KENYA COUNTRY PROFILE UNITED NATIONS

Transcription

1 KENYA COUNTRY PROFILE UNITED NATIONS

2 INTRODUCTION COUNTRY PROFILES SER IES Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, underscored the important role that States play in the implementation of the Agenda at the national level. It recommended that States consider preparing national reports and communicating the information therein to the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) including, activities they undertake to implement Agenda 21, the obstacles and challenges they confront, and other environment and development issues they find relevant. As a result, in 1993 governments began preparing national reports for submission to the CSD. After two years of following this practice, the CSD decided that a summarized version of national reports submitted thus far would be useful. Subsequently, the CSD Secretariat published the first Country Profiles series in 1997 on the occasion of the five-year review of the Earth Summit (Rio + 5). The series summarized, on a country-by-country basis, all the national reports submitted between 1994 and Each Profile covered the status of all Agenda 21 chapters. The purpose of Country Profiles is to: Help countries monitor their own progress; Share experiences and information with others; and, Serve as institutional memory to track and record national actions undertaken to implement Agenda 21. A second series of Country Profiles is being published on the occasion of the World Summit on Sustainable Development being held in Johannesburg from August 26 to September 4, Each profile covers all 40 chapters of Agenda 21, as well as those issues that have been separately addressed by the CSD since 1997, including trade, energy, transport, sustainable tourism and industry. The 2002 Country Profiles series provides the most comprehensive overview to date of the status of implementation of Agenda 21 at the national level. Each Country Profile is based on information updated from that contained in the national reports submitted annually by governments. Preparing national reports is often a challenging exercise. It can also be a productive and rewarding one in terms of taking stock of what has been achieved and by increasing communication, coordination and cooperation among a range of national agencies, institutions and groups. Hopefully, the information contained in this series of Country Profiles will serve as a useful tool for learning from the experience and knowledge gained by each country in its pursuit of sustainable development.

3 NOTE TO READERS The 2002 Country Profiles Series provides information on the implementation of Agenda 21 on a country-bycountry and chapter-by-chapter basis (with the exception of. chapters 1 and 23, which are preambles). Since Rio 1992, the Commission on Sustainable Development has specifically addressed other topics not included as separate chapters in Agenda 21. These issues of trade, industry, energy, transport and sustainable tourism are, therefore, treated as distinct sections in the Country Profiles. In instances where several Agenda 21 chapters are closely related, for example, chapters 20 to 22 which cover environmentally sound management of hazardous, solid and radioactive wastes, and chapters 24 to 32 which refer to strengthening of major groups, the information appears under a single heading in the Country Profile Series. Lastly, chapters 16 and 34, which deal with environmentally sound management of biotechnology, and transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation, capacitybuilding respectively, are presented together under one heading in those Country Profiles where information is relatively scarce.

4 CP2002 KENYA TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES...1 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES - TRADE...3 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY...4 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS...5 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS - ENERGY...6 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS - TRANSPORT...9 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY...10 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING HUMAN HEALTH...12 CHAPTER 7: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT...14 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN DECISION-MAKING...15 CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE...17 CHAPTER 10: INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND RESOURCES...18 CHAPTER 11: COMBATING DEFORESTATION...20 CHAPTER 12: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT...23 CHAPTER 13: MANAGING FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT...26 CHAPTER 14: PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT...27 CHAPTER 15: CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY...31 CHAPTERS 16 AND 34: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND CAPACITY-BUILDING...35 CHAPTER 17: PROTECT ION OF THE OCEANS, A LL KINDS OF SEAS, INCLUDING ENCLOSED AND SEMI- ENCLOSED SEAS, AND COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION, RATIONA L USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES...37 CHAPTER 18: PROTECTION OF THE QUALITY AND SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES: APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPM ENT, MANAGEMENT AND USE OF WATER RESOURCES...40 CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONM ENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, INCLUDING PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN TOXIC AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS...42 CHAPTERS 20 TO 22: ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS, SOLID AND RADIOACTIVE WASTES...43 CHAPTERS 24 TO 32: STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS...45 i

5 CP2002 KENYA CHAPTER 33: FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND MECHANISMS...51 CHAPTER 35: SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT...53 CHAPTER 36: PROMOTING EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS A ND TRAINING...56 CHAPTER 37: NATIONA L MECHANISMS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR CAPACITY-BUILDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...58 CHAPTER 38: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS...60 CHAPTER 39: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS...61 CHAPTER 40: INFORMATION FOR DECISION-MAKING...62 CHAPTER: INDUSTRY...65 CHAPTER: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM...66 ii

