seeding, over-seeding existing plots, or just establishing a plot of clover on it's own. Maxi-Rack Premium Wildlife Seed, helps to attract AND hold wildlife on you property. Annuals BALLISTIC Hunter & Winfred Forage Brassicas, Sugar Beets, Purple Top Turnip, Barkant Forage Turnip, Big Dog Forage Radish, Dwarf Essex Rape, Ethiopian Cabbage Annual High Protein High Nutrition Very Palatable Plant mid-july - August 31 (Midwest dates) A vegetable garden for deer! More palatable plants than most blends. Various maturities and frost dates. Cold tolerant (down to 5 degrees) and will handle dry conditions. The ULTIMATE LATE SEASON FOOD PLOT! BIG leaves, giant bulbs! Yes, you can eat them too! The perfect high protein and nutrition blend to plant for fall grazing. Fast growing, cold and drought tolerant. We recommend planting July - early August (Midwest dates) for fall hunting. Deer will go BALLISTIC for it! 58

59 SIRIUS Big Dog Radish, Dwarf Essex Rape, Purple Top Turnip, Hunter & Winfred Forage Brassicas, Ethiopian Cabbage Annual High Tonnage Massive Bulbs Proven Brassicas Plant mid-july - August 31 (Midwest dates) Featuring PROVEN brassicas, giving the hunter the best of both worlds! Big Dog Radish has high tonnage of both greens and bulbs and an earlier frost date to bring the deer in sooner (also great for your soil). Varying maturity and frost dates of the brassicas in SIRIUS will draw deer through the entire fall season! Draw more deer this FALL! Annuals Australian Winter Peas Planted alone, lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, lbs/acre Purple Top Turnip High yield, protein and digestibility. Round, globe type bulbs. Planted alone, 4-5 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1 lb/acre. Ethiopian Cabbage Drought tolerant, early maturing brassica, can grow 3-5 ft tall. Planted alone, 5-6 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. WILDLIFE WE CAN DIRECT SHIP TO THE LANDOWNER OR PERSON WHO WILL BE PLANTING THE SEED. WE WILL ALSO INCLUDE A THANK YOU CARD FROM YOU TO THE LANDOWNER! Seeds-By-The-Pound Perennials Plantain An exciting addition to your food plot! Rapid establishing, drought tolerant, mineral rich perennial herb (higher in calcium, copper and selenium than chicory). Highly palatable. Winter dormant. For well-drained soil, no standing water. Good choice for sandy soil. Planted alone, 10 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 2-3 lbs/acre. Chicory Deep tap root, very drought tolerant and winter hardy. High protein. Rich in minerals and trace elements. Planted alone, 4-5 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. White Dutch Clover 3-5 year clover. Shorter-type grazing clover that persists well in most situations. Planted alone 6 lbs/acre. Alsike Clover 2-3 year clover. Good for lower ph soils. Planted alone 6 lbs/acre. Small Burnett Evergreen forb. Drought resistant, very winter hardy. Does well in sandy areas. Cucumber aroma. Planted alone lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds 1-5 lbs/acre. Bare Sugar Beets Only needs 15-18" of rain per year. Becoming very popular among food plot enthusiasts. Fertilize with a high nitrogen fertilizer in the spring and fall, using 250 lbs/acre. For best results, fertilize every 45 days using 100 lbs/acre of a high nitrogen fertilizer. Can be mowed. If planting for fall attraction, latest planting dates recommended: Upper Midwest States, early-august Central States, early-september Southern States, early-october Planted alone, 5-10 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. These seeds are "untreated/bare" seeds, not treated with chemical insecticides or fungicides and are not coated. They are treated with DeltAg Seed Coat Dwarf Essex Rape Very high yield, protein and digestibility. Fast growing. Cold, drought and heat tolerant. Planted alone, 4-6 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. Winfred Forage Brassica (turnip/kale cross) High protein, high nutrition, very palatable. Very cold tolerant. Green to 5 degrees. Planted alone, 4-5 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. Hunter Forage Brassica (turnip/rape cross) High protein, high nutrition, very palatable. Very strong performer. Cold tolerant. Early maturity. Can be grazed down to the ground and has the power to come back strong. Planted alone, 4-5 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1-2 lbs/acre. Barkant Forage Turnip Fast maturing, very high yield, protein, and digestibility. Tankard type bulbs. Fast growing, cold, drought and heat tolerant. Greater portion of the bulb grows above ground. Planted alone, 4-5 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 1 lb/acre. BIG DOG Radish Annual. Quick maturing, good for the soil - breaks up compacted soils (hardpan), brings nutrients up to be available for the next crop, huge tankard bulb. Planted alone, 8-12 lbs/acre, mixed with other seeds, 2-4 lb/acre. Plant late summer (6-10 wks before first killing frost) day maturity. 59

60 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN AGRONOMICS - Corn Refuge Requirements Any pest control plan like Bt hybrids spawns survivors. These resistant insect intermate until a sizeable resistance population could render Bt hybrids useless. Bt refuges stop this. Insects that feed on non-bt corn will mate with any Bt survivors. This intermating, which spawns insects susceptible to Bt corn, forestalls insect resistance. EPA mandated a 20% separate refuge for hybrids resistant to European corn borer (ECB) in The 20% refuge fit well with ECB's biology. ECB moths mate away from cornfields in grassy areas before returning to lay eggs. A separate refuge mimicked this migration and encouraged mating between susceptible and resistant ECB moths. Why a Refuge? EPA also mandated a 20% separate refuge for corn rootworm-resistant corn when it debuted in "Entomologists knew the insects differed in behavior, but it was decided to keep 20% refuges to keep it simple,"says Mike Gray, University of Illinois Extension entomologist. Corn rootworm's mating pattern differs from ECB and my fit well with refuge-in-a bag (RIB). Adult beetles mate close to where they emerge in a cornfield. A separate refuge requires adequate adult dispersal so intermating between susceptible and resistant beetles occur. Since RIB places Bt and non-bt plants close together the odds may improve of resistant and susceptible beetles mating and producing susceptible offspring. Genuity Refuge Requirements Herculex Refuge Requirements For information on VT Double Pro Corn refuge requirements, go to the following web site: For information on Herculex refuge requirements, go to the following web site: Agrisure Refuge Requirements For information on Genuity VT Triple Pro Corn refuge requirements, go to the following web site: For information on Smartstax Corn refuge requirements, go to the following web site: Corn Technologies with Refuge-in-a-Bag Genuity RIB Complete Corn Blend has refuge seed contained in the bag, resulting in a refuge configuration that is interspersed within the field. For information on Agrisure traits refuge requirements, go to the following web site: UW Extension Handy BT Trait Table pdf Exports are critical to the well being of American agriculture. Nearly one third of our nation's corn crop is targeted for exports. 60

61 Agrisure Trait Family Available Traits for Corn Insects Controlled (bold) or suppressed (italics) BT Protein(s) Event Above ground In soil Agrisure CB/LL Cry1Ab BT11 ECB CEW FAW SB --- LL Herbicide tolerance Agrisure GT/CB/LL Cry1Ab GA21+BT11 ECB CEW FAW SB --- GT LL Agrisure RW mcry3a MIR CRW -- Agrisure GT/RW mcry3a GA21+MIR CRW GT Agrisure CB/LL/RW Cry1Ab mcry3a BT11+MIR604 ECB CEW FAW SB CRW LL Agrisure 3000GT Cry1Ab mcry3a GA21+BT11+MIR604 ECB CEW FAW SB CRW GT LL Agrisure Artesian 3011A Cry1Ab mcry3a GA21+BT11+MIR604 ECB CEW FAW SB CRW GT LL Agrisure Viptera 3110 Cry1Ab Vip3A mcry3a GA21+BT11+MIR162 BCW CEW ECB FAW WBC SB --- GT LL Agrisure Viptera 3111 Cry1Ab Vip3A mcry3a GA21+BT11+MIR604+ MIR162 BCW CEW ECB FAW WBC SB CRW GT LL Agrisure 3122 E-Z Refuge Cry1Ab Cry1F mcry3a Cry34/35Ab1 Agrisure 3122 E-Z Refuge BT11 + TC MIR604 + DAS Agrisure Viptera 3220 E-Z Refuge Cry1Ab Cry1F Vip3A Agrisure Viptera 3220 E-Z Refuge BT11 + TC MIR162 Agrisure Duracade 5122 E-Z Refuge Cry1Ab Cry1F mcry3a ecry3.1ab Agrisure Duracade 5122 E-Z Refuge BT11 + TC MIR Agrisure Duracade 5222 E-Z Refuge Cry1Ab Cry1F Vip3A mcry3a ecry3.1ab Agrisure Duracade 5222 E-Z Refuge BT11 + TC MIR162 + MIR Herculex Trait Family BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW GT BCW CEW ECB FAW WBC SB --- GT BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW GT BCW CEW ECB FAW WBC SB CRW GT Herculex I (HX1) Cry1F TC1507 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB --- Herculex RW (HXRW) Cry34/35Ab1 DAS CRW Herculex XTRA (HXX) Cry1F Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW Optimum Trait Family Optimum AcreMax (AM-R) Cry1F Cry1Ab BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB --- RR2 LL RR2 (most) Optimum AcreMax1 (AM1) Cry1F Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW CRW LL RR2 Optimum AcreMax Rootworm (AMRW-R) Cry34/35Ab CRW RR2 Optimum AcreMax Xtra (AMX-R) Cry1F Cry1Ab Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW RR2 Optimum AcreMax Xtreme (AMXT-R) Cry1F Cry1Ab mcry3a Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW RR2 Optimum Intrasect Cry1F Cry1Ab BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB --- LL RR2 Optimum Intrasect Xtra Cry1F Cry1Ab Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW LL RR2 Optimum Intrasect Xtreme Cry1F Cry1Ab mcry3a Cry34/35Ab1 BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW LL RR2 Optimum Intrasect TRIsect Cry1F mcry3a BCW ECB FAW WBC CEW SB CRW LL RR2 Genuity Trait Family VT Double PRO Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 NK603 CEW ECB FAW --- RR2 Genuity VT Triple PRO Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 Cry3Bb1 Mon MON89034 CEW ECB FAW CRW RR2 SmartStax VT Double PRO RIB Complete (VT2PRIB) Genuity VT Triple PRO RIB Complete (GENVT3PRIB) SmartStax RIB Complete Refuge Advanced Trait Family Refuge Advanced Powered by SmartStax Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 Cry1F Cry3Bb1 Cry34/35Ab1 MON MON89034+TC1507+ DAS BCW CEW ECB FAW SB WBC CRW LL RR2 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 NK603+MON (Blend of 5% NK603 CEW ECB FAW --- RR2 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 Cry3Bb1 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 Cry1F Cry3Bb1 Cry34/35Ab1 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab2 Cry1F Cry3Bb1 Cry34/35Ab1 MON88017+MON (Blend of 10% NK603) MON MON89034+TC1507+ DAS (Blend of 5% NK603/T25) CEW ECB FAW CRW RR2 BCW CEW ECB FAW SB WBC CRW LL RR2 BCW CEW ECB FAW SB WBC CRW LL RR2 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN 61

62 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN By Mode of Action (effect on plant growth) This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you in selecting herbicides 1) to maintain greater diversity in herbicide use and 2) to rotate among herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development of herbicide resistance. Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Site of Action Group* Site of Action Number of resistant weed species in U.S Chemical Family Active Ingredient Product Examples (Trade Name ) 1 ACCase Inhibitors 15 Aryloxyphenoxy fenoxaprop component of Fusion (acetyl CoA carboxylase) propionate fluazifop Fusilade DX quizalofop Assure II, Targa Cyclohexanedione clethodim Select, Arrow sethoxydim Poast, Poast Plus 2 ALS Inhibitors 38 Sulfonylurea chlorimuron Classic (acetolactate synthase) foramsulfuron Option halosulfuron Permit iodosulfuron Autumn continued on next page (1 of 3) nicosulfuron Accent continued from previous page (2 of 3) primisulfuron Beacon prosulfuron component of Spirit rimsulfuron Resolve thifensulfuron Harmony GT tribenuron Express Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Growth Regulators (Synthetic auxins) Photosynthesis Inhibitors Nitrogen Metabolism Pigment Inhibitors continued on next page (2 of 3) Imidazolinone imazamox Raptor imazaquin Scepter imazethapyr Pursuit Triazoloyrimidine flumetsulam Python cloransulam FirstRate 9 EPSP Synthase 7 None accepted glyphosate Roundup, Touchdown, Inhibitor others (5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate) 4 Specific site 7 Phenoxy 2,4-D Weedone, others unknown Benzoic acid dicamba Banvel, Clarity Carboxylic acid clopyralid Stinger fluroxypyr Starane 19 Auxin Transport 0 Semicarbazone diflufenzopyr component of Distinct 5 Photosystem II 22 Triazine atrazine AAtrex, others Inhibitors simazine Princep (different binding than 6 & 7) Triazinone metribuzin Sencor 6 Photosystem II 1 Nitrile bromoxynil Buctril, others Inhibitors (different binding than 5 & 7) Benzothiadiazole bentazon Basagran 7 Photosystem II 7 Ureas linuron Lorox, Linex Inhibitors (different binding than 5 & 6) 10 Glutamine Synthesis 0 None accepted glufosinate Liberty Inhibitor 13 Diterpene Synthesis 0 Isoxazolidinone clomazone Command Inhibitor By Premix This chart lists premix herbicides alphabetically by their trade names so you can identify the premix s component herbicides and their respective site of action groups. Refer to the Mode of Action chart for more information. Component Site of Premix Trade Active Action Trade Name Name Ingredient Group* Authority First... Spartan sulfentrazone 14 FirstRate cloransulam 2 Axiom... Define flufenacet 15 Sencor metribuzin 5 Basis... Resolve rimsulfuron 2 Harmony GT thifensulfuron 2 Bicep II Magnum... Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5 Bicep Lite II Magnum... Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5 Boundary... Dual Magnum s-metolachlor 15 Sencor metribuzin 5 Breakfree ATZ... Breakfree acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Breakfree ATZ Lite... Breakfree acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Buctril + Atrazine... Buctril bromoxynil 6 atrazine atrazine 5 Bullet... Micro-Tech alachlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Camix... Callisto mesotrione 28 Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 Canopy DF... Classic chlorimuron 2 Sencor metribuzin 5 Canopy EX... Classic chlorimuron 2 Express tribenuron 2 Celebrity Plus... diflufenzopyr diflufenzopyr 19 Clarity dicamba 4 Accent nicosulfuron 2 Cinch ATZ... Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5 Cinch ATZ Lite... Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5 Degree Xtra.... Degree acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Distinct... diflufenzopyr diflufenzopyr 19 Clarity dicamba 4 Domain... Define flufenacet 15 Sencor metribuzin 5 Equip... Option foramsulfuron 2 Autumn iodosulfuron 2 Expert... Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5 glyphosate glyphosate 9 Exteme... Pursuit imazethapyr 2 glyphosate glyphosate 9 Field Master... Harness acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 glyphosate glyphosate 9 FulTime... TopNotch acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Fusion... Fusilade DX fluazifop 1 Puma fenoxaprop 1 Gangster... Valor flumioxazin 14 FirstRate cloransulam 2 G-Max Lite... Outlook dimethenamid-p 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Guardsman Max... Outlook dimethenamid-p 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Harness Xtra... Harness acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Hornet... Stinger clopyralid 4 Python flumetsulam 2 Keystone... Surpass acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Keystone LA... Surpass acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Laddok... Basagran bentazon 6 atrazine atrazine 5 Lexar... Callisto mesotrione 28 Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 AAtrex atrazine 5

63 continued from previous page (3 of 3) Pigment Inhibitors Cell Membrane Disrupters Seedling Root Growth Inhibitors Seedling Shoot Growth Inhibitors 28 HPPD Inhibitors 0 Isoxazole isoxaflutole Balance Pro * Site of Action Group is a classification system developed by the Weed Science Society of America Glyphosate, Weeds, and Crop Series Triketone mesotrione Callisto tembotrione Laudis topramezone Impact 14 PPO Inhibitors 2 Diphenylether acifluorfen Ultra Blazer fomesafen Flexstar, Reflex lactofen Cobra, Phoenix N-phenylphthalimide flumiclorac Resource flumioxazin Valor SX Aryl triazinone sulfentrazone Spartan carfentrazone Aim 22 Photosystem I 4 Bipyridilium paraquat Gramoxone Inteon Electron Diverter 3 Microtubule 6 Dinitroaniline ethalfluralin Sonalan Inhibitors pendimethalin Prowl, others trifluralin Treflan, others 8 Lipid Synthesis 5 Thiocarbamate butylate Sutan + Inhibitors EPTC Eradicane (not ACCase) 15 Long-chain Fatty 1 Chloroacetamide acetochlor Harness, TopNotch, Acid Inhibitor Degree, others alachlor Intrro, Micro-Tech metolachlor Dual II Magnum, others dimethenamid Outlook, Propel Oxyacetamide flufenacet Define Distributed by weed scientists from 16 North Central Universities, who are working on weed management in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. For information about obtaining copies of this publication and other resources, see Financial support for printing provided by BASF, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, Monsanto, Syngenta, and Valent USA. I K GWC-3 University of Wisconsin-Extension, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. An equal opportunity action employer, University of Wisconsin-Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX requirements. AAtrex atrazine Lightning... Pursuit imazethapyr 2 Arsenal imazapyr 2 Lumax... Callisto mesotrione 28 Dual II Magnum s-metolachlor 15 Aatrex atrazine 5 Marksman... Banvel dicamba 4 atrazine atrazine 5 NorthStar... Beacon primisulfuron continued on 2 next page Clarity dicamba 4 Parallel Plus... Parallel metolachlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Priority... Aim carfentrazone 14 Permit halosulfuron 2 Prefix... Dual Magnum s-metolachlor 15 Reflex fomesafen 14 Pursuit Plus... Pursuit imazethapyr 2 Prowl pendimethalin 3 Radius... Define flufenacet 15 Balance Pro isoxaflutole 28 Sequence... Dual Magnum s-metolachlor 15 glyphosate glyphosate 9 Shotgun... atrazine atrazine 5 Salvo 2,4-D 4 Sonic... Spartan sulfentrazone 14 FirstRate cloransulam 2 Spirit... Peak prosulfuron 2 Beacon primisulfuron 2 Stalwart Xtra... Stalwart C metolachlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Status... diflufenzopyr diflufenzopyr 19 Clarity dicamba 4 Steadfast... Accent nicosulfuron 2 Resolve rimsulfuron 2 Steadfast ATZ... Accent nicosulfuron 2 Resolve rimsulfuron 2 atrazine atrazine 5 Stout... Accent nicosulfuron 2 Harmony GT thifensulfuron 2 SureStart... Surpass acetochlor 15 Stinger clopyralid 4 Python flumetsulam 2 Synchrony... Classic chlorimuron 2 Harmony GT thifensulfuron 2 Valor XLT... Valor flumioxazin 14 Classic chlorimuron 2 Volley ATZ... Volley acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Volley ATZ Lite... Volley acetochlor 15 atrazine atrazine 5 Yukon... Banvel dicamba 4 Permit halosulfuron 2 The layout for this publication was provided by NPM the University of Wisconsin s Nutrient and Pest Management (NPM) Program. ipcm.wisc.edu KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN Prairie Edge Farm, Sturgis, MI. RFS-1005RR, July 10th, Salesman Mike Mingus. 63

