SPATE IRRIGATION IN MALAWI: STATUS, POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES.
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1 SPATE IRRIGATION IN MALAWI: STATUS, POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES. Authors; Introduction Henry Njoloma (PhD) The Greenbelt Initiative, Office of President and Cabinet. Chairman, Rainwater Harvesting Association of Malawi Macpherson Nthara (Msc) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development. Secretary General, Rainwater Harvesting Association of Malawi (September 2014) Spate irrigation also referred as water spreading or floodwater harvesting has been widely practised in many parts of the world including eastern parts of Africa. However its application in Malawi has never been documented which suggests that it s a relatively new practise. While there are a number of areas in Malawi utilising flood water for crop production, the methods used do not follow any detailed design s and are not a result of deliberate efforts to harness and later utilise the flood water. Consequently it has not been possible for these farmers to get the full benefits of the practise. There are several parts of the country with the characteristics that make them ideal for spate irrigation. While there are efforts to pilot the practise in Central and Southern parts of the country, there are number of challenges that need to be overcome before the practise can be fully mainstreamed in the current agriculture systems. This paper looks at the Malawi as a country and the potential it has for the practise of Spate Irrigation. Since there has been limited application of the practise, the paper also looks at what are some of the current challenges towards the scaling up of the practise. Malawi Malawi is a landlocked country situated in the southern central part of Africa with a land area of 118,480sqKm. One third of the country s land area is covered by Lake Malawi which is 585km long and 80km at the widest point. The country has two main seasons; rainy season from December May and the dry season from May - November. Malawi s economy is dependent on agriculture which contributes approximately 30% of the gross domestic product. 80% of the economically active
2 rural population depends on agriculture as the main source of livelihoods. Furthermore, agriculture is major source of foreign exchange earnings. Regardless of vitality, the agriculture sector has been facing a lot of challenges overtime. These challenges are a result of among others, climate change, poor farming practises and population pressure. Malawi is estimated to have a population of 15,9million. This is one of the highest population densities in the sub Saharan region with an average area for arable land per capita of 0.23 ha, compared to Zambia 0.86Ha and 0.4Ha in sub Saharan Africa as a whole. Sixty percent of the arable land iis allocated to maize, as it is the staple food and the dominant crop. Agriculture - current challenges In Malawi, the smallholder farmers depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and are struggling to cope up with the effects of climate change. Traditional coping strategies are not sufficient either currently or in the future, and may lead to unsustainable responses in the longer term. Erosion of the traditional coping responses not only reduces resilience to the next climatic shock but also to the full range of shocks and stresses to which the poor are exposed. On food availability, climate change has direct effects on crop yields, meat production and fisheries. There has been on increase in incidences of prolonged dry spells, erratic rainfall and flash floods attributed to climate change. On food access, climate change has direct impacts on agricultural zones affecting incomes, jobs and the macroeconomy, which in turn shapes livelihoods in a number of ways e.g. forms of social protection. It has also direct effect on human health and susceptibility to diseases such malaria and HIV/AIDS which undermine livelihoods capacity and food security. Climate change also lead to indirect alterations to socio-economic aspects of livelihoods, food systems and development processes. Communities have been forced to destroy their own environments as a way coping to climate change shock. A case in point is the destruction of forests for charcoal production which rural people have resorted to as a survival strategy after noting the failure of their traditional agricultural production system to provide them with a coping mechanism. The results have been very disastrous because the action has depleted the essential ecosystems that are necessary for production of rural communities
3 survival. For example, soil erosion has been noted to increase due increased runoff on soils that have no or less ground cover. This has resulted in soils losing their moisture holding potential as a result, increasing occurrences of flash floods. Livelihoods strategies of communities have become so limited that pressure is put to land and water resources for survival. Climate change phenomenon is not new, however within the last decade the rate of change of temperature and rainfall has accelerated. Rainfall is decreasing (or erratic) temperature is rising (more intense drought). It is recognized that there are initiatives to mitigate climate change, but existing conventions such as the Kyoto Protocol, which seek to address some of the causes of climate change do not seem to go far enough to respond to the concerns of agriculture. Climate change has resulted in poor rainfall distribution ranging from droughts to floods. Hence water management is becoming is becoming increasingly challenging. In the Southern Africa region which is basically semi arid, this means reduced land productivity. While in developed countries, climate change has been exacerbated by industrial development and the subsequent release of green house gases, in Africa the phenomenon of climate change is more associated with the reduction of carbon sinks through poor tillage practices and deforestation. In Malawi 14 ha of forest land is cleared every year for curing tobacco. It is estimated that deforestation contribution between % reduction of carbon sinks and tillage practices contribute 12 15% reduction. In recognition of the challenges posed by climate change, it is important that farming systems should adapt to the changes and there is need to identify viable solutions that will help smallholder farmers avert the effects of climate change. It is envisaged that rainwater harvesting is one of the key farming practices that would help smallholder farmers to mitigate the effects of climate change. In view of these challenges, the application of spate irrigation (floodwater harvesting) can be used o overcome the challenges erratic rainfall, inadequate rainfall and frequent dry-spells. Potential for Spate Irrigation in Malawi.Spate irrigation is an ancient practice by which floodwater is diverted from its river bed and channelled to basins where it is used to irrigate crops and feed drinkingwater ponds, serve forest and grazing land and recharge local aquifers. It has
4 evolved over the centuries and provided rural populations in arid and semi-arid regions with an ingenious way to cope with the aridity of their climate. Although the extent of spate irrigation in Malawi is relatively minor compared to other types of irrigation, it represents a unique option for the management of scarce water resources in support of agricultural production and rural livelihoods in many arid regions of the country including lower shire, Neno, the lakeshore areas and areas around Lake Chirwa. In several parts of Malawi, several perennial rivers have become seasonal rivers due to the degradation to the catchment leading to high silt loads into the rivers. The high silt loads have resulted in low carrying capacity of the rivers hence flash floods during the rainy season. This is common in parts of Karonga, Salima, Nkhotakota, Chikwawa, Nsanje, Neno and Mwanza Districts. In these areas, there are short duration floods in seasonal streams, lasting for few hours only. These areas offer the possibility of such floods being diverted and spread over land for the cultivation of various grain crops like maize, rice or be used to fill livestock water ponds. Apart from the production of food crops such as rice, it is envisaged that Spate Irrigation would help in the production of crops destined for the market e.g. fruit trees, Cassava and others.
5 Figure 1 Map showing Flood prone areas (Potential Spate Irrigation sites)
6 In parts of Karonga District in Northern Malawi and in Salima district along the lakeshore, flood water has in some traditional ways been used to cultivate rice. This was done through the construction of bunds within the field. Following a flood event, the bunds will fill with water and rice will be grown therein, however the flooding occurs naturally and no diversion structures are constructed to maximize the volume of water. Spate irrigation in Malawi is not yet part of government policy due to the lack of technical knowledge of the systems. There are indeed few if any professionals with an understanding of what spate irrigation is all about. As such there are no records for spate irrigation being practised anywhere in the country.
7 Current efforts by the Rainwater Harvesting Association of Malawi Best Practices Demonstrations on Climate Change Mitigation Project In June 2012, the UNDP Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Small grants Project approved a grant award and committed $44,650 for a project entitled Best Practices Demonstrations for Climate Change Mitigation - Rainwater Harvesting and conservation agriculture. The project is being implemented by the Rainwater Harvesting Association of Malawi in collaboration with other key stakeholders including World Vision Malawi, Department of Land Resources Conservation and Ministry of Water Development and Irrigation. The overall objective of the project is to improve the livelihoods of 1000 households by increasing their resilience to the effects of climate change. To achieve this, the project will pilot various rainwater harvesting techniques including flood water harvesting, spate irrigation and the promotion of Conservation Agriculture. The emphasis of the project is enable communities turn flood water into an opportunity for crop production. The project is being implemented in rural areas, specifically at Senzani - Balaka District and Lisungwi - Neno District. It is expected that the various RWH structures and technologies that will be set up shall include water-harvesting tanks and treadle pump irrigation sites, traditional spate irrigation technique and resource conservation techniques (RCT). In the initial season/year the project working in liaison with the beneficiary communities will finance the start-up inputs for the construction of the RWH structures, spate irrigation abstraction structure, and money maker treadle pump irrigation systems, seed and other inputs. The project will also establish a locally established Spate Irrigation Scheme on one of the ephemeral rivers in the site. The project team will train the farmers and any other interested stakeholders on how to develop traditional spate irrigated site Way forward Holding a national stakeholders workshop to discuss the potential and practicalities of spate irrigation in Malawi
8 Need for capacity building of extension staff who will further train farmers on the design and construction of spate diversion structures. Need to generate comprehensive data on the benefits of spate irrigation e.g. yield data, cost of construction. Need to identify the list of crops that can be grown under spate irrigation in Malawi. Malawians used to grow traditional crops of millet and sorghum which are disease and drought resistant but, as with most of the other countries in Africa, maize was introduced by the World Bank in the 1950s and is now the most popular crop as the staple food in Malawi. With the introduction of spate irrigation, it would be best to evaluate the range of crop that would do best under this farming system. Conducting a study tour of professionals to countries where the practise of Spate Irrigation is widespread. References Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
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