64 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN The Importance of Stand Evaluation and Analyzing Stand Uniformity The prospect of replanting a crop is never pleasant, but sometimes necessary. Yield reduction comes in may forms, so let's look at evaluating your stand and some basic causes of stand losses. As corn and soybeans emerge, evaluating the stand is important to identify problems that may arise from poor planting conditions, weather issues, insect or disease. Evaluating stands early can help identify problems while there is still time to fix them. Three common methods for taking stand counts are outlined below. The 1/1000th acre method is widely used for corn and wide-row soybeans. More accurate is the wheel method, which counts 150 plants and measures the distance from start to finish with a measuring wheel, or the hoop method, often used for drilled beans. When evaluating a corn or soybean stand, only count plants with a good chance of survival. Keep in mind that while corn plant populations are a critical componet of yield, soybean plants are better able to compensate for low plant populations. 1/1000th Acre Method Count the number of plants in a row equal to 1/1000th of an acre. Multiply the number of plants by 1,000 to get plants per acre. Repeat the process in several locations in the field. Row Width Row Length 1/1,000th Acre Wheel Method Count 150 plants and measure the distance with a measuring wheel. Divide the number of feet into the appropriate factor in table below to determine plant population. Repeat the process several times throughout the field. Example, if you walked 95 feet while counting 150 plants in 30-inch rows, the population is 2,613, = 27,512 plants per acre. Row Width (inches) Factor 20 3,920, ,613, ,178, ,063,350 Hoop Method Measure the diameter of the hoop, toss it in the field, and count the number of plants inside the hoop. Repeat in at least 5 locations in the field. Multiply the number of plants in the hoop by the appropriate factor listed in the table below to get the number of plants per acre. Diameter of Hoop (inches) Factor 18 24, , , , , , ,165 Source: Illinois Agronomy Handbook Goss s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn The warm and wet growing season of 2011 set the stage for an explosive level of late-season corn diseases such as stalk rots, ear rots and foliar diseases. Among the foliar diseases which quickly emerged as a significant issue to growers was Goss s Wilt. The disease, typically a western Nebraska and Colorado issue, moved east throughout the Corn Belt. What is it? Goss s Wilt is a persistent and economically serious disease of susceptible dent, food-grade and sweet hybrids. Unlike many of the common corn diseases seen throughout the season, Goss s bacterial wilt and blight of corn is caused by a bacteria rather than a fungus. The disease is common following severe weather events such as hail, heavy winds or heavy rainfall. States in which Goss s Wilt was reported in 2011 include: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois and Indiana. What to look for? Goss Wilt symptoms are often confused with other foliar diseases such as Stewart's Wilt, Northern Corn Leaf Blight or Diplodia. Some of the distinguishing symptoms of Goss s Wilt include: Gray to light yellow lesions with wavy margins that follow the leaf veins Dark green to black spots of freckles on the surface within the infected area of the leaf Symptoms will progress to kill large portions of the canopy and can result in plant death Severe symptoms can be confused with drought stress Options for Control There are no in-season control options available to the grower. Foliar fungicides are not effective in the control of this disease. What can you do? Your best defense against Goss s Wilt is to plant corn hybrids with high levels of tolerance. With the wide array of diverse genetics available to GreenLeaf, we are able to assemble a portfolio of hybrids that are highly tolerant to Goss s Wilt. Talk to your sales representative about which hybrids are a good fit for your area. Important Notice/Disclaimer: This Tech Bulletin is provided for reference and information purposes only. GreenLeaf makes no representation or warranty as to the completeness or accuracy of the information contained herein. IN NO EVENT WILL GREENLEAF BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR SPECIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN OR THE PRODUCTS TO WHICH THE INFORMATION REFERS. 64

65 Dig for Answers Sometimes you have to dig a little for answers when your corn crop emerges unevenly, which can hurt ear counts, says Miss Bauer, Farm Journal Associated Field Agronomist. Bauer provides these simple directions to determine the causes of uneven emergence. 1. Dig up a corn plant, look at the root system and find the old seed. Note that the mesocotyl extends up to the base of the crown. 2. Hold the base of the crown at the 3/4" line of the measuring tape. Then, measure the length of the mesocoltyl down to the bottom of the seed. This measurement is your planting depth for that specific plant. 3. Measure the planting depts of neighboring plants. Look for variations in the mesocotyl length between plants and compare your findings. Any variations tell you there was a lack of planting-depth uniformity. Plants that vary 1/4" or more in planting depth consistence can reduce ear size or count. "When uniformity isn't even from plant to plant that may indicate a planter set-up problem," Bauer notes. Common factors that contribute to uneven planting depth include: the planter not running level, too fast a planting speed, poor adjustment to disk openers or incorrect down pressure. Source: Farm Journal Guidelines For Understanding Corn Production A general rule of thumb is to plant corn after the morning temperature at the 2 depth is above 50 degrees. Working wet fields causes compaction which effects crop growth for the entire season. When planting early into no-till, increase the population 5 to 10%. When determining plant populations, select a realistic goal for your farm. Underplanting may limit yields; overplanting can cause barren stalks, small ears, increased disease pressure and standability problems. Full season hybrids usually respond more to early planting than shorter season hybrids. Planting to Emergence A dormant kernel will absorb approximately 30% of its weight in moisture to initiate the chemical changes needed for the germination process to begin. Corn needs approximately 110 growing degree units to emerge (usually 7 to 10 days). For the first 2-3 weeks, the kernel provides the food for the growing plant, as the food reserves are depleted, the roots assume this responsibility. As the corn plant emerges, the growing point is located 1-1 1/2 below the soil surface, and will begin to initiate all foliage leaves, ear shoots and the tassel. Emergence to Knee High Under ideal growing conditions, the newly emerged corn plant will unfurl leaves from the whorl at the rate of approximately 1 leaf every 3 days. By the time 4 leaves have emerged, approximately 5 tall, the corn plant has begun to create the root system and leaf structure that will be used to later support ear and grain formation. The tassel is initiated in the tip of the stem, but is still below the soil surface. All leaves and ear shoots that the plant will eventually produce have now been initiated. When 6 leaves are fully emerged, the nodal roots become the permanent functioning root system of the corn plant. When 8 leaves are fully emerged, the corn plant begins to enter a stage of extreme rapid vegetative and vertical growth. The corn plant is now determining how many rows of kernels the new ear will have. This determination cannot be increased later in the growing season. The growing point is now 2-3 inches above the soil surface. Knee High to Pollination The corn plant has now entered a stage of extreme rapid, steady growth, placing heavy requirements on the root system to supply water and nutrients. New leaves unfurl at a faster rate of 1 every 2 days. The tassel now begins to develop rapidly. Although the number of rows of kernels per ear has already been established, the determination of the number of kernels per row will not be complete until 1 week before silking. As the plant nears pollination, the leaves unfurl at a faster rate of 1 every 1 or 2 days. By the time the tassel has emerged, the corn plant has reached its full height, and the root system has reached its maximum size. Pollen shed normally begins 2-4 days after tassel emergence and continues for 5-8 days. Silks usually appear 1 or 2 days after pollen shed begins, growing from 1-1 1/2 per day until fertilized. Pollination is not a continuous process, with pollen shed occurring for only a few hours each day, and only when the tassel is dry. Under normal field conditions, 95% of the pollen falling on a given ear will have originated from another corn plant. Moisture, heat, and other environmental stresses occurring 2 weeks prior to 2 weeks after silking can result in very large yield reductions. Moisture stress can delay silk emergence, while heat stress can reduce pollen viability. By tasseling, the corn plant has (during the first 50 days of growth): absorbed 50% of its Nitrogen needs absorbed 33% of its P2O5 requirement absorbed over 50% of its K2O needs Pollination Maturity Within 2 weeks after silking, the kernels resemble a blister in shape. The kernels are now approximately 85% moisture. By the end of the 3rd week after pollination, the kernels display a yellow color on the outside and the inner fluid is milky-white due to starch accumulation. The kernel is now approximately 80% moisture. Starch accumulation continues into the 4th week as the milky inner fluid now thickens to a pasty consistency. The kernel has now reached about 70% moisture. After the 5th week, half the kernels are usually dented and the kernel has reached about 60% moisture. By the 6th week, the kernels contain about 55% moisture, are 3-3 1/2 weeks from maturity and have accumulated 3/4 of their mature dry weight. By the time 95% of the kernels on the ear have dented, the moisture is about 50%. Black layer occurs when the kernel has reached its maximum dry weight. Average kernel moisture is now 28-35%. Black layer is caused by the collapse and compression of several layers of cells near the tip of the kernel and is an indication the kernel is no longer receiving photosynthate from the plant and signals the end of kernel growth for this season. Stress encountered at this stage of development will reduce yields by reducing kernel weights. We hope this information will help you to better understand the process that a corn plant goes through during the season. Proper inspection and maintenance of planting and harvesting equipment will greatly increase stand and yield. KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN 65

66 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN What Growers Should Know About Corn Development By TOM J. BECHMAN SIXTY days after corn kernels start to develop, the black layer should form. Corn is physiologically mature at that point, and nothing can affect what s in the kernel. Depending upon where you live, a portion or all of your crop may be at that stage. Especially in the eastern Corn Belt, however, there may still be a few days or weeks to go. Even where corn was three weeks behind in planting, it was only one week behind by grain fill, says Bob Nielsen, a Purdue University corn specialist. The native Nebraskan maintains the Chat n Chew Café website used by corn growers throughout the country. Late-season development Here s what happens when corn develops normally. Nielsen picks up the explanation at the mid-r5 stage, also known as the dent stage, which typically comes 38 days after mid-silking. Husk leaves begin to dry. BLACK LAYER MATURITY: Note the thick black layer of cells near the tip of the kernel. This kernel is physiologically mature. Once that happens, severe stress has little effect on grain yield, Nielsen says. Unfortunately, in parts of the Corn Belt, there was plenty of stress before corn reached that point, some occurring all the way back at the pollination stage. About the only way to cut yield significantly after the black layer forms is if stalks are damaged by corn borers or stalk rot, or ears are damaged by a pest such as western bean cutworm. It typically leaves several entry holes per ear, allowing water to seep in. Certain GMO hybrids have resistance to western bean cutworm. Harvest Moisture content is only a relative guide to whether corn is physiologically mature, Nielsen notes. The average moisture content at black layer is around 30%, but it varies from 25% to 40%. To check for black layer, look at individual kernels. The black layer consists of dead and collapsed placental cells located near the tip. If you cut a kernel lengthwise, you ll see a horizontal dark layer near the tip. From the tip end you can remove the outermost tip and see the black layer. Most people distinguish between physiological maturity and harvest maturity, Nielsen says. He defines harvest maturity as the grain moisture level where harvesting can start. You may make that call depending upon whether you ve sold corn for an early premium, what dryer capacity you have and how much corn you have to harvest. If you begin too early, the trade-off may be kernel damage and mechanical harvest loss, Nielsen notes. If corn stands too long, odds of harvest loss increase from lodged corn, especially if stalk rot is an issue. In fields that were badly stressed, expect stalk rot to invade. There s also a theory that if corn dries too long in the field, you won t harvest as much weight as if it s harvested earlier. However, this phantom grain loss, talked about for more than 20 years, has never been proven beyond a shadow of a doubt. Once moisture reaches 25% and you ve got a good drying system, Nielsen considers corn at harvest maturity. Source: Wisconsin Agriculturist, September 2011 If you ve got a good ear, you re going to find 40 or more kernels per row, he says. You may find a few nonpollinated ovules at the tip. If the corn was stressed, you will find more than if it wasn t stressed. The milk line is visible on kernels if you break an ear in half. Typically, at this stage, it s one-fourth to one-third down the length of the kernel. By late R5 the husks are completely dry. Now it s about 56 days after mid-silk. Kernels will be fully dented, but the crop still isn t physiologically mature. That comes at R6. The R stands for reproductive. We re usually about 55 to 65 days after silking, Nielsen says. Kernel dry weight reaches its maximum, and kernels are safe frost. Technically, physiological maturity occurs shortly after the milk line disappears and just before the kernel black layer forms. The black layer forms the tips. 66

67 Micronutrient Deficiency Detection By: Darrell Smith, Farm Journal Conservation and Machinery Editor Step-by-step guide to identify lacking micronutrients Micronutrients are essential for plant health. You can apply a micronutrient mix that, you hope, will prevent problems or you can learn to identify the symptoms and treat only if you find a problem. Farm Journal Field Agronomist Ken Ferrie recommends the latter approach. "Micronutrient deficiencies can be serious if you have them," Ferrie says. "But problems with micronutrients usually are driven by some other condition, such as compaction, drought, organic [muck or peat] soils, sandy soils and acid or alkaline soils. If possible, solve the micronutrient issue by fixing the underlying cause. "The environment tells us where to expect micronutrient issues," he adds. "Elsewhere, it s rare to find a problem." Neither crop scouting, soil testing nor tissue testing is sufficient, by itself, to diagnose a micronutrient deficiency. It requires a combination of all three. Take the detection process step by step, Ferrie says. Diagnosis begins by knowing the symptoms of various deficiencies well enough to spot a problem. Determining whether symptoms appear at the top or the bottom of the plant eliminates half of the possibilities. The Micronutrient Deficiency Detection Guide will lead you through the detection process. The first step is to rule out macronutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) deficiencies, then evaluate micronutrient issues. Micronutrients to Monitor Here are capsule descriptions of the micronutrients most likely to cause problems, according to Farm Journal Field Agronomist Ken Ferrie. Boron is involved in cell division, viability of pollen grains, and the formation and metabolism of carbohydrates. But its biggest impact is on water metabolism. "If boron availability in the plant is low, it can have trouble taking up water," Ferrie says. Boron deficiency also can be triggered by excess potassium and calcium in the soil. Deficiency symptoms in plants are difficult to identify because the individual symptoms mimic those of other nutrients. Symptoms include scattered white spots between the veins on the youngest leaves, which eventually form 2" or 3" long stripes. Plants will have shortened internodes, difficulty unfurling the whorl and rippling at the leaf edges. On older leaves, you will see scorching along the edges. At harvest time, you will find banana-shaped, poorly filled ears. Copper affects chlorophyll formation and enzymes involved with photosynthesis and disease resistance. Because it plays a role in the development, release and survival of pollen, it is important when crops pollinate under stress. Under severe copper deficiency, plants might die mid season. It can be mistaken for seedling blights. Copper deficiencies most often occur in high organic matter soils (peats and mucks). Muck soils might need an annual application of copper. Iron affects the chlorophyll and respiration processes. "In acid soils, iron availability increases during times of excessive rain and poor soil aeration," Ferrie says. "But in alkaline, calcareous soils, excessive wetness causes iron deficiencies. In muck soils, high levels of iron result in manganese deficiency." Tissue and soil tests usually are poor indicators of iron levels, Ferrie adds. Manganese affects chlorophyll production and metabolism of carbohydrates and nitrogen. Deficiencies are most common in soils with ph above 5.8. They commonly occur in alkaline, extremely sandy and organic soils. Manganese and iron influence each other, and the effects vary by soil type. "In alkaline soils, high levels of manganese will reduce uptake of iron," Ferrie says. "But if high-organic muck soil gets too acid, enough iron will come into solution and cause manganese problems." In extremely acid organic soils, apply lime to correct the manganese deficiency. Don t over-lime mineral soils or you will cause manganese deficiency. For immediate results, make a foliar application. You might need two, since manganese, like iron, does not move in the plant, so new growth that emerges after spraying might still be manganese-deficient. Zinc plays a role in protein synthesis, development of floral parts and grain and seed production. Deficiencies are most common in badly eroded soils, high-ph soils, cool, wet soils and compacted soils. "High rates of phosphorus also will cause zinc deficiency," Ferrie says. "We see this where excessive manure has been applied and in sandy, calcaric soils. The deficiencies become more severe in cool, wet conditions." Source: Farm Journal, January 27, 2012 The Kernel of Innovation Corn is a member of the plant family of grasses. Each kernel of corn has a highly nutritious outer layer, called pericarp. This is fused with the seed coat, typical of grasses. Although most corn has yellow kernels, they may also be black, bluish-gray, purple, green, red or white. A corn kernel is made up of four major components: starch, fiber, protein and oil. Corn can be processed in different ways to tap into these components and used them in all kinds of products. There are two basic methods employed in processing corn kernels. They are known as dry milling and wet milling. In dry milling, corn is separated into flour, corn meal, grits and other products by soaking corn kernels in water, then removing the germ for processing into oil. The remaining parts of the kernel are ground and sieved into various fractions. When ground, corn yields more flour with much less bran than wheat does. Wet milling is the process by which corn is separated into starch (syrup, ethanol, cornstarch), germ (oil), and fiber and gluten (animal feed) by soaking corn kernels in water before separating them by grinding and centrifuge. In addition, refiners produce starches, sweeteners and ethanol all made from the starch portion of the corn. Cornstarch, which is derived from the endosperm of the corn kernel, is a mainstay of the corn refining industry. It has a wide range of industrial and food applications. Over 90 percent of the starch Americans use is produced from corn. Corn sweeteners supply more than 56 percent of the U.S. nutritive sweetener market. All in all, one little kernel of corn does an awful lot of work. No wonder corn leads all other crops in value and volume of production National Corn Growers Association Visit for more details and updates on the corn industry. The area known as the "Pacific Rim" region (in Asia) is emerging as the world's fastest growing market for U.S. corn. There, most of the corn is fed to livestock to produce food for humans. The majority of the world's population is located in the Pacific Rim region 67 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN

68 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN Calculating yield corrected for moisture Corn bushel adjusted to 15.5% moisture Bushel of corn at 15.5% moisture = Total harvested grain weight (lbs) x (1.0 minus % moisture) (lbs of dry matter in a bushel of 15.5% moisture corn Soybean bushel adjusted to 13.0% moisture Bushels of soybean at 13.0% moisture = Total harvested grain weight (lbs) x (1.0 minus % moisture) 52.2 (lbs of dry matter in a bushel of 13.0% moisture soybean) (Acre = 43,560 square feet) Problems in the Cornfield Here are problems you could run into, even if you didn t think your crop was stressed much this summer: Poor kernel set. This can definitely happen in stressed fields, but sometimes it happens even if fields didn t appear that stressed, Bob Nielsen notes. There s a two- to three-week window from pollination through early kernel development where kernel set is determined. If pollination isn t effective, or if kernels abort, you ll find ears with missing kernels. Silk clipping. Both corn rootworm and Japanese beetles are quite capable of clipping silks short enough to interfere with pollination. It all comes down to when the beetles were active and how many were in the field. Wet tassels. If you were lucky enough to get moisture this summer, but unlucky enough to get showers or rain every day during pollination, the pollination process could have been affected. Tip dieback. You re talking about kernel abortion. A small amount is expected and may vary by hybrid. An inch or more of unfertilized cob at the tip may indicate that stress or some other factor, such as warm nights during early grain fill, caused kernel abortion. Source: Wisconsin Agriculturist, September

69 Big Four Yield Threats January 4, 2014 By: Darrell Smith, Farm Journal Conservation and Machinery Editor A defensive strategy should include understanding corn diseases, scouting fields and following a management plan If corn growers compiled a list of their greatest corn disease threats, gray leaf spot, northern corn leaf blight, southern corn leaf blight and Goss s bacterial wilt would be right at the top. Gray leaf spot would earn its ranking because it s so widespread. Northern and southern corn leaf blight can sneak in and take you by surprise. Goss s wilt is moving into new areas at an unprecedented rate. All those diseases can slash yield. "They attack corn leaves, which function like a plant s solar panels, taking in energy that is used to produce food," says Farm Journal Field Agronomist Ken Ferrie. "When leaves are damaged or killed, it affects ear size, stalk quality and standability because when the plant can no longer manufacture food, it cannibalizes itself." Knowledge is power. You can defend your corn fields from the big four yield threats by understanding the diseases, scouting fields and following a disease management plan. Information Ferrie gleaned from his own disease demonstrations in 2013 in the field and in the laboratory can help you. Here s a closer look at the big four corn diseases: if humidity passes 95%. "It might continue to do this for at least 96 hours (cumulative) of 95% humidity before it actually penetrates the leaf," Dodd says. "That makes gray leaf spot an excellent fit for most of the Corn Belt, especially in river bottoms." GLS lesions are gray and rectangular in shape. "The lesions remain between the leaf veins they don t cross them," Ferrie says. "That s important for diagnosis. There s a yellow halo at the end of the lesion. "Early on, it is difficult to tell symptoms of GLS, eyespot and southern leaf blight apart," Ferrie says. "As you get farther along, they separate out." GLS inoculum harbors in residue. "It can be in the stalk or leaves, buried or on the surface," Ferrie says. "The inoculum builds up over time, so the threat of GLS is worse in continuous corn. Yields might seem OK for awhile because infected plants might not die until late in the season. But if you plant a susceptible hybrid after inoculum has built up to a high level, the disease can devastate the crop. "Anything you can do to reduce the amount of residue helps manage GLS. Crop rotation can help," Ferrie continues. "But a corn/soybean rotation may not eliminate the buildup of residue over time, especially if you do not till between corn and soybeans." Selecting GLS-resistant hybrids is very important. "Be careful if you decide to switch to shorter-season hybrids because of a late spring," Ferrie cautions. "In that situation, seed companies bring northern hybrids south. You don t find as much GLS resistance in hybrids sold in northern areas because GLS is less of a problem as you go north." Fungicides are effective on GLS, but severe infestations might require multiple applications. "Group 11 (strobilurin) fungicides seem to be more effective on GLS than Group 3 (triazole) fungicides," Ferrie says. "If you have other diseases in addition to GLS, you will need a tank mix. A tank mix of Group 11 and Group 3 fungicides will be more effective on GLS than a Group 3 product alone but less effective than a Group 11 product." KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN The lesions start out small (left), but in a matter of weeks, northern corn leaf blight grows into a longish cigar shape (right). Northern corn leaf blight lesions will cross veins in the leaf, unlike gray leaf spot lesions. Varying degrees of gray leaf spot resistance are evident on leaves for five hybrids. Gray leaf spot. Gray leaf spot (GLS) roughly spans from Minnesota to Louisiana and from Texas to Pennsylvania. "It can range from a moderate infestation to a devastating yield robber," Ferrie says. GLS symptoms don t show up until just before tasseling. "You probably won t be able to identify it with your scouting manual until corn is moving into the reproductive stage," Ferrie says. "Depending on your locality, GLS has been described as both a cooland warm-season disease. We ve found it s tied more to humidity than to temperature. GLS needs high humidity and wet leaves wet nights, rainy days and heavy dews to start the process." Researchers at Iowa State University found that, once gray leaf spot spores germinate on a leaf, it grows on the leaf surface after the humidity reaches 95%, says Jim Dodd of Professional Seed Research in Sugar Grove, Ill. At lower humidity, growth declines, but it resumes again Northern corn leaf blight. As its name suggests, northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is more common in northern areas. "The disease can show up any time you have cool, moist conditions," Ferrie says. "To become a big problem, it needs a cool, wet spring followed by a cool, moist summer what many Corn Belt farmers experienced in "NCLB causes problems as far south as southern Texas and even Brazil," Dodd says. "I think it is not as much a cool temperature requirement of the pathogen but the genetics of hybrids traditionally used in those areas. The northern corn leaf blight now harboring in corn residue is a different strain from the one your father fought, Ferrie notes. "The seed industry found hybrids resistant to the HT1 NCLB gene. NCLB almost went extinct, but it came back in the 1980s, became more aggressive in the 1990s and once again is capable of damaging yield. Now we are dealing with the HT2 NCLB gene, and very few hybrids have a high degree of resistance. 69

70 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN "NCLB is most common from central Illinois north," Ferrie says. "Seed produced for those regions contain more built-in resistance because of the environment in which they are bred. "Seed companies rate their hybrids for NCLB tolerance. In catalogs produced for the south, where the disease is not common, the rating may not be listed, so Southern growers may have to ask their seed rep for the rating." Since NCLB isn t usually a problem in the South, Southern growers need to be on guard when conditions are cool and moist. If it shows up, apply a fungicide and shift to a more resistant hybrid next year, Ferrie advises. NCLB produces lesions that start out small and grow into a longish cigar shape. "When you find NCLB in your fields, manage it aggressively," Ferrie says. "It can do more damage in less time than gray leaf spot because the desiccated leaf area is larger. We sometimes have to spray before and after pollination to control the disease. NCLB can be controlled by Group 3 and Group 11 fungicides." Like GLS, NCLB builds up over time in residue. "The more continuous corn you grow, the more susceptibility you have, even with tillage," Ferrie says. Southern corn leaf blight. When the environment is moist wet leaves and 70 F to 90 F temperatures southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is lurking. "The disease is more common in the South," Ferrie says, "But in 2012, we had quite a bit of SCLB in the Midwest because of weather conditions." SCLB is a mid-season disease, showing up from mid-whorl to maturity. It can show up earlier than gray leaf spot. Like most diseases carried over in residue, it starts in the lower leaves and works its way up the plant. Early season symptoms are similar to gray leaf spot. "But SCLB lesions can be oblong as well as rectangular like GLS, and they can cross leaf veins," Ferrie says. "Its lesions are tan, brown or gold in color." In inoculation studies, Ferrie found that, once a plant is infected, SCLB symptoms show up within days no extended warm temperatures required. "Even the resistant hybrids showed early symptoms," he says. "But with susceptible hybrids, the disease really took off and moved up the plant after the second- or third-generation reinfestation as the disease developed." SCLB also harbors in residue. "But it doesn t survive well when the residue is incorporated," Ferrie says. At least one fungicide is labeled for control of SCLB, in addition to some protectant products. Protectants must be applied before the disease strikes. Because inoculum survives on crop residue, Goss's bacterial wilt can be most sever in low areas where residue has washed in. Goss s bacterial wilt. Common to Nebraska, Goss s wilt is on the move. The National Plant Diagnostics Network says it also has been found in South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas and (most recently) Louisiana, as well as Canada. "A mild infestation of Goss s wilt will take 50 bu. to 60 bu. off your yield," Ferrie continues. "But it can take 100 bu. if it hits at the right time." Unlike the other three diseases, which are caused by fungi, Goss s wilt is caused by bacteria. "Bacteria can t enter a plant by themselves," Ferrie says. "They need an entrance created by an injury from hail, sandblasting, insects or wind damage. So a hail storm on top of a moderate infestation of Goss s wilt can multiply the effects. "The disease may be present on the plant from the V3 or V4 stage, but if an injury occurs, the plant may suddenly become infected. It can kill an entire field before it matures." Goss s wilt can occur from corn s early vegetative (V) stages through ear fill. Its optimum temperature is 80 F. "The disease s development is related to daily temperature and moisture levels in May and June," Ferrie says "It prefers moist conditions. That s what starts the infection. But you don t see the results until July, August or even harvest time. If weather turns hot and dry after infection occurs, progress of the disease slows down, but by then, the damage is already done, and plants may die prematurely. Many growers saw that happen in 2011." Symptoms include wilting, if the disease is severe, leaf lesions, blighting, leaf necrosis and reduced ear size. "Because the infection is tied to May and June weather when ear size is being determined, you may find ears with only 10 or 12 rows of kernels and only 20 or 30 kernels per row, similar to phosphorus deficiency. Plants may die prematurely. Plants are susceptible at all growth stages," Ferrie says. The disease survives in surface residue, so you might see the worst infestation in low areas where residue has washed in or where it blows from one field to another. "It also can spread by seed infestation," Ferrie says. "Some grasses serve as hosts. Besides residue, the bacteria can survive for a short time in irrigation water. "If a continuous corn grower suffers a substantial yield reduction that he can t account for, he should consider the possibility of Goss s wilt," Ferrie says. "It s difficult to identify in the fall after plants have died. So you need to scout and be alert for early symptoms." Because Goss s wilt is caused by bacteria, little chemical control is available. Hybrid selection is the most crucial control measure, followed by crop rotation and residue management. "Seed companies have different ways of managing Goss s wilt," Ferrie says. "Some do not sell any hybrids that do not contain a certain level of resistance. Others market susceptible hybrids in areas where Goss s wilt has not been found. So check with your seed company representative to make sure you select a resistant hybrid." These photos show three stages of southern corn leaf blight. Early on, the lesions can be confused with gray leaf spot, but they are gold in color, rather than gray. 70

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72 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN Ear Pinching Beer Bottle Ears Symptoms: Kernel row number may decrease by half from bottom to top of ear (for example - from 16 to 7 to 8 kernel rows/ear). Ear length is usually normal. Causes: Severe stress during the 7 to 10 leaf collar stages may result in reduced numbers of kernel rows. Late broadcast application of sulfonylurea herbicides can result in ear pinching. Blunt Ear Syndrome Beer Can Ears Ear Stunting Symptoms: Characterized by ears with markedly reduced ear size and kernel numbers per row. Husk length and kernel row number may be normal. Sometimes associated with multiple ears at a node. Occurrence is usually rare and sporadic within a field. Cause: Unknown? Associated with temperature stress (brief cold shock?) during early ear formation stages (V8-12) and more recently with pretassel applications of certain foliar chemicals. Differs in severity among hybrids. Multiple Ear Syndrome Bouquet ears Symptoms: Characterized by multiple ears on the same ear shank. In some cases as many as 5 or 6 side ears may develop forming a bouquet. Side ears may be well developed or may resemble beer can ears or mere remnant ears. Many probably fail to form kernels due to late silk emergence and lack of pollen. Cause: Unknown. Similar to those noted under Blunt Ear Syndrome. Drought Damaged Ears Nubbin Ears Symptoms: Small misshapened ears with poor kernel set, especially at ear tip. Reduced kernel numbers associated with reduced kernel row and kernels per row. Cause: Severe drought from mid vegetative growth through early to mid grain fill. Other stresses, including nitrogen deficiency and high plant population, can result in nubbin ears. Tassel Ears Symptoms: Combination tassel and ear in the same structure - a tassel ear. The ear portion of this tassel ear structure usually contains only a limited number of kernels. Tassel ears often appear on tillers (suckers) arising from plants with normal ears and tassels. These tassel ears are produced at a terminal position on the tiller where a tassel would normally appear. Causes: Tassel ears often produced by tillers (suckers) when growing point is destroyed or injured by hail, frost, flooding, herbicides, and mechanical injury. Some hybrids may also be more prone to tiller under certain environmental conditions and these tillers may give rise to tassel ears. Tassel ears are frequently observed along the edges of fields where early season soil compaction and saturated soil conditions may have contributed to this abnormal development. Diplodia Ear Rot Symptoms: Part or the entire ear is rotted by a white mold growing between the kernels. Infections generally start at base of ear and progress to the tip. Later the white mold changes to a grayish-brown growth over the husks and kernels. The entire ear may be shrunken, and the infected kernels appear glued to the husks. Hybrids vary in susceptibility. Cause: Diplodia ear rot is caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis. Infection may occur from late vegetative stages to 3 weeks after midsilk. More information on abnormal corn ears is available online 72

73 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Picture of Diplodia ear rot in corn ear with husk (Courtesy S.C. Dalmacio) reprinted with permission from American Phytopathological Society. We thank Pierce Paul and Dennis Mills, OSU Plant Pathology, for their contributions of ear rot pictures. Design by John Victor, Communications and Technology. Copyright 2007, The Ohio State University Western Bean Cutworm Ear Injury Symptoms: Scattered patches of partial and/or complete kernel destruction. Injury often associated with mold growth on affected kernels Causes: Kernel feeding by western bean cutworm. Tends to be restricted to a limited parts of the ear. Western bean cutworm often enters ear through the husk in the sides of the ear. Partially consumed kernels may be further attacked by ear molds or secondary insect feeders that enter the ear through the cutworm s feeding channel. Bird Damage ACE-1 Symptoms: Lightweight, weathered ears with damaged, discolored moldy kernels that have been subjected to bird and insect feeding; often associated with kernel sprouting. KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information CORN Poor Pollination at Ear Tip Symptoms: Cob tissue without kernels on the last one or more inches of the ear tip. Ovules not fertilized at ear tip. Causes: Poor fertilization of ear tip ovules at silking. Same as those for Poor, Incomplete Kernel Set. Poor, Incomplete Kernel Set Symptoms: Poor, reduced kernel set; only a limited number of kernels (ovules) pollinated. When severe, ears show mostly cob tissue with just scattered kernels or no distinct kernel rows Tip Dieback Symptoms: Poor tip fill or unfilled ear tips; little or no kernel development on the last one or more inches of the ear tip. Kernel abortion at tip end of ear at the blister and milk stages; usually associated with poor ovule fertilization at tip. Ovules not fertilized and aborted kernels may both appear dried up and shrunken, but aborted kernels often have a slight yellowish color. Causes: Stress conditions during early kernel developmnt, including severe drought and high temperatures; nitrogen deficiencies, foliar diseases, cloudy weather. Zipper Ears Banana Ears Symptoms: Missing entire or parts of kernel rows on the outside or underside of the ear primarily due to kernel abortion. Ears often misshapen and bend (like banana) due to differential kernel formation along ear. Causes: Unknown. Often associated with severe drought stress or defoliation injury following pollination. Chaffy Ears Symptoms: Lightweight ears with poorly filled, shrunken kernels. Spaces between kernels indicating incomplete kernel fill. Multiple causes: Severe stress (photosynthetic stress) at dough (R4) through early dent (R5) stages, including frost damage, premature plant death due to drought, high plant population, foliar diseases, severe potassium deficiency and hail. Causes: Poor husk coverage at maturity combined with upright ear orientation allows bird feeding of tip kernels that may lead to secondary insect feeders. Moisture accumulation at base of ear promotes molds and may result in germination of scattered kernels. Kernel Red Streak Symptoms: Red streaks form on sides of kernels and extend over the crown. Usually limited to kernels at tips of ear. Causes: Caused by toxin secreted during feeding by the wheat curl mite. Severity of symptom expression varies among hybrids. Multiple causes: Poor pollination of ear due to asynchronous pollen shed and silking (poor nick ) due to severe drought and high temperatures; inadequate pollen supply due to uneven crop development, herbicides, insect feeding and silk clipping. Phosphorus shortages also interfere with pollination. at

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76 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE AGRONOMICS - Silage Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) Kussmaul Seeds goal is to continue developing hybrids that benefit producers. Corn silage is becoming the feed that dairy and beef producers are relying on to meet the nutritional needs of their animals. Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) hybrids have higher levels of digestible nutrients per acre than dual purpose corns. This translates into more milk and meat per acre! With normal corn plants, the stalk contributes 17-20% of the plant s total dry matter weight. Of this dry matter, about 50% of the outer rind is digestible, with about 75% of the inner pith being digestible. With Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) hybrids from Kussmaul Seeds, we have been able to decrease the thickness of the outer rind, while increasing the inner pith. The end effect is a stalk that is more digestible for the animal. These hybrids also produce more leaves than normal grain hybrids. These hybrids have up to five more leaves above the ear, which contributes to more available protein to the rumen stomach. And with the extra leaves, there is more sugar in the plant. RFS hybrids are selected not just for tonnage, but for their ability to produce high grain yields. Kernels will have a softer texture, being 5-7% wetter than conventional hybrids of the same maturity. A higher percent of both stalk, and grain is available for digestion with RFS silage hybrids over conventional grain hybrids. With Kussmaul s Ruminant Friendly Silage (RFS) varieties, you will get more milk and more pounds of gain from the same size silo, bunker or pile over regular grain hybrids. Key Features: More tons per acre Soft kernel texture Thinner, more digestible stalk rinds Twice the sugars as dual purpose corns Plant populations between 24-28,000 seeds per acre The Value of RFS Hybrids The purpose of RFS hybrids is to supply hybrids that have valuable nutritional characteristics, high yields and give our customers an economic advantage to produce them. To meet our Slect-Bred criteria, they must have: A high grain to stalk ratio Have an elevated sugar and protein content over dual-purpose corns Have excellent plant health We also screen for stalk flexibility, early flowering, slow drydown and soft kernel texture. Producers are advised to plant RFS hybrids at reduced plant populations. The outer rind of the stalk is all lignin, which is not digestible to the cattle's rumen stomach. By reducing the population, growers get fatter stalks, with more inner pith, which is digestible. Growers have a longer harvest window with the slower drydown of RFS hybrids. This enables the grower to cut more tons at the most desirable harvest stage. RFS hybrids appear to be higher in moisture than they actually are, so be sure to keep a close eye on them as harvest season approaches. Corn Plant Nutrients Needed Average Soils Soil ph Bu. Per Acre Actual Nitrogen ( N ) Phosphorus P2O5 Potash K2O 187 Lbs Lbs Lbs 150 Bu. Per Acre Actual Nitrogen ( N ) Phosphorus P2O5 Potash K2O 225 Lbs Lbs Lbs 175 Bu. Per Acre Actual Nitrogen ( N ) Phosphorus P2O5 Potash K2O 263 Lbs Lbs Lbs Credits should be taken for: Manure Tons Applied Alfalfa % of Stand Residue Stalks Soybeans 60# Nitrogen Average Per Bu. Corn For 150 Bu. Corn Actual Nitrogen ( N ) Phosphorus P2O5 Potash K2O 1.5 Lbs.33 Lbs 26 Lbs 76

77 PLANT POPULATION for Leafy and Floury Leafy Hybrids Dr. Francis Glenn For over 25 years Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids have been bred and tested for the complex agronomic and nutritional requirements of the dairy industry. These hybrids have become a different type of corn plant. They offer a superior balance of effective and digestible fiber, more rumen-available starch, and boast dairy-specific agronomics such as high total plant yields and long harvest windows. They need less time in the silo before they can be fed and they produce milk economically. But the key to realizing all of these silage-specific benefits is a lower plant population. How does leaf area translate to yield? A corn plant s leaves are the factories that convert sunlight to yield. The chloroplasts within leaf cells produce glucose sugars during photosynthesis. This sugar energy is used for plant growth and development while the plant is young. After the plant reaches flowering, these sugars are transported to the developing kernels on the ear to become starch. Starch accumulation is fueled primarily by the above ear leaves, which receive the most sunlight once the plant is grown to full height, while the early growth of the plant was achieved by the below ear leaves, which become shaded as the plant grows. The yield potential of a corn crop is related to its leaf area index, which is the one-sided green leaf area per unit of ground surface area. The leaf area index of a corn crop can be maximized by increasing plant population or by increasing leaf area on a per plant basis. Grain corn hybrids produce a maximum of 5-7 leaves above the ear, so these hybrids are planted at a high population of 33-36,000 plants per acre (ppa) to maximize their leaf area index. Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid plants have 8-13 leaves above the top ear, so they have an increased leaf area on a per plant basis. Because Leafies are larger plants, they need more room to produce their intended crop. To achieve this, they must be planted at a lower population of 28,000-30,000 ppa. Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids have an increased potential over non-leafy hybrids to produce high starch yields on a per plant basis because of their high leaf area combined with their flex ear type. Figure 1 shows the typical stature of a grain hybrid and a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid. Note the number of leaves above the ear (LAE), the size of these leaves and the position of the ear. The Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid has 10 LAE compared to 6 LAE on the grain plant. Leafy is lower than the grain hybrid, so the Leafy has about 40% more total leaf area than the grain hybrid. Figure 2 Let s compare apples to apples The dominant industry message is to plant all corn hybrids at high populations in order to maximize silage yield. While this advice is welltaken for grain hybrids, it is detrimental to a Leafy Corn Silage crop to plant it at the high populations recommended for grain. Table 1 below takes into account the higher leaf area of a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid and compares that to the population density of a grain hybrid. Table 1 Leafy planted at is comparable to Grain planted at 25,000 ppa x 40% more leaf area 35,000 ppa 28,000 ppa x 40% more leaf area 39,000 ppa 35,000 ppa x 40% more leaf area 49,000 ppa When leaf area is accounted for, you can see that planting a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid at 35,000 ppa gives a comparable canopy to the grain hybrid at 49,000 ppa. Planting the Leafy at 28,000 ppa gives the same leaf canopy as the grain hybrid at 39,000. To achieve the equal leaf area canopy as a grain hybrid that is planted at its recommended population of 35,000 ppa, the Leafy would be planted at 25,000 ppa. What difference in yield does population make? Glenn Seed is the developer of Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids. We have been breeding and testing these products for the market since In that time, we have conducted numerous population studies on our best hybrids. We have seen them suffer hot dry seasons, and experience major weather events with high winds and heavy rains. What we have found is that plants with 8-9 LAE achieve maximum yields at 30,000 ppa. For plants with LAE, maximum yields result when they are planted at 28,000 ppa. At 28,000 to 30,000 ppa, Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids have strong roots and good drought response. They also produce a crop with excellent feed qualities high starch and a good proportion of digestible fiber. At these populations our Leafies are higher-yielding than grain hybrids that are planted at 35,000 ppa by about 10%. KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE Figure 1 Figure 2 shows the difference in leaf area between the two plants. The four extra leaves highlighted in red just above the ear are the extra leaves on the Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid. This Leafy plant has 70% more leaf area above the ear than the grain hybrid. The ear position on the Balancing yield with quality When we plant a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid, we are growing FEED that must be digested to produce MILK, so we aim to grow this crop at the population that will produce the highest quantity of dry matter with the highest grain yield and best fiber digestibility, while achieving the best crop security. In our population studies, we have seen that in average conditions, the YIELD of a LAE Leafy will not be different between 28,000 and 32,000 ppa, and will often be less at 36,000. But 77

78 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE when we look at the difference in the QUALITY of the feed that is produced at different populations, we see that maximum grain yield and digestible fiber is achieved at the lower 28,000 ppa. For 8-9 LAE Leafy hybrids, this number is 30,000 ppa. This difference in feed quality affects milk production potential. Figure 3 illustrates the differences between the same Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid planted at 28,000 ppa and 35,000 ppa at the same location. At 28,000 ppa, the hybrid produced large ears and thick stalks. At 35,000 ppa the ear and stalk size declined. As the stalk size declines, so too does its digestibility. It is essential to grow Leafies at their intended populations. Increasing density can alter flowering dates and maturity, drought response, standability and overall plant composition, all of which affect the feeding value of the silage product. Select the best corn silage hybrid for your dairy Selecting a corn silage hybrid based on its performance in state trials should be a no-brainer. Unfortunately, these trials are planted at a population that is much too high for Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids. All states publish their comparative yield data based on trials that were planted at 33-35,000 ppa. As we know, when the Leafy is planted at this population, it is comparable to planting a grain hybrid at 49,000 ppa. How would a grain hybrid do at 49,000 ppa? You have seen higher populations when the rows on headlands come closer together. Plants are thinner, ears are smaller, they mature more rapidly and if you look at the amount of grain in the whole plant community, it is much lower than where the rows are regularly spaced. The high population community has a low grain to stover ratio and the plants are very susceptible to drought stress, fertility stress, and root lodging. You would NEVER grow that grain hybrid at 49,000 ppa. In state trials, the data that is produced on Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids grown at 33,000-35,000 ppa does not reflect performance at their intended population. In state trials where the Milk 2006 formula is used to calculate milk per ton, the Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids show less starch and milk per ton, though they generally still have competitive yield per acre. In our trials we grow dual-purpose hybrids at their recommended population of 35,000 ppa and Leafy Corn Silage Hybrids at their population of 28,000 ppa, in three row plots. We harvest only the centre row to get the best comparable data. In these population-sensitive trials, the Leafies show their undeniable advantage in milk per ton and milk per acre. Take my well-researched advice: plant your Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid at the population that will produce the largest quantity of high quality feed for milk production 30,000 ppa for 8 to 9 LAE hybrids and 28,000 ppa for 10 to 11 LAE hybrid and get the added benefit of saving money on seed. All you need to do is change that planter population setting. When you plant a Leafy Corn Silage Hybrid, less is certainly more. Figure 3 Spring 2016 Dr. Francis Glenn Blenheim, Ontario Spring

79 Leafy, The Right Choice for Silage Production Our Schlessman RFS leafy hybrids have been selected for their superior performance. Yield is high. Stress tolerance is high. Fiber is more digestible than grain hybrids. Kernels are less vitreous, more floury than dual purpose or BMR hybrids and the starch content of leafies is more digestible. The range in NDFd at 24 hours in dual purpose hybrids is 40 48% and with leafies that range is 48 56%. Starch digestion at 7 hour values with dual purpose varieties have been measured at 45 55%, while leafies results are 60 75% digestible starch. The total package of digestible fiber and starch combined with high yield makes leafy the best product for digestible carbohydrates that produce milk on a per acre basis. Leafies have 2 or more additional leaves above the ear than nonleafies. As the ear height of leafy varieties is lower, the amount of less digestible stalk below the ear versus more digestible stalk above the ear, is dramatically different from normal leaf number high ear hybrid. Sugar content in leafies at silage harvest stage is high, leading to rapid fermentation. Leafies have been selected to have lower test weight kernels that mature slowly relative to the maturing and drying of the non-ear parts. This leads to best kernel digestion, easier kernel breakage in processing and preservation of longer pieces of fiber for rumen mat fermentation. Slower ear drying also leads to a longer period of time that leafies stay in the target harvest moisture range incredible insurance value for getting in the silo in difficult weather times. Time to hold silage in the silo before you feed is a serious consideration. The dual purpose and BMR hybrids all recommend a minimum of 4 to 6 month storage before feeding because of their very vitreous kernels. Longer storage means fermentation acids act on kernel components to increase starch availability. With the softer kernel texture of leafy hybrids, starch availability or digestibility is already high after one month fermentation. It does improve with time in the silo. But starch is so digestible that many growers, who have switched to leafy, say milk production goes up when they switch from year old dual purpose silage to new crop leafy after only 2 to 4 weeks in the silo. The leafy silage product is fresh smelling, the fiber content and its digestibility mean the cow eats a lot. The fiber structure promotes adequate cud chewing to buffer rumen acids and seems to retain smaller particles in the rumen to be digested by rumen bugs into digestion products that the cow makes milk from. When selecting lines for silage, some of the traits we are looking for include being dependable, high yielding, having a relatively long period during which quality silage can be harvested, producing food which produces milk and helping to maintain cow health in high corn silage rations. Additionally, these lines must have excellent stalk flexibility, high grain content, controlled leafy characteristics, high starch digestibility and good fiber digestibility. Much of the focus on dairy feeding research has been on forage as it relates to intakes, digestion, milk production, reproduction and health of dairy cows. Corn silage is made up of fiber and kernels. Kernels are made of predominantly starch, some oil, protein and fiber. The digestibility of starch is not considered as a variable quantity in any of the dairy formulas currently in use. Yet farmers, nutritionists and veterinarians all know that cows don t digest all of the starch in corn silage. Some kernel pieces are seen in the cows manure. In summing things up, grain breeding ideas are largely opposite of what a corn variety should be for corn silage production to make the best milk producing product. No Processor? Have to Feed Shortly After Harvest? Time to Rethink Your Corn Silage Variety Selection Corn silage is the premier high energy feed on most dairy farms. In corn silage, 55 60% is true forage and so fiber digestibility is a key factor in selection for your farm. Normal corn varieties will range 5 6 units of NDFd while BMR types add another 5 6 units of variability. For every 1 unit increase in NDFd, you gain.55 lbs of 4.0 fat corrected milk. Thus many farms have selected for high digestible fiber and a large number are planting Brown Mid Rib even where they have a greater chance of taking a significant yield hit. Unfortunately, the grain portion is always assumed as a given the same as corn grain you purchase. Corn silage dry matter is 40 45% actual grain. Grain was assumed to be grain. The corn grain you purchase has been finely ground for maximum digestion not so with corn silage. So in the early 1990 s kernel processors came on the scene where you got to spend more money to break the hard kernels (like grinding corn but not as fine) with the anticipation that you will get more energy from the corn silage. Research showed an increase in milk from properly processed corn silage. This was because more of the kernel was exposed to bacteria. Unfortunately this was more of a Band-Aid for a more critical underlying issue of vitreous starch. Vitreous starch is a genetic line in corn that forms the component prolamin-proteins; also called zein. They are closely related in structure to some plastics. They increase the hardness (vitreous) of the starch by coating it in a locked matrix. This allows corn grain to be combined, dumped in trucks, run through a drier, dumped in storage, unloaded back to trucks, driven to an elevator where it goes up and drops in storage, then loaded to rail cars etc. etc.; all without breaking the kernel and producing a lot of fines. It has been critical to the US corn grain industry, enabling it to take advantage of distant markets. Unfortunately, vitreous starch is a handicap to starch availability in ruminant nutrition so it can have a huge impact on the availability of corn silage energy for your dairy cow. High forage diets (greater than 60% forage up past 70% forage) where a lot of profitable farms have moved to; means ALL the forage quality needs to be utilized, including more of the starch in the corn silage from the time you start feeding. Many of the silage types were developed out of grain types. The fine yellow dots are vitreous starch that was processed, fermented, digested, and came out in the manure with its energy content still intact. This represents an unacceptable energy loss in profitable high forage diets. Even properly processed corn will pass through the digestive system with much of its energy intact if it is encapsulated in prolimins creating a very vitreous starch kernel. In the late 1980 s when varieties bred for silage came on the scene, the focus was on fiber digestibility. Grain was assumed to be grain. If you look at the pictures above you can see from screened manure that the bottom screen has yellow dots the size of coarse sand. These are fine KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE 79

80 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE cracked processed vitreous corn kernels that passed through the cow undigested. As can be seen in the picture, even cracked and shattered kernels are still not digested. The greater the flint type genetics, the greater the vitreous or protection of the starch from digestion by bacteria. (Rémond et al.,2004), ground a semi-flint corn grain to mean particle sizes (0.7, 1.8, and 3.7 mm). With larger particle size, the apparent digestibility of starch in the rumen decreased from 58.6 to 49.8 to 35.5%., but there was no compensation in the intestines because total tract digestibility still decreased from 91.4 to 86.0 to 69.5%. With varieties of lower vitreous, there is more digestion in the rumen. As Dr. Sniffin of Fencrest, LLC, points out, there are two pools of starch: a fast and a slow pool. The fast is the starch in the more floury part and the slow the more vitreous or made of limited availability by the prolamins in the kernel. Even with some of the vitreous types, there is considerable digestion in the hindgut to increase the total starch degradation giving you nice looking numbers. Having a lot of the escaped starch digested in the hindgut although can be a real decrease in efficiency and adversely affect microbial protein synthesis even though the lab said you had good total starch digestion. Adding insult to injury, there is some data to suggest that the greater vitreous starch the greater the rate of passage due to the greater density. The vast majority of corn silage today has significant amounts of vitreous starch. Popcorn has the highest levels of prolamin. BMR types may have superior fiber digestibility (and superior seed price) but most are based on a flint type grain that has very high vitreous starch. This means you either need to leave it in a pile for 8 10 months before feeding it, or accept a significant amount of starch energy is going out the back of the cow and feeding the birds. Most corn silage hybrids planted in the Northeast are also moderately high in prolamins. Fortunately, there is an increasing number of lines becoming available that have a floury gene. These floury types are missing the zein gene and so are low in prolamin. The kernel has very low vitreous starch (see photo) and so crumbles easier when chopped and/or processed. Thus it is available to the dairy cow in higher amounts and shorter time frame. There is some data comparing some varieties that indicates floury types unprocessed have the same starch availability as processed vitreous corn. The principle that the higher the vitreous the less the starch digestibility, is well founded but for farmers comparing one study to another to select varieties; it is very problematic. The dry matter of the corn at harvest plays a huge role in the degree of expression of the genetic zein content. The higher the dry matter of the silage is, the higher the vitreous expression. Adding to this genetic issue is the fact that the dry matter percentage remains a key diagnostic indicator, even with kernel processed silages (Johnson et al.,2002). Moreover, increasing dry matter of the silage was highly correlated with vitreousness of the corn kernel in the silage (Filkins et al 2006). So kernel processors have their greatest impact on drier corn, yet in spite of increasing energy from more exposed surface area, the harder kernel particles can still go through the cow undigested (see photos). Adding to the greater vitreous expression, is the factor that as we get to a higher DM there is lower silage acids and it results in taking a longer time to make the starch available. So when comparing two studies did they 80 Kernels of vitreous starch on the bottom. A significant portion of the dark yellow can pass through undigested. Long storage (8 10 months) allow silage lactic acid to dissolve the prolamin and allow the rumen bacteria to digest it. The top kernel is a floury type that is more readily available after ensiling, and crumbles easier making starch available for farms without processors. harvest at the same moisture level? Do you normally harvest on time or do you get behind and the silage gets dry? Another question for any of these studies is how long was the silage stored before the analysis was completed? Prolamin is NOT soluble in water or in rumen fluid. The only compound that breaks it down is lactic acid; which is present in proper ensiled silos in large amounts. The prolamins slowly solubilize over time as a result of the silage acids. That is why storing silage for 8 10 months increases the energy because of increased starch digestibility. This opens the huge question: can you afford to invest a pile of money and let it sit for 8 10 months at 0% interest before you get your money back. For some farms already in this system, it is no problem. For farms that have more limited storage and have to start feeding immediately after ensiling, this is a critical problem. In today s economy can you afford to wait until March until your cows start milking well (or worse, have the cows milking well on higher grain ration and then have a stealth acidotic crash from too much starch in March when the lactic acid has finally broken down much of the prolamin)? For these farms, switching to a floury endosperm kernel type on a highly digestible stalk will make much more sense and money. Floury are front loaded in that they have more starch in the fast pool that has greater availability immediately after harvest and more steady throughout the year. Adding to the confusion, measuring starch availability in the lab opens another can of worms as some do the digestion over one time frame. They can present nice starch digestibility numbers to the second decimal point, but what do the cows say? The more accurate tests break the starch availability into fast and slow pools to represent the rumen and hind gut digestion. What can you do about all this confusion? First and foremost purchase highly digestible silage varieties that are at or shorter than your harvest season. In a normal year or a wet fall year you have properly matured corn. There is little yield advantage in a full season vs a shorter season (eg. 105 vs 95) if both are grown properly and at proper populations. Farms with extensive wet soils have dramatically increased their silage supply by growing length of season corn that can be harvested before the fields turn to a quagmire. Second: You don t have and can t afford a kernel processor, or you have to start feeding corn silage shortly after harvest because of limited storage resources. Plant floury corn that produces high yield but is very low in Prolamins. There are several companies out there with floury endosperm corn with high stalk digestibility that have done well in the Cornell corn silage trials. Third, if you always harvest on time or early, have a kernel processor AND can allow your silage to sit for 8 10 months, then you have wider latitude of varieties that will be the best for your dairy production. Source: Advanced Ag Systems's Crop Soil News, October 2010, Thomas Kileer, Certified Crop Advisor Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska and Minnesota account for over 50 percent of the corn grown in the U.S. Other major corn growing states are Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Kentucky.

81 How to Properly Sample Silage Sampling During Harvesting Collect three to five handfuls of chopped forage from the middle of a load during unloading, place in a plastic bag, and refrigerate immediately. Follow the same procedure for several loads throughout the day. Combine samples from a single harvested field and mix well. Place the entire sample in a clean plastic bag or other container, and seal tightly. Label each container with your name and address as well as the date, sample number, and forage type. Store the sample in a cool place (do not freeze) until you send it to a laboratory for analysis. Repeat for each field, variety, or hybrid. If filling tower silos or silo tubes, keep a record of where each lot is in the silo or tube. Feeding colored plastic strips through the blower at the end of each lot may help identify the lots later. Silos with seepage should be resampled upon feeding because loss of soluble compounds due to seepage will increase dry matter, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, and decrease crude protein. Similarly, resample silos at feeding that were filled with forage at less than 50% moisture that may have heated excessively, causing increased acid detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen. Recheck dry matter of silages at feed out. Fiber and protein are not likely to change much during storage, except as mentioned above, but moisture can change significantly. Ensiled material from a tower silo Do not sample the spoiled material on the top or bottom of the silo; wait until 2 to 3 feet of silage have been removed. Collect a 1 to 2 pound sample from the silo unloader while it is operating. Collect samples from opposite sides of the silo. Combine the samples and mix well. Place the entire sample in a plastic bag and handle as discussed above. Ensiled mater from a bunker silo If feeding with a TMR (total mixed ration) mixer Load silage from bunker into TMR mixer and mix well. Take several grab samples to collect a 1 to 2 pound total sample. Place in a plastic bag and handle as discussed above. If not feeding with a TMR mixer Collect a 1 to 2 pound total sample from the different vertical layers of the silo face. Grab several handfuls from freshly exposed forage after the day s feeding has been removed. Do not sample the spoiled material on top of the silo. Combine handfuls and mix well. Place the entire sample in a clean plastic bag or other container, and seal tightly. Store immediately in a cold place until shipping. Label each container as indicated earlier. Place in a plastic bag and handle as discussed above. American Farm Bureau Foundation for Agriculture 2001, How to Properly Sample Silage, was developed by the American Farm Bureau Foundation for Agriculture (AFBFA), located at 600 Maryland Ave, SW, Suite 1000W, Washington DC You are permitted to reproduce these articles, in whole or in part, without charge and without changing the text you use, provided that you include a copyright statement or produced by statement acknowledging AFBFA as the copyright owner of the material and use the document for non-commercial or internal purposes. For commercial use or translations, please your request to tomc@fb.org. The Power of the Kernel: Maximizing the nutritional value Corey Catt Forage Products Manager Latham Hi-Tech Seeds Hybrid corn varieties are selected so the germ is wider and deeper. Hybrids contain essential amino acids methionine, lysine, and tryptophan increasing digestible qualities. Photos courtesy of Corey Catt. There are endless ways for dairy producers to increase efficiency and boost the bottom line. Technology advancements such as robotic milking systems and innovative harvesting practices have certainly played a vital role in helping farmers get the most from their farms and their cows. However, many impactful changes are being made on a smaller scale. One of the most impactful advances isn t taking place on a dairy but rather in a test lab. New scientific evaluations have created a deeper understanding of the corn kernel and shed light on its various properties. By better understanding the genetic makeup of the kernel, we can begin to profile for traits that will have a positive impact on yield, digestibility, and in turn, milk production. Kernel physiology: The seed To produce feed that will aid cows in their milk production, advancements must first be made within the kernel. The corn kernel has evolved over time to protect the seed until conditions are suitable for germination. This helps preserve the starch within the plant, which is essential for cow digestion. Because starch is such a critical component in milk production, hybrids are profiled for starch. This includes looking for ideal size, density and maturity that are all critical to digestibility. Ideally, particles are smaller in size so they can be broken down more easily. Softer kernels are much easier to break down in order to obtain essential nutrients. Harder starch, such as the flint variety, can pass through undigested, and the nutrients are wasted. Additional advancements include profiling hybrids for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance to protect plants in the field. Because the plants can better resist insects and diseases, producers can spend less time and money in the field and more time managing their operations efficiently. The most important impact, however, is that the plant tissue remains healthy. Because the plant is less affected by pests, it is able to provide maximum health benefits to the dairy-producing cow. In turn, plants that encounter problems such as mold and mycotoxins can lower cows immune systems, putting them at risk for illness and also reducing metabolism. KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE Kernel digestibility: The cow The area where technological advancements pay the largest dividends is within the cow. After all, that is where the milk is made. 81

82 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE To take advantage of the starch-packed kernel, the cow must first break it down and release the nutrients. The cow s ability to digest its feed properly is essential to maximize its ability to produce milk, stay healthy and minimize waste. Starch This is where our new understanding of starch plays a very important role. Scientific advances in starch profiling, along with new tools and techniques, have allowed us to gain better understanding about the type of starch found in different corn kernels. Soft starch is readily available for an energy source to animals, and each corn kernel has a different starch storage matrix. In simpler terms, the starch is either soft (floury) or hard (flint). Products with a softer starch result in a more floury, opaque, high-moisture corn, while hybrids with harder starch tend to be denser and translucent. Hybrids that produce soft starch are better designed for ethanol and livestock operations, including dairy. This is because softer starch hybrids have shown a positive effect on milk yields in dairy cows, as well as an increase in ethanol yields. Harder starch hybrids need to be managed differently to obtain all available starch. If not managed well, hard starch will pass through the dairy cow undigested and into manure. Prolamin-zein Another factor that greatly affects digestibility within the kernel is prolamin-zein. Prolamins are proteins solely associated with starch in all cereal grains. In corn, prolamin proteins (called prolamin-zein) comprise 30 to 60 percent of the protein in whole corn. Research shows that corn with lower levels of prolamin-zein are more easily digested. This is because the prolamin surrounds the protein like a plastic bag, making it difficult for the cow to break down. Again, indigestible feed turns into manure instead of milk. Choosing products with low levels of prolamin-zein allow the cow to easily break down the protein and access the starch which is so essential in milk production. By choosing hybrids with low prolamin-zein levels, you can improve digestibility and increase the vital nutrients that are released. As producers, our biggest priority should be the nutrition of our products, whether it s vegetables, milk, meat or eggs. By using practices that produce healthier products more efficiently, we have a positive impact on our bottom line, and more importantly, people s health. Too often, we focus on yield as the single factor affecting our profits. Dairy producers especially should be just as concerned with the kernel s digestibility and nutritional value. By understanding the positive impact different hybrids can have in your herd, you can begin experimenting with different varieties and see an improved return on your investment. Source: Progressive Forage Grower, Issue 8, October 1, 2013 Theoretical Length of cut: Theory and practice Dan Wiersma for Progressive Forage Grower Livestock Information Manager DuPont Pioneer Corn silage season is here, and one harvest-time adjustment growers must make is the length of cut, or particle size. Most dairy producers I know have set goals to improve milk production and quality; beef producers using high-forage diets want to sustain high growth rates for their cattle. These goals are greatly affected by animal dry matter intake. Feed intake is influenced by proper diet formulation, mixing and feeding. Particle length plays an important role here since it can impact multiple aspects of rumen function, and ultimately, animal health. Longer forage particle length is important to promote rumination and salivation activity. A ration with many small particles may result in particles spending less time in the rumen, meaning less microbial digestion and lower fiber digestibility. Studies also show that finely chopped forages may result in milk with lower butterfat and increased metabolic disorders, such as ruminal acidosis and displaced abomasum, due to their ineffectiveness in maintaining chewing activity and rumen ph. What is effective fiber? The term effective fiber means the ability of a fiber source to stimulate rumination. Two key forage characteristics amount of fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and particle size (when fed to the animal) determine forage s ability to contribute to rumen stimulation. Particle size is often measured and reported as physically effective neutral-detergent fiber. The industry goal for physically effective neutraldetergent fiber is 21 to 24 percent. A plant s fiber levels are chiefly determined by plant species (i.e., corn vs. alfalfa), crop growing conditions and stage of maturity at harvest. Particle size is affected by the initial harvest cut length, but can be further reduced in size by silage mixing and feeding activities. What are the cows saying? Theories are great until you have to put them into practice. Ultimately, the judge of particle-size adequacy is the animal. One simple observation guideline is to monitor cud-chewing activity. Following a meal, at least 40 percent of the cattle should be actively chewing. In herds where effective fiber is optimized, 50 to 70 percent of the animals will be actively chewing. In addition to cud-chewing activity, there are other animal observations that can be monitored. These include manure consistency, incidence of cattle off feed due to indigestion, lame animals experiencing laminitis, milk components, hair coat status, feed sorting in the bunk and consistency of dry matter intake from day to day. The "Corn Belt" includes the states of Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Kentucky. How can length of cut influence ensiling? In addition to effective particle size for proper rumen function, length of cut has an effect on the ability to efficiently ensile chopped forage. Regardless of storage structure or moisture content, short-chop-length forages are easier to pack, minimizing air infiltration in the silage. When dealing with long-chop-length forages, it is important to monitor packing activity to ensure proper silage density is achieved. A shorter cut helps in any situation where lower-than-desired crop moisture is an issue. 82

83 When ensiling forage, one chief goal is to eliminate air, allowing for efficient fermentation by the anaerobic lactic acid-producing bacteria. In an efficient fermentation, sugars are used as fuel for the lactic acid bacteria supplied by inoculants. When dealing with drier forages or inadequate silo packing, aerobic bacteria, molds and yeasts have more opportunity to grow, consuming more valuable forage energy shortly after ensiling. Once oxygen is eliminated, the anaerobic lactic acid-producing bacteria can start to produce lactic acid, which lowers silage ph. What guidelines should I use for adjusting length of cut? Current recommendations are to harvest grasses and alfalfa at a quarter-inch to half-inch theoretical length of cut (TLC), unprocessed corn at a 3/8-inch to 5/8-inch TLC and processed corn at 3/8-inch to 3/4 inch TLC. Corn harvested for silage should be processed to maximize animal utilization. Use a shorter cut length for unprocessed corn to help break or crack more kernels. Silages chopped at 3/8- to ½-inch have 15 to 20 percent of particles longer than 1½ inches. This is ideal for rations with high levels of corn and alfalfa silages. No dry hay or straw should be required in these rations to increase effective fiber in the rumen. While TLC guidelines help producers, there is the possibility within each storage and feeding system to further reduce particle size prior to feeding. In upright silos, particle size can be reduced by the unloader, especially with frozen forages. In silage bag systems, the bagger itself can reduce the particle length as the crop is fed into and compressed by the bagging machine. Silage stored in bunkers or drive-over piles has the lowest reduction of particle size, especially when a silage facer is not used. Finally, your TMR mixer on feedout can reduce particle size. It is important to measure particle size in the whole TMR mix fed at the feedbunk so you can determine how particle size is reduced from initial chopping to final feedout. How can length of cut and particle size be measured? Chop length can be monitored in the field by using a Penn State Forage Particle Separator. Forage samples are weighed and then shaken in this unit, separating forages into three fractions or screens. The target range of forage particles for each screen is as follows: Twenty-five to 50 percent remain on the smallest screen (less than 5/16- inch), 40 to 50 percent on the middle screen (5/16-inch to 3/4- inch) and 10 to 25 percent of particles on the largest screen (more than 3/4-inch). Because corn silage makes up a greater proportion of the ration, more material should remain in the middle two screens, and less material should remain on the top screen and bottom pan. If corn silage is the only forage source in the ration, at least 8 percent of the particles should be in the upper screen (more than 3/4-inch), compared to a minimum of 3 percent when other forage types are included. It s important to monitor chop length frequently to ensure it is not changing from your desired size. Crop conditions change quickly and variations exist from field to field, requiring periodic changes to achieve length-of-cut goals. To adjust chop length on the forage chopper, operators can change feed roll speed or remove knives from the cutterhead. Newer choppers with kernel processors can create silage with a large percentage of long particles without large pieces of whole cobs or stalks. This forage can be excellent quality because it packs and ferments well in the silo. Particle size variability exists with haylage due to the machinery type used to cut alfalfa, swath width and density, and the harvested crop s dry matter. Ten to 20 percent of the crop should be in the upper sieve of the Penn State particle separator. Particle size may need to be altered based on silo type. Forages stored in upright, sealed silos likely fall at the lower end (10 percent). Bunker silos can handle appreciably longer material, up to 20 percent on the upper sieve. The middle sieve should contain 45 to 75 percent of the material, and the lower sieve should contain 20 to 30 percent. As with corn silage, no more than 5 percent of the material should remain on the bottom pan. Field investigations at Penn State found considerable variability in overall rations. Feeding management plays an important role in the particle-length needs of the cow. Ideally, no more than 8 percent of the material should remain on the upper sieve. Guidelines for TMRs for high-producing dairy cows are 2 to 8 percent of the particles in the upper sieve, 30 to 50 percent in the middle and lower sieves, and no more than 20 percent in the bottom pan. Beef cattle response to silage cut length is minimal and would be dependent on the class of beef cattle being fed and the kind of ration being fed. In beef rations with very restricted roughage levels, corn silage cut length may become increasingly important to encourage proper rumen function. How does shredlage influence length of cut? Recently, a new word shredlage has entered the cattle and customharvesting vocabulary. It is used to describe a new kind of corn silage produced when corn is processed by a chopper using an aftermarket, cross-grooved, crop-processing roll. Rather than cut, these rolls have a lengthwise shredding action, resulting in a greater proportion of coarse forage particles in the shredlage. It also has been shown to improve kernel breakage (as compared to conventional crop-processing rolls), resulting in a higher kernel processing score and higher starch availability. This technology should be helpful for achieving excellence on our effective fiber goals when feeding high-forage diets. But while this technology is promising, additional studies are needed to help determine the effects of shredlage-processed corn silage on neutraldetergent fiber digestibility and animal performance. Source: Progressive Forage Grower, Issue 8, October 1, KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SILAGE

84 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA AGRONOMICS - Alfalfa Guidelines for Profitable Alfalfa Production Field Preparation and Timing Test soil and apply corrective ag lime, N, P2O5, K2O and micronutrients. A proper ph is the single most important fertility factor for establishing and maintaining high yielding, productive alfalfa stands. Apply ag lime at least 12 months before seeding to achieve a desired ph at seeding. A ph of 6.0 versus a ph in the range can reduce the first hay year s first crop yield by 30%. This yield drag continues for the life of the stand. Control perennial weeds such as quack grass before seeding. For Kussmaul Seeds marketing area, the spring seeding of alfalfa seed can begin as soon as a proper seedbed can be prepared. A proper seedbed is one that is smooth, firm, clod-free for the optimum placement of seed by the drill or Brillion seeder. Avoid working soils that are too wet to prevent compaction and crusting. Alfalfa stands can also be established by summer seedings. Keys include timing seedings with anticipated moisture and early enough in August to allow 6-8 of growth before the first killing frost. Seeding should be completed by August 10th in the northern half of Kussmaul Seeds marketing area and by August 20th in the southern areas. A seeding rate of pounds of high quality alfalfa seed will usually produce adequate stand counts. Go 20% higher if direct seeding. Place seed 1/4 to 1/2 inches deep on medium and heavy soils and 1/2 to a maximum of 1 inch on sandy soils. Good alfalfa stands can be established with companion crops if the field is managed to the advantage of the alfalfa rather than the companion crop. Germination and Emergence Germination will begin after an alfalfa seed has absorbed about 125% of its weight in water. Germination will begin when soil temperatures exceed 36 F. However, the ideal temperature range for germination is F. Alfalfa seedlings are very tolerant of the cold through the first trifoliate leaf stage of growth. The first trifoliate usually develops about two weeks after emergence. Under normal conditions, only about 60% of the seeds planted germinate and emerge from the soil. Establishment The period of time from emergence to the appearance of the first flower buds. A period 6-8 weeks for spring seedings and 9+ months for summer seedings. Nearly 60-80% of the seedlings that emerge, disappear during the first year. Alfalfa is particularly vulnerable to the following diseases during the seeding stage; Aphanomyces Root Rot, Anthracnose, Common Leaf Spot, Downey Mildew, Phythium Seedling Rot, Spring Black Stem and Summer Black Stem. Growers can put the odds of a successful stand in their favor by planting resistant varieties, using seed treated with the Apron XL fungicide and following recommended agricultural practices. Seedling alfalfa, particularly under a spring seeded companion crop, is a prime target for potato leafhopper injury. Select resistant varieties or monitor fields for the presence of potato leafhoppers and use chemical control as needed. Control competition from annual and perennial weeds Productive Mature Stands Alfalfa has a tremendous ability to produce maximum yield over a wide range of stand densities. Normally, new seedings should enter the first hay year with 25 to 30 plants per square foot. Alfalfa yield is determined by the number of plants in a given area, the number of stems per plant and the weight of each stem. The maximum number of stems on a plant is set within 14 days after harvest and declines as the plant ages. Maximum forage growth occurs when temperatures are between 50 and 80 F. The leaf to stem ratio is less for spring growth than mid-summer. However, summer growth will have greater lignification than spring growth. When three harvests are taken during a growing season, the relative yield ratios are 7:5:3. That is, if the first crop yields 3 tons/acre, then the second and third will yield approximately 2.1 and 1/3 tons/ acre respectively. The relative yield ratio is generally 9:7:5:3 in a 4-cut system. The harvest schedule varies by variety. For optimum persistence, cut between first flower and 25% flower for each crop. Generally a 3-cut system. For high quality, cut at mid-bud and day intervals thereafter. Do not harvest after frost. Usually a 4-cut system. For high yield and high quality, cut first crop at the bud stage, the second in days and subsequent crops at 38 to 55 day intervals. Generally a four-crop system. Harvest is not advised between September-October 15th for any of the above cutting schedules. Each ton of alfalfa hay harvested removes approximately 14 pounds of P2O5, 58 pounds of K2O; and the calcium and magnesium found in 100 pounds of ag lime. This is the nutrient equivalent of 150 pounds of fertilizer. Replace annually with top dressed mineral fertilizer or manure when feasible. Disease pressure during the early hay years of the rotation includes; Anthracnose, Common Leaf Spot and Spring Black Stem. Later in the hay years Bacterial Wilt, Fusarium Wilt and Crown Rot, and Verticillium Wilt join the assault. For long stand life, plant resistant varieties, maintain fertility and follow recommended agricultural practices. Monitor alfalfa stands for alfalfa weevil during May and June; and potato leafhopper during June, July and early August. Treat as recommended. Typically, stands that fall below 40 stems per square foot or 3 to 4 healthy plants per square foot are no longer profitable and should be rotated. What causes alfalfa winterkill? By Doo-Hong Min and Richard Leep Weather can be a real challenge, especially to alfalfa in the winter months. In order to reduce the risk of alfalfa winterkill, it is important to know what role factors like ice, soil drainage, and soil nutrients play. By understanding the factors affecting winterkill of alfalfa, producers may be able to reduce winterkill damage. But when winterkill leaves you without the forages you d planned on, it s important to act quickly. Small grains can work well for late-spring planting, and summer annuals can be a good early summer alternative. Ice encasement is one of the most critical factors leading to winterkill of alfalfa. Heavy snowfall and moderate, fluctuating, subzero winter temperatures tend to create periodic ice formation, particularly in low-lying, poorly drained areas that collect water. Ice can form as the snow melts and then refreezes which frequently occurs following midwinter thaws. This ice generally penetrates into the soil surface and completely encases the upper regions of the alfalfa root and crown buds which does not allow diffusion of gases such as carbon dioxide. Solid ice can kill the plants very quickly by suffocating alfalfa from lack of oxygen, but granular ice with interconnecting air passes is less

85 severe. Alfalfa covered by ice for three to four weeks will most likely be injured or die. The presence of stubble from the previous crop is one way to reduce the risk of ice encasement because crop residues or stubble tend to create channels and cracks in the ice through which gas exchange may occur. In addition, stubble tends to catch and retain snowfall which results in an insulation effect for the alfalfa crowns. Good soil drainage is essential to prevent winterkill. In wet, poorly drained clay soils, alfalfa is much more subject to frost heaving during the late winter and early spring. Heaving can break the taproot, and more often it forces the crown out of the ground, exposing it to drying winds and to mechanical injury during harvest. These weakened roots can be invaded easily by disease, and sometimes these damaged alfalfa plants may die during the summer. Tile drainage can correct a poor drainage problem, and surface drainage ditches in very level areas may be required to remove surface water in winter when soil is frozen. In addition, leaving enough stubble in the fall will provide more snow cover and less fluctuation in soil temperature. Low soil potassium levels in the soil can be one of the major factors resulting in alfalfa stand loss. Why? Because low soil potassium reduces storage of carbohydrates in the roots and crowns, high carbohydrate levels are needed to keep the alfalfa plants alive through the winter months, as well as for new growth in the spring. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the soil potassium level in late summer or early September by obtaining a soil sample for analysis and applying a fertilizer, if necessary. The risk of winterkill goes up as the stand ages. Stands of alfalfa 4 or 5 years old are more susceptible to winter injury or winterkill than 1- or 2-year-old stands when subjected to the same cutting schedule. This is because younger plants have lower disease infections and have been exposed to less physical damage. Variety selection is one of the most important factors affecting winter survival of alfalfa because varieties differ in winter hardiness and tolerance of disease or insects. Varieties with resistance to several diseases (Phytophthora root rot, verticilium wilt, bacterial wilt, and fusarium wilt) and high winter hardiness will have a lower chance of winterkill than those that are not winter hardy or not resistant to disease nor insects. The timing of harvest (whether by cutting or grazing) can affect potential winterkill and persistence of alfalfa. Several factors are involved: Stage of maturity at cutting The frequency of cutting Timing of fall cutting And cutting height of the last harvest going into winter If alfalfa is harvested at the vegetative stage frequently, the stands are going to be weak since the plants don t have enough time to accumulate carbohydrate reserves in the roots. This is important for regrowth after each cutting and for new growth in the spring. Therefore, it s important to harvest alfalfa plants at late-bud to early-flowering stage to meet the goals of both forage yield and quality which results in better stand persistence. Leaving a 6- to 8-inch cutting stubble in the fall can be effective in catching snow for insulation. Growing degree days (GDD) can be a useful tool in aiding late-season cutting decisions. A GDD is the average of the minimum and maximum daily temperatures minus 41. Recent Quebec research has shown that, if 500 GDD accumulate after the last cutting in late summer, there will be enough regrowth for good carbohydrate accumulation before a killing frost. So growers can cut alfalfa in September as long as enough warm weather remains before a killing frost. The Quebec research also showed that cutting later in the fall was acceptable as long as there was less than 200 GDD accumulated after cutting. When less than 200 GDD accumulated, there would be little regrowth to use up valuable stored carbohydrates and proteins in the alfalfa roots. This would result in good winter survival of the alfalfa plants. Deer and other grazing wildlife can seriously damage alfalfa stands by grazing the alfalfa down to the crown areas, thereby making them more susceptible to winterkill. Simple solutions are not available to prevent alfalfa damage from deer. Herd population control conducted in cooperation with the state DNR wildlife biologists is the best longterm solution. Fencing also can be an effective way to reduce deer damage, but it is expensive. Legume-grass mixtures may be an option to reduce the alfalfa damage from deer. Once you notice that most of your alfalfa plants are winterkilled, a decision needs to be made on what forage options are available for your situation. A small grain such as oats and peas, spring triticale and peas, barley and peas, oats, spring triticale, and barley are all good choices for planting mid-april to mid-may for those needing forage in early to midsummer. Whether the small grain is planted alone or mixed with peas, harvesting forage should be based on the maturity stage of the small grain (late boot for lactating dairy cows and soft dough stage for heifers and beef cattle). If you miss the window If you miss the spring planting time for small grains after winterkill alfalfa, summer annuals would be an option. Forage choices for planting mid-may to mid-june are corn silage, sorghum-sudangrass (for hay or grazing). These crops can do well in drought conditions, too. The seeding rate for sorghum-sudangrass and sudangrass is 20 to 30 pounds per acre, and they can be cut whenever they reach about 30 inches height for high-quality forage or 36 inches height for heifers and beef cattle. Best choices for planting mid-june to early July will be sorghumsudangrass hybrids, forage sorghum, and sudangrass for highest yield for the remaining portion of the season until killing frost. When planted this late, forage sorghums will likely be killed by frost to dry sufficiently for ensiling. Harvesting within one week of a killing frost is recommended to reduce potential for prussic acid poisoning. Forage sorghums may not be the best choice if the year is average to cool in temperature because forage sorghums perform better in warm temperature (90 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit). Previous studies on annual emergency crops have shown that corn silage results in the highest dry matter yields with the least risk of crop failure. Reprinted by permission from the January 10, 2008, issue of Hoard s Dairyman. How to Properly Sample Hay Use a good probe The hay probe should have an internal diameter of 3/8 to 5/8 inch. The cutting edge should be at right angles to the shaft, and kept sharp. Dull probes will not obtain a representative sample. Core samplers that cut through a cross-section of a bale provide the best representation of stems and leaves. Avoid using open augers as they selectively sample leaves. Sample at random It is important to select bales at random from throughout the hay lot. Avoiding some bales and choosing others based on appearance will bias the sample. For stacked hay, samples should be taken from bales at various heights in the stack. Take enough core subsamples Taking at least 20 core samples from a hay lot minimizes sample variation. Use the proper technique For rectangular bales of all sizes, insert the hay probe 12 to 18 inches deep at a right angle into the center of the ends of bales. For round bales, the probe should be inserted at right angles to the outside circumference of the bales. Handle samples correctly Combine core samples from a given lot into a single sample and store in a sealed plastic freezer bag. Samples should be protected from heat or direct sun, and promptly sent to a laboratory for analysis. The sample should weigh approximately KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA

86 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA to 3 4 pound. With larger samples, many labs will not grind the entire sample. Too small a sample will not adequately represent the hay lot. Split samples correctly To test the performance of a particular laboratory (or the sampling technique), a fully ground and thoroughly mixed sample should be split and submitted. Unground samples should not be split. American Farm Bureau Foundation for Agriculture 2001,; How to Properly Sample Hay was developed by the American Farm Bureau Foundation for Agriculture (AFBFA), located at 600 Maryland Ave, SW, Suite 1000W, Washington DC You are permitted to reproduce these articles, in whole or in part, without charge and without changing the text you use, provided that you include a copyright statement or produced by statement acknowledging AFBFA as the copyright owner of the material and use the document for non-commercial or internal purposes. For commercial use or translations, please your request to tomc@ fb.org. Heaving in Alfalfa Fields Dan Undersander University of Wisconsin Heaving is a problem in some alfalfa stands each year in the Midwest. Heaving occurs on heavy soils that have high moisture contents. Repeated freezing and thawing causes soil expansion and contraction that pushes the tap-rooted plants (and fence posts) out of the soil. The need to push against something is why grasses with fibrous root systems are not affected by heaving and older alfalfa stands (with larger tap-rooted plants) are more affected by heaving than younger stands. Where heaving is observed, first dig a few plants to determine if the taproot is broken. Plants with broken taproots will likely green up and survive for a short time and then die when weather becomes warm and the soil dries. The length of time before plant death will depend on the length of taproot above the break and will range from greenup only (if taproot broken three to four inches below the soil surface) to sufficient growth for first crop (6 to 8 inches taproot) to growth until first dry spell (8 to 12 inches taproot). Field with over 1.5 inches heaving will likely have broken taproots and will also suffer significant damage from harvesting equipment. These fields should likely be terminated immediately. Fields with heaving 1 inch or less are likely to have unbroken taproots and may be salvageable for at least the current year. These fields will likely have delayed greenup. The best recommendation is to do nothing to the stands now. Do not go over the field with a roller or cultipacker in early spring to push the crowns back into the soil. This will likely do more damage than good. Plan on harvesting these fields later than normal (25% bloom) and to raise cutter bar at harvest sufficiently to clear crowns. Natural settling should occur during the year and, if plants are reseated, stands should survive until next year. Stands entering the winter with elevated crowns are likely to suffer above average winterkill. Heaving is always worse in soils with good moisture content. The most practical method of reducing heaving in future years is to leave some residue on the soil surface over winter. Residue reduces heaving by insulating the soil and reducing the number of times freezing and thawing occurs. Fields not harvested last fall will usually have less heaving than those with fall growth removed. Heaving in future years can also be minimized by having good internal and surface drainage. Tiling may reduce heaving problems depending on the depth of the tile. Planting a grass with alfalfa has not been shown to reduce heaving of the alfalfa in the stand. Neither is there any indication of genetic variation in alfalfa varieties for difference in heaving, even the fibrous rooted types. Why Every Alfalfa Seed is Different Cindy Zimmerman, Pioneer Forage Forum In this Forage Forum article, Pioneer alfalfa research director, Dave Miller, 86 discusses how the genetics of alfalfa varieties are different than the other major crops and how they are tested. Alfalfa genetics are different from other crops because other crops we re able to manipulate the plant to bring about genetic uniformity. So when you buy a particular grain hybrid or variety, every seed in that bag is considered to be genetically the same. Alfalfa is not able to achieve that same degree of uniformity. So when you have a bag of an alfalfa variety, every seed in that bag is different. These genetic differences mean these varieties have a range of types within them. For example, a farmer goes out and plants maybe 16 pounds of seed to the acre. And that 16 pounds translates to approximately 100 seed per square foot. As the stand grows, the plants are subjected to different diseases, different insects and different weather factors, including heat, drought and cold. What you expect is a natural decline in the stands from those 100 seeds that were sown. In the first year, it will go down to somewhere between 30 and 50 plants per square foot. As the stand goes into its second, third and fourth year, you might be down to 10 to 12 plants per square foot. And you ll see differences in their ability to survive the winter and diseases, even sometimes in the vigor of that regrowth seen after cuts. Variety testing When we speak about corn or soybeans, we say every seed in a bag of hybrid or a variety is the same. What that means, then, is if one seed has the trait, every seed would have the trait. In alfalfa, when we say something is resistant to say, Phytophthora root rot, what we re saying is that a certain percentage of the seeds in that bag are resistant to Phytophthora. And we have resistant classes, such as highly resistant, which means that greater than 50 percent of these seeds in that bag have genetic resistance for Phytophthora. If it says resistant, there are 31 to 50 percent of the seeds in that bag that are resistant. So for alfalfa we characterize based on percentages when it comes to diseases and insect resistance. Fall dormancy is a little bit different. In fall dormancy, we actually plant 100 individual plants out in the field and cut them off during normal cutting times in the growing season, with the last cutting being approximately September 1. Then we come back the first of October, measure the height of each of those 100 individual plants and take an average of the heights. That average height gives us the dormancy for that variety. We characterize things based on a population, not based on an individual as would be done with other crop seeds. The varieties are also tested for winter hardiness. There s an industry standard test similar to what I described in fall dormancy where we plant 100 individual plants. We actually try to cut those at times in the fall to induce a winter injury. We also look at how these varieties perform in our standard yield plots where we cut them three, four or five times a year. Based on how those plots grow back, we give a combined score, combining the plot rating in the spring with the average severity of those 100 individual plants we put out. That gives a more accurate representation of winter hardiness than just the individual plant test. Apex Seed Coating Uniform Stands Improved Seedling Emergence and Survival High Concentration of Rhizobia Bacteria Ensures Nodulation Potential for Highest Yields What is Apex Seed Coating? Apex is a package of benefits in the form of minerals and carefully selected strains of rhizobia bacteria, specifically designed for legume seed, and in the form of virtually dust-free coating. Over many years

87 of exhaustive testing at University and industry trials, it has shown a consistent ability to convert more legume seeds to viable seedlings, enhancing the value of the seed sold to the farmer. What types of seed are available with Apex seed coating? Virtually any legume seed can benefit from Apex, although the greatest percentage of seed coated with Apex has been alfalfa and clover. What importance is rhizobia bacteria? By definition, legumes are those plants that utilize rhizobia bacteria to supply their own nitrogen to their roots. Rhizobia form colonies in the roots called nodules that usually look like tiny clusters of grapes among the roots. The rhizobia benefit from the plant, but in return, secrete a very pure form of water-soluble nitrogen that is readily available to the plant. Each crop requires a specific strain of rhizobia to truly benefit from this symbiotic process. Rhizobia that is very effective on beans, for instance will not work very well on alfalfa. This is where Apex comes in. In the process, carefully selected strains of the most powerful rhizobia specific to each crop are included in the coating at very rich concentrations. The effect can be very dramatic. An alfalfa field with plants well nodulated with the right strain of rhizobia has been shown to produce up to 200 pounds of nitrogen per acre in a season. There are two major benefits from this: first, the nitrogen is free, and second, there are no contaminating salts as by-products of fertilization that come from chemical fertilizers. Ground water pollution from excess nitrogen is also nonexistent. How do I plant Apex coated seed? Plant as you would raw, uncoated seed. There is only one difference from what you may be doing. Apex is designed to pull water from the soil, and hold it around the seed until there is enough moisture to ensure a healthy seedling. This is a guard against false germination, which occurs when a seed may first get enough moisture to germinate, but if dry conditions follow, the developing seedling will dehydrate and die. If you leave Apex coated seed in the seed drill overnight, it may absorb too much moisture from the dew. This will activate the polymer that helps keep the coating dust free, and when it dries later in the morning, it may cake the seed in your seed drill. We recommend that the seed drill be empty at the end of the day, or, if it contains seed, the drill should be tarped. What changes do I need to make in the planter settings? The changes in planting rate between raw and coated seed vary greatly from one brand of planter to another, but we have found that the planting rate will generally increase very slightly when using Apex coated seed. We recommend you leave the rate adjustment where it would be if you were planting raw, uncoated seed, and monitor the rate it is planting. Adjust the rate if you note a change from what you have seen with uncoated seed. In what field condition does Apex perform best? Historically, Apex has shown its best performance when field conditions are less than ideal. The more ideal the conditions, the more Apex coated seed and raw, uncoated seed perform the same. As conditions worsen, such as when the seed is planted too deep or too shallow, or weather conditions are too cold, too hot, too wet, or too dry, we have consistently seen Apex coated seed outperform raw see, even when that seed is inoculated with rhizobia by other means. Exhaustive studies have shown that although there are less seeds in a bag, Apex coating can convert a significantly higher percentage of seeds to plants. That s why we say that a grower should consider how many plants are in a bag of seed, not how many seeds. Frosted Alfalfa Alfalfa has started growing extraordinarily early this year. The amount of spring growth is unusual when we are still having some freezing nights and has caused many management questions among farmers. Alfalfa is tolerant of cold temperatures. To make the best management decision, we must understand the growth and biology of alfalfa. A few alfalfa growth principles to keep in mind: 1. Temperatures in the 25 to 30 F range may cause some leaf deformation for those leaves in early development stages but earlier and later leaves will not be affected. 2. Night time temperatures must fall to 24 F or lower for four or more hours to freeze alfalfa top growth. This means that temperatures at freezing or just below (28 to 32 F) will not damage the alfalfa. In fact, we can actually have snow with no damage to growing alfalfa. 3. The only way to tell if alfalfa is damaged from a cold night is to wait 2 to 4 days to determine if the leaves are wilted or blackened. Unless this damage is present, there is no frost injury. Damage will occur mainly to the top of the growth since that is most exposed to the cold temperatures. a. If leaf edges only are blackened or show signs of burn, damage is minimal with little to no yield loss and nothing should be done. b. If only a few entire leaves are damaged but not the bud, yield loss will be minimal and nothing should be done. c. If the entire stem top (some leaves and bud) is wilted and turns brown, then the growing point (bud) has been killed by frost, and that stem will not grow any further except from axillary shoots that may develop at leaf junctures on the stem. The plant has not been killed and new growth will occur from developing crown buds. When entire tops are frosted significant yield loss will occur. i. If the growth of frozen stems is too short to justify harvest, do nothing and new shoots will develop from crown and axillary buds. Yield will be reduced and harvest will be delayed while the new shoots develop. ii. If the growth of frozen stems is sufficiently tall to be economic to harvest (14 inches or more), do so. There is no toxin in the frozen topgrowth and it will provide good high quality forage. Mow immediately and harvest as normal. Regrowth will be slow and some total season yield loss will occur. After harvest ensure that soil fertility is adequate for good growth. Letting the next cutting grow to first flower will improve stand condition. The early spring has allowed extraordinarily early alfalfa growth and, in the absence of frost damage, most farmers should be prepared to harvest dairy quality haylage before the end of April. The recommendation is to cut by height using a forage quality stick for high quality forage. Dr. Dan Undersander Professor of Agronomy Extension and Research Forage Agronomist University of Wisconsin KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA What planting rate do I use for seed coated with Apex? So long as you plant alfalfa or clover seed as recommended rates per acre, plant Apex at the same rate at you would with uncoated seed. 87

88 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA An alfalfa stand good enough to keep? 88 Focus on Forages by Dan Undersander, Now, before the snow accumulates, is a good time to walk alfalfa fields and decide whether they are good enough to keep for next year or should be replaced. Generally, speaking alfalfa stands begin to decline in the Midwest after the second production year. We usually see that yields after the second production year are down about 17% from the previous two years. Realizing that most input costs are the same regardless of yield, economic analyses suggest that it is not profitable to keep an alfalfa stand that would yield 17% less than optimum. (Would you plant a corn hybrid that yielded 17% less than some other hybrids?) Some fields will last longer and some decline more rapidly. The best is to evaluate individual fields for stand density and plant health to get an idea of what the field might yield next year. The evaluation is a simple two-step process: Step 1. Estimate existing stand condition by stem density and then dig a few plants to determine plant health and likelihood of winter survival. Estimating stand density is simple: Just visually assess the field for at least 55 stems per square foot. This is generally easy to do now. When alfalfa has been harvested in the fall, you can look at the number of cut ends. Or, if the alfalfa was allowed to regrow, stems are often short and have lost leaves from frost, so individual stems are easy to see. If you are unsure of what 55 stems per square foot looks like, then you can count 1 or 2 square feet to get a visual image of the required stem density of optimum yield. Some seed companies make square foot measures available to customers. Once you have a visual idea of what stand density is desired, it is easy to check fields to determine their stand density. Stands with an average stem density of more than 55 stems per square foot are in good shape and have potential for continued high production. As the graph here shows, stands with between 40 and 55 stems per square foot will have reduced yield and are probably in their last year of production. Stands with less than 40 stems per square foot should be replaced or interseeded. Step 2. Dig a few plants and examine the top 4 to 6 inches of taproot. Healthy roots are colored similar to the inside of a potato. Areas of the taproot with brown or black discoloration are rotted. Annual yield (ton/acre) Effect of stem density on alfalfa yield Stems per square foot SOURCE: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN All alfalfa plants will get some browning and blackening as they age and all plants will gradually develop some amount of crown rot (black area in the crown). A small amount is tolerable, but as the rot covers more than 50% of the crown diameter, winter survival is reduced and growth the following year is reduced. If you dig eight or 10 plants, you can quickly get an idea of the stand plant health and, based on the number of plants, can determine if the stand will be the same next year or worse. If you are slightly less than 55 stems per square foot, but the plants are healthy, yield next year will likely be similar to this year. On the other hand, to the extent plants show crown and root rot or worse, you can expect the stand to decline and yield less next year than this year. Such stands should be targeted for replacement. A more detailed description of this stand evaluation process with pictures is available in a University of Wisconsin Extension publication you can download from learningstore.uwex. edu/pdf/a3620.pdf. Undersander is a University of Wisconsin Extension and research forage agronomist. Alfalfa Hay Test Guidelines Supreme TDN (90% DM) 55.9 and up RFV (100% DM) 185 and up CP (100% DM) 22 and up Premium TDN (90% DM) RFV (100% DM) CP (100% DM) Good TDN (90% DM) RFV (100% DM) CP (100% DM) Fair TDN (90% DM) RFV (100% DM) CP (100% DM) Low TDN (90% DM) Below 50.5 RFV (100% DM) Below 130 CP (100% DM) Below 16 Source: Midwest Extra, December 2008

89 AGRONOMICS - Forage Key Concepts To Remember The ultimate measure of forage quality is animal performance. Factors having the greatest impact on forage quality are forage species, stage of maturity at harvest, and (if forage is mechanically harvested) harvesting and storage techniques. Forage quality varies greatly among and within forage crops, and nutritional needs vary among and within animal classes and species. Knowing forage quality and animal nutritional needs is necessary to formulate rations that result in desired animal performance. Leaves are higher in quality than stems; young stems are higher in quality than old stems; and green leaves are higher in quality than dead leaves. In most cases, higher quality is also associated with legumes as compared to grasses; and with cool-season plants as compared to warm-season plants. Rain during field drying damages legume hay more than grass hay. Also, the dryer the hay when rain occurs, the greater the damage. However, delayed harvest due to concern about rain probably results in more forage quality loss than does rain damage. Fertilizing with nitrogen generally increases the crude protein level of grasses, but fertilization usually has little or no effect on the digestible energy of forage. Sensory evaluation of forage provides important information, but laboratory testing is required to formulate rations. A laboratory analysis uses only a few grams of material to represent tons of forage. Therefore, sampling technique is extremely important. The numbers provided on a forage test report are valuable but not absolute. Reported results vary somewhat due to differences within a hay lot (or other feed material sampled), sampling technique, and laboratory procedures. While protein and minerals can limit animal performance, digestible energy is more likely to be the limiting factor from forage. The more mature and fibrous (lower in quality) a forage, the longer it takes to be digested and the less an animal will consume. Major losses in forage quality often occur due to poor storage and feeding techniques. Producing forage with good nutritive value is not enough; good animal performance results when animals consume forage that is suitably high in nutrients and low in fiber. Pricing Forage in the Field Questions often arise about how to arrive at a fair price for standing crops such as corn silage, oats, hay and cornstalks. Although there are no widely quoted market prices for these crops, they can be valued according to their relative feed value and compared to some crop that does have a known market price, such as corn grain or baled hay. Corn Silage Corn silage can be most easily valued according to the price of corn grain. Taking into account the value of the grain, the extra fertilizer cost, and the harvesting costs saved, a ton of corn silage in the field is worth about 6 times as much as a bushel of corn. Use the local harvest price as a guide. If the current market price is below the county USDA loan rate, use the loan rate instead. Example: expected price of corn $2.30 per bushel value of standing silage $2.30 x 6 = $13.80 yield of corn silage 18 tons per acre value of standing corn $13.80 x 18 =$ This ratio assumes silage is harvested at 60 percent moisture. To adjust for other moisture levels, subtract the actual moisture level from 100, divide by 40, then multiply by the estimated value for 60 percent moisture silage. Example: silage moisture level 70% silage dry matter level 100% - 70% = 30% silage value at 60% $13.80 per ton silage value at 70% $13.80 x 30/40 = $10.35 Corn silage that has already been harvested and stored is worth more, naturally. A value of 9 times the price of corn for each ton of usable silage is commonly used. Adjustments can be made for the condition and accessibility of the corn silage. Oats Standing oats sold for silage can be priced relative to oats grain. Based on the value of the oats and straw which could have been harvested and sold, minus the harvesting costs saved, a price of 13 times the price of a bushel of oats per ton of oat silage (70 percent moisture) is reasonable for the standing crop. For oat silage already harvested and stored, a price of 17 times the price of a bushel of oats can be used. Example: expected price of oats $1.25 per bushel value of oat silage $1.25 x 13 = $16.25/tn yield of oat silage 6 tons per acre value of standing oats $16.25 x 6 = $97.50/a Roughly one ton of 70 percent moisture oat silage can be harvested for each 12 bushels of oats that could be harvested as grain. Oat silage is higher in percent crude protein than corn silage but lower in percent total digestible nutrients (TDN), so its feeding value is approximately 80 percent that of corn silage. Hay and Haylage Selling hay or haylage as a standing crop is essentially the same as renting established hay land. Cash rent for land with an established grass/legume hay crop varies widely depending on yield, hay quality and local demand. Across the state hay rental rates range from $70 to $90 per acre in northern Iowa and from $50 to $70 in southern Iowa. For established alfalfa, rental rates are from $100 to $120 in northern Iowa and from $60 to $80 in southern Iowa. For the first cutting of hay or haylage a charge equal to 40 to 50 percent of the yearly rent is appropriate. Later KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information ALFALFA 89

90 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information FORAGE cuttings are usually worth only 25 to 35 percent of the yearly rent. The value of standing hay can also be estimated by subtracting harvesting costs from the market value of the same hay. Custom rates can be used to estimate harvesting costs. Example: price of alfalfa hay $3.00 per bale harvesting costs $.80 per bale hay value in the field $ = $2.20/bale For haylage, the feed value of a ton of 40 to 50 percent moisture unharvested haylage can be estimated as equal to roughly half that of a ton of dry hay, minus the costs for windrowing, harvesting and hauling. Example: price of hay $70 per ton harvesting cost $16 per ton standing haylage value ($70x1 2) 16 = $19/ton Some owners prefer to keep part of the hay crop instead of charging cash rent. For an established crop for which the owner pays all the fertility costs, the owner is probably entitled to about 60 percent. If the person who harvests the crop pays part of the establishment and fertility costs, the owner s share should probably be only 40 to 50 percent. Cornstalks Cornstalks can be used as a partial replacement for late fall pasture or winter hay. For beef cows, a ton of harvested corn stalks is worth about 50 percent of the value of grass hay per ton. If the buyer harvests the stalks, then a value of 25 percent of the price of grass hay is appropriate. See ISU Extension publication FM 1867, Estimating a Price for Cornstalks, for more information. Cornstalks can also be rented for grazing. Rental rates are typically about $6 to $10 per acre, or $4 to $8 per AUM. One AUM is equal to a mature beef cow grazing for one month. When hay or corn stalks are harvested as large round bales, weighing them may not be convenient. The weight of a large round hay bale can be estimated by multiplying the length of the bale (in inches) by the diameter squared (in inches) and dividing by 200. For corn stalk bales, divide by 300. Example: length of hay bale 60 inches diameter of bale 65 inches across weight of bale 60 x 65 x 65 / 200 = 1,267 lb. In years of low production, prices for standing forages may be considerably above those discussed. On the other hand, when feed is in good supply the landowner may have to accept a lower price. If there is no ready alternative use for the feed, then both buyer and seller will still to benefit from the sale. Prepared by William Edwards, extension economist, File: Economics 1-5, Agronomy 2 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Many materials can be made available in alternative formats for ADA clients. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC or call Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University, University Extension Your First Ingredient Dairy producers know that herd health is one of the biggest challenges for their herd, even though nutrition, cow comfort and management have been improved significantly. Acidosis is more prevalent today than in the past and it is difficult to keep cows on track with current feeding programs. Why is that? What has changed? What can we do about it? And can we feed the cow differently? Why Acidosis is a Constant Threat Today feeds are more digestible and break down faster because of plant varieties and harvesting methods which yield higher relative feed values. This causes digestive upsets and variable manure syndrome (VMS), which is inconsistency of manure. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiver (NDF) levels are much improved in just the past 15 years (seed Table A). Today s wetter forages and finer ground corn not only enhance fermentation in the bunker silo, but also rumen fermentation. This is because of the increased speed at which the fiber breaks down in the rumen and also because the pounds of fiber utilized by the cow has increased. Table A Hay Improvement in 18 Years Change ADF 32/ NDF RFV Milk lb./ton 1,849 3,652 +1,803 World Forage Bowl 2013 Table B shows corn silage improvement in 15 years. Brown mid-rib corn (BMR) and conventional silage varieties have virtually the same ADF/NDF levels and we all are aware BMR corn used for silage has a higher risk of causing acidosis, not from starch, but from higher fiber digestibility. Table B Corn Silage Improvements in 15 Years 1998 Conv Conv BMR Change ADF NDF Milk lb./ton 2,673 3,702 3,776 Approx +1, World Forage Bowl Dairyland Labs Average But the cow s digestive system her rumen has not changed! Rumen health is the epicenter of nutrient uptake, which supports body maintenance and increases animal performance. The rumen works on the life, growth and death of bacteria. This digestive process in ruminant animals, including cows, delivers the energy and protein needs. The feed cows eat simply give them the nutrients they need to grow bacteria. The Smart bacterial Priorty IAC has developed through extensive research are used by the rumen as a powerful tool in digestion and feed utilization. The growth of bacteria comes from non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). NFC is made up of soluble fiber, starch, sugars and silage acids. Highly digestible fiber in today s dairy rations is a major contribution to the energy load of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates like starch and sugar. 90

91 Rapid termination leads to a high and fast build-up of glucose in the rumen which starts to become toxic because the cow can t use it fast enough along with accumulation or build up of lactic acid that drops or effects ph levels. Stable Rumen ph is a Huge Deal! The first ingredient in dairy nutrition is to keep the rumen ph stable to maximize production of VFAs (energy) and microbial protein (protein/ amino acids). The first step to nutrition for optimum bacteria growth in the rumen is to consistently maintain proper ph this is a huge deal! Rumen ph has a tight window of 5.8 to 6.6 for ideal rumen function and optimum bacteria growth, which is extremely difficult to achieve consistently with extremely digestible ration ingredients. This causes large swings in ph, and the proof is seen in VMS VMS is so common today that most people think it is normal for cows to have manure inconsistency. A drastic swing from firm to loose manure indicates rumen ph instability or subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). VMS inhibits the growth of bacteria, and limits the production of volatile fatty acid and microbial protein the true food for the cow. Here is another way to look at ph: 0.1 movement in ph from 6 to 5.9 is a 1 fold change or 100% increase in acidity. 1 point movement in ph from 6 to 5 is a 10 fold change or 1000% increase in acidity. Knowing this, on a ph scale from 0-14, there is a very narrow ph window of 5.8 to 6.6 for rumen stability. It s a huge deal. A rumen stays stable and woks as it should when ph levels stay balanced. The P-One Program controls ph in the rumen by speeding up the processing of glucose and lactic acid. The Smart bacteria in P-One helps the cows to make Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) at a more efficient rate. Cows stay healthier and have less VMS because their rumen is functioning more properly. The P-One Program allows more feeding of forages like a cow is meant to be fed and there is less need to buy purchased protein and fat to add back to the ration. The Smart bacteria in the P-One Program help cows to utilize higher levels of carbohydrates without causing a large drop in rumen ph and the resulting VMS. Manure Tells About Digestion The end product of digestion is manure and it is the most obvious and best observation on how a cow digest feed. When we kick, sift or wash manure it opens a window into the cow s digestive performance. Examining manures allows you to find things like mucin casts, undigested fiber, whole grains, bubbles, foam, blood or changes in color. Each of these findings suggest something about what s going on with the digestive process. Use these observation techniques to check whether your nutrition program is allowing cows to get full potential from your Feeding program. Summary of Seven ph Field Studies (Diets containing average 43.5% NFC & 29.4% Starch) 444 SAMPLES PH MEAN 4 HOURS 7 HOURS 10 HOURS 6.66PH 6.69PH 6.66PH 6.65PH AVERAGE PH OF SEVEN STUDIES FROM 11,000 COWS USING A CROSS SECTION OF 148 COWS FROM POST FRESH AND HIGH GROUPS FROM DAIRY HERDS IN MICHIGAN, TEXAS, UTAH, WASHINGTON STATE, WISCONSIN, AND MEXICO SAMPLED AT 4, 7, AND 10 HOURS AFTER FIRST FEEDING.. The normal ruminal ph indicator of SARA is <5.5 (Oetzle, 2001). When using ororuminal probes as this study did, it is adjusted 0.4 to <5.9 (Duffield; 2004). Source: Priorty IAC Smart bacteria company, Volume 23 Newsletter AGRONOMICS - Soybeans Soybean Production Guidelines Planting Date Soybean planting should begin when the soil temperature is F at four inches below the soil surface with forecasts for warm weather for the upcoming week. In average years, the optimum planting date is usually between May 10-20th. Planting soybeans before May 10th makes them at far greater risk than corn for frost damage since at emergence the growing point (just above the cotyledons) is exposed; therefore, a frost can kill the plant. If soybean planting gets delayed, don t change from adapted varieties to earlier varieties until after June 15th. Soybeans are much more forgiving than corn concerning yield reductions from late planting, generally yield loss is less than 10% until about mid June. Unlike corn, soybeans are a photoperiod sensitive crop. Vegetative growth is determined and flowering is initiated by the length of darkness. Since early planted varieties are triggered to flower by a shorter night period than a fuller season variety, and all late planted soybeans are shorter due to less vegetative growth, too much yield is lost when changing to early varieties before mid-june. Plant corn first, then evaluate for soybean planting. Planting Population Row Width Generally, the typical final stand should be around 150,000 live plants per acre (ex. drop 170,000 seeds/acre if germ is ~90%), increase this by 10% or more in drilled situations. Be sure to plant by seeds per pound and not by pounds per acre, since seed size will vary between varieties and years. Also, vary planting rates to compensate for germination differences between varieties. Soybeans should be planted at a depth of 1 to 1 and 1/2 inches, and never deeper than 2 inches. If late planting becomes a reality, increase plant populations to 200,000 to 225,000 plants per acre, since late-planted soybeans are shorter (less vegetative growth) more plants are needed to maintain the yield level at the normal date. Late planted soybeans typically lodge less, shatter less, have slightly less oil content and slightly higher protein levels. Soybean yield response to row spacing generally increase with narrow rows, which provide more equidistant spacing between plants. Narrow rows have quicker canopy closure, which conserves water, helps reduce weed seed germination, and allows plants and roots to more efficiently use sunlight, water, and nutrients before competing with each other. Yield response to narrow rows is less pronounced in the low yield environment (greatest response is in the high yield environment). Planter Box Treatments Cool, wet weather patterns; soils with slow drainage; and reduced or no-till practices (result in cooler and wetter soils) may warrant a planter box treatment. Planter box treatments (fungicides) provide protection against water molds (Pythium and Phytophthora) or other soil or seed borne fungi (Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phomopsis, and Macrophomina species). Fungicidal treatments will not improve the seed s germination, but will protect against seed rot, damping off, seedling blights, with some activity on pod, and stem blights caused by these diseases and pathogens. Ongoing studies have indicated 5% up to 14% increase in grain yields (treatment vs. no treatment in no-till), and a 14% up to 30% increase in stand establishment. Fertilization, Inoculants, and Lime KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information FORAGE 91

92 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SOYBEANS Nitrogen Soybeans can obtain up to half of their nitrogen requirement from the air when nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria are present in the soil. Additional nitrogen requirements come from carryover and microbial soil mineralization. Therefore, by maintaining the proper rhizobia environment, nitrogen application is not recommended. Inoculants Since legumes require different rhizobia it is important to inoculate soybeans where a well-nodulated soybean crop has not been grown for 3 to 5 years depending on the soil type. In soils with more than 90% sand, it is recommended the field be inoculated annually. Additionally, the rhizobia bacteria do not function in soils with a ph below 5.0, and supplemental molybdenum (necessary for nitrogen fixation) should be added to the inoculate for soils with a ph of 5.0 to 6.0, or add lime to boost ph to between 6.0 to 7.0. Lime Lime should be profitable if soil ph is 5.8 or below. The best time to apply lime for all legumes is in the preceding year mixed into the top 6 inches of soil. Liming acid soils enhances microbial activity, which mineralize soil, making nitrogen and phosphorus available to the plant. Phosphorus Generally, where soybeans are grown in rotation with corn the soybeans will not need additional fertilization with phosphorus as long as the phosphorus test is about 15 ppm Bray 1 Phosphorus, the goal for optimum soybean production. Yield response to applied phosphorus will probably occur below 12 ppm Bray 1 Phosphorus. Phosphorus, if needed, can be applied broadcastal then incorporated or banded not more than 15 inches apart 4 to 6 inches deep, or as a starter at 1 inch to the side and or slightly below seed depth. Never apply fertilizer in the seed furrow. Potassium Potassium soil levels are normally high enough not to justify adding potassium, except on very sandy soils. Take soil tests and fertilize and lime based on a sound soil testing program, don t forget to consider the micronutrients as well. Iron Chlorate Finally, some soybeans grown in calcareous soils may become chlorotic because iron is tied up in the soil, use our tolerant varieties and in some cases, applying an iron chelate with the seed at planting may be justified. Soybean Insects Bean Leaf Beetles Bean Leaf Beetles winter under plant debris and move into soybean fields just after emergence. The adults begin feeding on cotyledons and leaflets until early July, lay eggs in the soil and die. The larvae hatch and feed on soybean nodules which is not thought to cause any economic losses. Pupation occurs in the soil and the second generation of beetles emerge to feed on leaves and developing pods. Begin scouting for bean leaf beetles at emergence, if beetles damage cotyledons before leaves emerge, stands can be severely reduced. Later, soybeans with 4 or fewer nodes on the main stem and fully developed leaves will tolerate leaf feeding by up to 7 beetles per row foot and up to 25% defoliation. The second generation beetle is usually of most concern, begin scouting during the R4 pod development state and continue to R7 yellow pod stage. Most university extension offices have economic threshold calculators for figuring if spraying is beneficial. Generally, it will take 50 beetles per row foot to cause enough defoliation to reduce yields. However, if enough pod feeding occurs to damage 2 to 3 seeds per 92 plant, insecticide treatment may be justified. Always scout at least 100 feet from the field edge and look for other insect pests, such as grasshoppers, when scouting for bean leaf beetles. Unmonitored Bean Leaf Beetles can be one of the most destructive insect pests to soybeans. Proper scouting techniques and planting soybeans at the end of their optimum planting date for maximum yield can reduce the risk of losses by Bean Leaf Beetles. Spider Mites Spider mites are tiny animals more closely related to chiggers, ticks or spiders than to insects. Fertilized females overwinter in various grass, legume fields, and ditches then move into fields in the spring. The twospotted spider mite causes the most problems on soybeans and corn in the Midwest. Spider mites have five stages including the egg stage, 6- and 8-legged immature stages, and 8-legged adult stage. Females mate and start laying eggs 1 to 2 days after becoming an adult. They can lay 10 eggs per day for up to 30 days. Normally, 12 to 14 days are required from egg laying to adult transformation, but during hot and dry spells, this time can be reduced to 5 days. Therefore, mite populations and concerns for proper mite scouting increase during hot and dry periods. Mites live in webbed colonies on lower side of leaf surfaces. Spider mites feed by piercing individual leaf cells and sucking out the contents. The leaf loses its photosynthetic ability and initially yellow dots appear on leaf surfaces, then leaves turn yellow, turn brown and die. Mites can be difficult to see and symptoms can often be confused with herbicide injury or foliar diseases. When scouting for mites take along a white piece of paper to tap on the underside of symptomatic leaves and a l0x lens to detect yellowing and live mites. As the food source is depleted, mites climb to the top of the plant and sail down wind to a new host. Therefore, new mite populations will grow downwind. Mites can be a serious problem and can reduce yields sometimes up to 60% or more in infested areas. Scout carefully and rescout treated fields or areas, especially during hot and dry weather where spot treating may not work because of large unseen infested areas elsewhere in the field. Other Insects When scouting for these insects look for other insect problems like grasshoppers, green cloverworms, yellow wollybear, soybean looper, and others that may cause yield losses. Scouting can help reduce yield losses from insect damage and provides producers with the ability to react in a timely manner when insecticide treatments are warranted. Stages of Development Soybean development is divided into vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stages, VE is emergence, VC is unfolding of the unifoliate leaves, then the following stages (VI, V2, Vn) are marked and defined by the uppermost fully developed leaf node. A fully developed leaf node is one that has a leaf with unrolled or unfolded leaflets above it. V3 then, for example, would have four nodes with unfolded leaves, and so on. Each node is an auxiliary bud (auxiliary growing point), so even severe stem and leaf defoliation above the cotyledonary node produces new branches and leaves. One open flower at any node signals the beginning of the reproductive (R) stages. There are 8 reproductive stages all referring to development on the main stem. R1 (beginning bloom) is one open flower at any node. R2 (full bloom) is an open flower at one of two upper most nodes with a fully developed leaf. This stage marks the beginning of rapid dry matter and nutrient accumulation. R3 (beginning pod) is a pod developing at anyone of four upper most nodes. R4 (full pod) the pod is 3/4 of an inch long developing at anyone of four upper most nodes. R5 (beginning seed) 1/8 inch seed is developing at anyone of four upper most nodes. Late pod formation (R4.5 to R5.5) is the most critical time for yield loss due to pod abortion. Flowering can no longer be initiated to compensate for losses. Therefore, stress at this time reduces yield, due to a reduction

93 in pods per plant. If irrigation is available, this may be the time it is warranted. R6 (full seed) plants have a pod containing a seed that fills the pod cavity at any one of four upper most nodes. As soybeans develop past R6, any stresses are not as critical, but can reduce the seed size, seeds/ pod, and pods per plant. R7 (beginning maturity) is when one normal pod has reached its mature pod color. Stress occurring at R7 or after has no effect on yield. R8 (full maturity) 95% of the pods have reached their mature pod color. Five to ten days of good drying weather will move soybeans to less than 15% moisture and close to harvest. Looking For Ways To Get The Yellow Out Could planting oats along with soybeans help to get the yellow out? It s one method that is being studied to reduce the severity of soybean iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). A lot of research has been done on this, says University of Iowa soybean expert Palle Pedersen, and there are no good solutions yet, except variety selection. There has been extensive research on applying iron seed coatings, foliar sprays and fertilizers to correct iron deficiency. But the results have been inconclusive, says Dave Franzen of North Dakota State University (NDSU), sometimes they work, sometimes not. Matt Mechtel, who grows soybeans in southeast North Dakota, tried chelated iron applications and a number of other witches brew to fight IDC. But the effects were only temporary, he says. Iron treatments are expensive, too costing up to $20/acre. It s not practical, currently, says George Rehm, University of Minnesota retired soil nutrient specialist. We don t recommend it. NDSU is now looking at slow-release iron fertilizers, which could supply soybean plants with iron for an extended period, says soil scientist Jay Goos, of NDSU. However, developing resistant varieties is the main focus of both public and private IDC research. Progress has been made, says Franzen. Still, only about one in 10 new soybean cultivars tested at NDSU shows a high level of IDC tolerance, he says. We ve got a lot of work to do in breeding. A link to nitrates? Scientists are also trying to unravel some of the lingering mysteries connected with IDC. For instance, why does planting more thickly reduce the severity of IDC? And why do soybeans growing over wheel tracks stay green in wet years when the rest of the field turns yellow? One theory is that IDC is related to soil nitrates, Rehm says. That s what led to the idea of planting oats along with soybeans. The small grain uses up nitrogen and dries out wet soils early in the season. Later, the companion crop is killed with Roundup. Rehm is now leading multi-year field trials in Minnesota and the Dakotas to test this technique. Source: Corn and Soybean Digest Dec 07 Roundup Ready Soybean Patent Expiration Excerpt from Patents and Roundup Ready Seeds The last U.S. patent on the Roundup Ready soybean trait expired in early What this means is that if the Roundup Ready trait was the only patent that applied to a particular variety of soybean, farmers would be able to save and plant that variety after the patent expired. However, after the patent on the Roundup Ready trait expired, soybean seeds containing that trait might still be covered by other trait or varietal patents. If you are interested in saving and planting these seeds, we recommend that you check with your seed supplier to determine if the seed variety you re considering can be legally planted and saved. If your seed dealer has a variety that can be saved, check with him about obtaining a license to legally plant saved seed of that variety. For the complete article go to Dodge Sudden Death Late-season soybean disease defies textbook explanations January 27, 2011 By: Pam Smith, Farm Journal Seeds and Production Editor Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) has always been a headscratcher. The late-season disease has caused losses across the Soybean Belt since it was discovered in Arkansas in Managing sudden death syndrome in your soybean fields starts with variety selection. Incidence of the disease increased in Last year, the disease turned particularly ugly and Iowa State University plant pathologist X.B. Yang started getting reports that SDS wasn t exhibiting textbook behavior. "The 2010 outbreaks indicate many SDS management recommendations need more thought," Yang says. Growers typically recognize SDS symptoms late in the season when there is little recourse. Proactive moves include knowing the fields that had the disease and taking proper steps at planting. Yang says the rumor mill likes to link glyphosate applications and SDS. "This came up more than a decade ago when Roundup Ready soybeans hit the market," he notes. "Our plot data shows labeled rates of glyphosate had similar levels of SDS as plots that received Pursuit, the popular herbicide prior to the Roundup Ready system." However, Yang notes, plots receiving twice the labeled glyphosate rate did exhibit an increased incidence of SDS. He suggests that growers who upped herbicide rates to tackle tough weed problems consider this as they work to manage SDS. Control measures. "In 2010, high SDS levels were found in Roundup Ready and non Roundup Ready soybean fields," Yang says. Some believe Cobra (lactofen) can reduce SDS, but studies from 1997 to 1999 found that to be true only in the greenhouse, he adds. Field trials during those same three years did not show Cobra to be effective, Yang says. He revisited the Cobra question in 2008 with multilocation trials in eastern Iowa with the same results. In 2010, he says, postemergence Cobra applications caused a yield penalty due to a lack of white mold. Seed treatments haven t shown any benefit in battling SDS either. While new chemicals are in the pipeline, good field results are needed before they can be recommended, Yang says. Drainage is typically at the top of many SDS management recommendations. However, floods in 2010 put a crimp in this theory KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SOYBEANS

94 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SOYBEANS "Many well-tiled fields had severe SDS and the disease was often more severe in line with drainage pipes," Yang says. When it comes to SDS, tiling seems to help more in years of normal weather conditions, he adds. One link is certain: The presence of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) can enhance the severity of SDS. "What happened in 2009 and 2010 shows that SDS can strike without SCN," Yang says. He observes that SCN was suppressed in many parts of the Midwest because the summer of 2009 was one of the coolest in history and 2010 was one of the wettest. In both years, though, SDS was prevalent despite the low SCN levels. "This suggests that SCN management may help reduce SDS in years that have normal weather conditions, not years like 2009 or 2010," he says. SDS is also associated with early planting. University of Illinois plant pathologist Carl Bradley recommends planting fields with no history of SDS problems first. "Soybean fields planted in late April may be affected most by SDS, especially when followed by cool, wet weather," he says. Variety selection remains your best defense unless you re sure the coming season is likely to be dry. "Susceptible varieties tend to yield a few bushels more when they are disease-free," Bradley says. "One year of SDS can cut profits enough that it can take several years to catch up." Resistance is not as reliable as it is for other diseases, such as phytophthora. Soybean breeders have made progress, but SDS s unpredictable nature makes it a tough opponent. Early Season Frost & Low Temperature Damage to Corn and Soybean By R.L. (Bob) Nielsen and Ellsworth Christmas Agronomy Dept., Purdue Univ. West Lafayette, IN address: rnielsen@purdue.edu Lethal cold temperatures are more damaging than simple frost. Leaf injury or death does not guarantee plant death or yield loss. Patience is a virtue when waiting for crops to indicate their recovery. When contemplating the effects of frost injury to corn and soybean, it is important to recognize that the extent of crop injury depends quite a bit on whether the field experienced lethal cold temperatures or simple frost. Lethal cold temperatures for corn and soybean are those at or below 28 F. Our definition of simple frost is that which occurs at temperatures warmer than 28 F. For full publication visit: articles.02/frost_freeze-0520.html , Purdue University, an equal access, equal opportunity university Soy Highlights Soybean Facts A bushel of soybeans weighs 60 lbs. (27.22 kg) and produces about 11 pounds of oil and 48 pounds of protein-rich meal. The soybean plant is a legume related to peas, clover and alfalfa. Each soybean plant produces 60 to 80 pods, each holding three pea-sized beans. Soil Testing Staying Profitable In Today's Markets With the challenge to stay profitable in these markets that have settled back in prices, we all need to look for ways we can improve. We need to be more aggressive in managing the largest asset a farmer possesses, our soil. By attending clinics on soils and learning about the tests that you should be performing, you can find large rewards in yield. These tests, done correctly and read correctly, can tell you if lime or tiling is needed. You can also learn if you need to alter your fertilizer application program, as well as timing of applications and the amount you apply per pass. With today s technology we can do a lot of this ourselves. There are apps available for your smart phone that allow you to do your own grid sampling. Once you have your samples pulled, deciding what tests are performed is, to me, your most important decision. Make sure you have the tests performed that provide you with all the major nutrients and micronutrients as well as ph, and your cation ratio index. You need to know your soil s ability to hold fertilizer at any given time, to structure how much and how often you may need to apply fertilizer. Once you have your samples done and your test results back, you can discuss them with your agronomist and develop your plan for each field and crop you are growing that season to get the most out of every seed you have planted. Now, don t forget, the work is not done yet. Once your crop has emerged, get back out there and scout those fields for stand quality and crop health. Take tissue samples in a timely manner so you can adjust for any shortages in your program. Let the growing plant tell you what it needs. This is a short overview of what you may already be doing. I hope, if you have not been aggressive in testing, you will step back and take a hard look at what and how you are feeding the growing crop, and the crops you will be producing in the future. Remember, failing to apply the correct nutrient needs could be losing dollars, when it may cost only cents to raise the return on investment. With improved nutrient management also come other rewards. Water and run off pollution is greatly reduced by not being good, but great at your soil and nutrient management. If you have more questions about soil testing, contact your Kussmaul Seeds dealer. U.S. soybean farmers planted 83.4 million acres (33.8 million hectares). U.S. soybean production was 4.31 billion bushels. Average yield in the U.S. was 52.1 bushels per acre. Total value of the U.S. soybean crop was $40.94 billion 94

95 KUSSMAUL Agronomic Information SOYBEANS The rest of the article can be found at

96 KUSSMAUL Composition of a Soybean In processing, soybeans are cleaned, cracked, dehulled and rolled into flakes. This ruptures the oil cells for efficient extraction to separate the oil and meal components. Soybean oil finds its way into food products such as margarine, salad dressings and cooking oils, and industrial products such as plastics and biodiesel fuel. Lecithin, extracted from soybean oil, is used for everything from pharmaceuticals to protective coatings. It is a natural emulsifier and lubricant. Lecithin is used, for example, to keep the chocolate and cocoa butter in a candy bar from separating. After removal of the soybean oil, the remaining flakes can be processed into various edible soy protein products, or used to produce soybean meal for animal feeds. The dry (solid) portion of the bean provides a host of edible products. Soy flour and grits are used in the commercial baking industry. They aid in dough conditioning and bleaching. Their excellent moisture-holding qualities also help retard staling. Soy hulls are processed into fiber bran breads, cereal and snacks. Check Out the Kussmaul Web Store Help us promote the Kussmaul Brand, and we will pay half the cost. We have set up a program on our new web store where Kussmaul Seeds will pay 50% of the costs on every item that customers or dealers order. Once your order is placed, you will be billed for 50% and Kussmaul Seeds will be billed for the other 50%. No limits on the amount of merchandise ordered. 96

97 Who We Are Kussmaul Seeds roots go back 84 years to 1934, when Rud Kussmaul planted one acre of seed corn to sell to a few neighbors for extra spending money. When Rud found an increasing interest in hybrid seed corn, he asked his brother Al to join him as a salesman. This was the start of Kussmaul Hybrids. Through the years, as demand and sales increased, Rud focused on production, and Al was on the road as the salesman. In addition to hybrid seed corn, the company sold seed oats and succotash. Farmer dealers were recruited through newspaper ads, fairs, and word of mouth. By 1981, Kussmaul Hybrids had sales in 13 states and had outgrown their production capacity; the brothers were now in their sixties and none of their family members desired to continue the business, they decided to sell the retail segment of Kussmaul Hybrids, and continue with the farming and production segments. This decision seemed to make more economic sense than to spend millions of dollars constructing a new processing tower and additional warehouse space. Also, with one brother concentrating solely on production and the other on sales it was time to do some estate planning for the future. In 1983, Al s daughter married Paul Klinkhammer, who began working for the brothers in their farming and seed production operation. Through the 1980 s, Paul learned about hybrid seed corn production and about sales while selling seed oats to local farmers and retail stores. These same customers kept asking why Kussmaul Hybrids had discontinued seed corn sales and would they be resuming them. Then 1988 hit us! The drought! In 1988, the company that Kussmaul had been growing seed corn for decided they had better get more of their seed production under irrigation. They ended their contract with Kussmaul. This was Kussmaul s opportunity to get back into retail again and the birth of Kussmaul Seed Company. Now with Paul running production and Al continuing with sales, a new sales force was built. Many of our old customers rushed back, some as customers, some as dealers. As sales grew, district and area sales managers were added. Products were also added: alfalfa, soybeans and forage seed. We purchased a large seed production facility previously owned and operated by DeKalb and just 75 miles away from our office and home farms. Prior to the 2002 purchase, Kussmaul Seed had been using the facility exclusively since Not only do we process our own seed, but we also provide drying, shelling, grading, bagging and rebagging for several other seed companies, nationally and internationally. The Warren seed plant was originally built and operated by DeKalb with continuous upgrades throughout the years. Kussmaul uses sweet corn huskers to remove husks, as they are much more gentle on the seed corn than conventional seed corn huskers. All dryers are equipped with computerized climate controls to monitor temperature and reverse air flow. Single pass dryers dry and remove moisture all from the bottom up or top down. Reverse flow dryers, like ours, allow us to partially dry the seed from the bottom up, then change air flow, and continue drying from the top down. This concept keeps the bottom from getting overdried, and the top underdried. The facility also has a heated conditioning tower, two separate treating lines, and our own in-house lab. Our plant manager John Williston grew up in this plant, as his father was the plant manager there for DeKalb. He and the DeKalb staff taught John everything about seed corn processing. Now in 2018, our 84th year of growing and providing seed corn to farmers, we still remain an independent, family seed company. We wish to thank all of our customers over the years who helped us get to where we are today, and invite those prospective customers that we have not yet met to join us. KUSSMAUL Kussmaul's Production Plant in Warren, IL purchased in

98 KUSSMAUL POLICIES Business Procedures and Requirements 1. All growers who purchase any seed containing traits are required to have a signed license prior to seed delivery. 2. Growers who plant Corn Borer, Rootworm or stacked combination of Corn Borer and Rootworm technology corn are required to plant a refuge see kussmaulseeds.com. 3. All dealers must have a signed dealer contract on file with Kussmaul Seed Company. 4. All growers who purchase Roundup trait seed are encouraged to use Monsanto brand Roundup herbicide. 5. All seed purchases are due in full by March 15 or 20 days after delivery for seed purchased after March 15. Interest charges will begin when any account is 15 days past due. 6. Kussmaul Seeds office or the district sales managers must be informed of any unplanted seed prior to June 30 of the planting year. Kussmaul Seeds will not accept any seed for return after this date. 7. There are no returns of closeout seed, blends, special orders, seed purchased on a bid type order, opened bags, dirty or torn bags, wet bags or seed purchased in prior years. 8. Kussmaul Seed Co. has established a written policy concerning pricing, replants, payments, returns, and other business practices. This written policy supersedes any statements or promises made by anyone representing Kussmaul Seed Co. 9. Kussmaul Seed Co. will not issue any cash refunds, but will apply any refunds earned toward the next seasons seed purchases. Kussmaul Office Mt. Hope, WI. Kussmaul Seed Replant & Replacement Policy 100% Replacement Kussmaul Seeds will REPLACE 100% CORN or ALFALFA The product has to be purchased for the seeding year and planted. We will replace 100% of the seed due to problems such as poor germination, poor seedling vigor, emergence or other seed quality related problems. If a field must be replanted, lab test must find that the seed lost vigor or went out of condition. Close out, limited availability and discounted corn are not eligible for replant. To qualify for a 100% replant, the cause of the replant must be traced to a seed quality problem. The customer would still be responsible for any tech fees, breeder royalties or seed treatment charges that are beyond the company s control. 50% Replacement Kussmaul Seeds will REPLACE 50% of CORN, SOYBEANS or ALFALFA. The 50% replacement policy covers causes other than seed quality problems. Such as: flooding, hail, spray damage, improperly adjusted planters. Seed will be billed to customer at 50% of the full retail price as listed on the price sheet. The customer would still be responsible for any tech fees, breeder royalties or seed treatment charges that are beyond the company s control. Replacement Policy Planting Dates: Soybeans planted before May 1 and Corn planted before April 20 will not apply to replant or be replaced by Kussmaul Seed Co., Mount Hope, WI Kussmaul Seeds reserves the right to provide warranted product the following growing year, if product is unavailable for current season. There will be No Cash refunds. Kussmaul Seeds warranties the cost of the product only, not production losses. A Kussmaul representative must inspect any problem field before it is retilled in order to qualify for replacement seed. Terms & Conditions of Sales Only authorized returns will be accepted by the company, and these returns will be subject to a 10% restocking charge. All returns must be in the original, unopened and resalable bags. All accounts not settled by the due date of March 15, except for prior arranged contracts, will have further legal action taken. Kussmaul Seeds must be notified of any returns prior to June 30 of the planting year in order to tally up our yearly sales and pay all royalties and breeder fees on seed sold. We will not accept any returns from customers or dealers if they have not contacted the office about any returnable seed by June 30. All seed ordered from Kussmaul Seeds for 2018 planting is due in full by March 15. Any seed ordered after March 15 is due in full 20 days from date of delivery. Interest charges will begin when any account is 15 days past due or with the breech of any signed contract. Interest will begin accumulating at 15 days past due at the maximum percentage allowed by law. Kussmaul Seed Co. will not issue any cash refunds, but will apply any refunds earned towards the next years seed purchases. Kussmaul Warehouse Montana` 98

99 Kussmaul Seed Company s Position on Farmer-Saved Seed! 1. Bin run seed costs the grower more money, not less. A. Tests show that new seed will almost always out yield bin run seed. B. New seed has been tested in a lab for germination and purity standards, as well as any disease problems. C. New release varieties will always be an improvement over what is in the farmer s bin, whether it be improved disease resistance or higher yielding. D. New seed comes with some type of guarantee, as well as a replant program. E. New seed saves the grower time as it is already cleaned, labeled, packaged, and ready for planting. F. Varieties and hybrids can lose their vigor from one generation to the next, making plants susceptible to insects and diseases. G. The cost advantage of bin run saved seed is eroded by yield loss. H. Genetically engineered crops can cut down on chemical usage. Bin run seed can make plants resistant robbing the grower of this technology. I. Perhaps the most important in the long run, purchasing high quality seed from authorized sources supports plant breeding to develop improved varieties for your needs. 2. Pirated seed is bad for business A. Seed research is costly, however, it is very necessary to continue screening new varieties and crosses to bring improved genetics into the marketplace. This can only be accomplished by selling new seed. B. Most breeding and technology programs run on a royalty system, with these royalties being passed on to the grower. Therefore, the more new seed sold, the more royalties generated, and the more money a research program has to operate. C. Most growers don t realize this, but seed companies do not have breeding and research programs to improve their organization, they have breeding and research programs to develop better varieties for their customers. D. Without new seed generating money, research slows down, thus reducing the speed it takes to bring improved genetics to the marketplace. E. Improved varieties provide the grower with more profit, and the consumer with lower cost food. F. Respecting plant variety protection is critical for encouraging the supply of improved crop varieties, and maintaining the competitiveness of your business. G. Development of a new crop variety takes, on average, 10 years and $1 million to reach the market. Save Money on your Seed! It s Easy! Choose one or all of these options. Seed Payment Agreements Every Customer who orders seed from Kussmaul Seed is required to sign a seed payment agreement. This legal form offers the customer several different payment options as well as payment due dates. It also protects the customer from any price differences. 1. Best Deal - Cash Discounts available. Contact your dealer/dsm for further details. John Deere Credit 2. Input Financing from John Deere Credit This special program allows customers to delay paying for their seed until after harvest. Input financing is a separate line of credit from John Deere Credit. It does not effect your regular John Deere credit line. Contact either your District Sales Manager or call the Kussmaul Seed Company office for full detail on the various options available. 3. Visa/Master Card/Discover Here is a simple way to finance your seed costs. We accept Visa/Master Card/Discover as a payment option. Call in and ask about this easy option. 4. Bank Letter of Credit For those customers who can't pay for their seed by the due date, or wish to pay in the fall after harvest, but can't get input financing from John Deere Credit, we will accept a signed letter of credit from your bank guaranteeing payment in full to Kussmaul Seeds by November 15, This is a great option because the customer doesn't really have to take out an operating loan (unless they can t pay by the due date) and Kussmaul Seeds can show their financial department that payment in full is guaranteed. Please go to for more information. KUSSMAUL FINANCIAL INFORMATION Monsanto s Position on Saved Seed Seed containing a patented trait can only be used to plant a single commercial crop from which seed cannot be saved and replanted. Examples of seed containing a patented trait include but are not limited to Genuity Roundup Ready 2 Yield soybeans, and Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans. Additional information and limitations on the use of these products are provided in the Monsanto Technology Stewardship Agreement, the Monsanto Technology Use Guide, and 2017 Roundup Ready 2 Xtend Soybean Technology Use Guide Supplement. U.S. patents for Monsanto technologies can be found at the following webpage: Kussmaul Warehouse Mt. Hope, WI. 99

100 Genetic Diversity for Protection and Security GROWING with you since Highway 18 Mt. Hope, WI Phone: Toll Free: 866-KUSSMAUL Fax: kussmaulseeds.com