6 CP2002 KENYA LIST OF ACRONYMS AMCEN AGOA ASAL CBD CBO CBS CGIAR CILSS CITES COMESA CSD CSO DADCs DESA EAC ECA ECCAS ECE ECE ECLAC ECOWAS EEZ EFA EIA EMCA EU EU-ACP FAO FIDA GATT GAW GDP GEF GEMS GESAMP GHG GIS GLOBE GoK GOS GRID HIV/AIDS IAEA ICSC ICSU ICT ICTSD IEEA IFAD IFCS IGAD Africa Ministerial Conference on the Environment African Growth and Opportunity Act Arid and Semi-arid Lands Convention on Biological Diversity Community-based Organizations Central Bureau of Statistics Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Commission on Sustainable Development of the United Nations Civil Society Organization District Anti-Desertification Committees Department for Economic and Social Affairs East Africa Community/Cooperation Economic Commission for Africa Economic Community for Central African States Early Childhood Education Economic Commission for Europe Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Community of West African States Exclusive Economic Zone Education For All Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management and Coordination Act European Union European Union/African Carribean and Pacific Cotonou Agreement Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Foundation for International Development Assistance General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO) Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Global Environmental Monitoring System (UNEP) Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection Greenhouse Gas Geographical Information Systems Global Legislators Organisation for a Balanced Environment Government of Kenya Global Observing System (WMO/WWW) Global Resource Information Database Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome International Atomic Energy Agency International Civil Service Commission International Council of Scientific Unions Information and Communication Technology International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting International Fund for Agricultural Development Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety Inter-Governmental Authority on Development iii

7 CP2002 KENYA IGADD Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety IPM Integrated Pest Management IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ISO International Organization for Standardization ITDG Intermediate Development Group ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources KUTIP Kenya Urban Transport Infrastructure Programme LA21 Local Agenda 21 LDCs Least Developed Countries MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MLG Ministry of Local Government MoH Ministry of Health MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NACC National AIDS Control Council NBSAP National Biodiversity Action Plan NCCD-K Coordinating Committee on Desertification in Kenya NCPD National Council for Population and Development NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NEPAD New Partnership for Africa s Development NES National Environment Secretariat NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NOSRC National Oil Spill Response Committee NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategies OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization for African Unity ODA Official Development Assistance/Overseas Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OP Office of the President PAK Population Association of Kenya PPP Public-Private Partnership PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers PSRI Population Studies and Research Institute SADC Southern African Development Community SARD Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development SIDS Small Island Developing States UN United Nations UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme iv

8 CP2002 KENYA UNDRO UNEP UNEP UNESCO UNFCCC UNFF UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNIFEM UNU WFC WHO WMO WMS WSSD WSSD WTO WTO WWF WWW Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Forum on Forests United Nations Population Fund United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Development Fund for Women United Nations University World Food Council World Health Organization World Meteorological Organization Welfare Monitoring Surveys World Summit for Sustainable Development World Summit on Sustainable Development World Trade Organization World Wildlife Fund World Trade Organization World Weather Watch (WMO) v

9 CP2002 KENYA: Page 1 of 69 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES Decision-Making: The coordinating body is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. The Ministry works closely with the ministries of: Finance and Planning; and Environment and Natural Resources. Programmes and Projects: Activities in this regard are based upon: foreign policy; Commonwealth and Pan African Affairs; the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD); treaties; and, conventions and agreements. Status: Since the Rio conference on Environment and Development Kenya has developed policy guidelines incorporating principles of sustainable development. Sector specific policy instruments aimed at integrating the principles of sustainable development into the country s development policies and programs as enshrined in Agenda 21 have been developed. These include the Sessional Paper No. 6 on Environmental and Development, the formulation of the multi-sectoral National Environment Action Plan 1994, the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act of 1999 and the establishment of the National Environment Management Authority National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan; National Action Plan to Combat Desertification; Sessional paper No. 1 of 1999 on Water Resources Management and Development; and the Integrated Water Resources Strategy Paper; the Kenya Programme to Phase out Ozone Depleting Substances; the Kenya Forestry Master Plan; the Kenya Tourism Master Plan; and the Kenya Road Transport Master Plan. Kenya has also been consistently involved in the United Nations (UN) global conferences and world summits. It has signed and ratified all the key declarations and treaties aimed at promoting sustainable development. These include the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Climate Change, Combating Desertification, Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, UNEP Declaration on Cleaner Production and the London and Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol among others. Kenya has also signed the Persistent Organic Pollutants Convention and the Biosafety Protocol, among others. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: See under the heading Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising in various chapters of this profile. Information: Information and Communication Technology for decision-making has been the primary impetus of the current globalization process. The sector has facilitated growth in creating jobs, raising productivity, increasing incomes and opening up opportunities for increased trade. The information age is an opportunity for Kenya to strategically position herself to benefit from the global economy. However, most developing countries including Kenya lack the necessary resources for adequate information dissemination. There is need, therefore, for financial support to developing countries to build sustainable information and communication technology capacity in order to enhance effective dissemination of information at all levels to enable effective decision-making. This should also involve support to sustainable energy and infrastructure, which are the basic requirements for development of information technology. Strategies are being developed in the following broad areas: systematic and comprehensive expansion and diversification of services; encouragement of competitiveness through further liberalizatio n; research and development to enhance the application of technology; development of a dynamic and innovative human resource base; upgrading rural information and communication technologies; encouragement of active small and medium enterprises participation; and, strategic international interaction. Research and Technologies: Technology transfer and technology related investment from public and private sources which are central in achieving the objectives of Agenda 21 has been slow thus limiting the ability of the country to meet its commitment to Agenda 21 and other related international agreements. Financing: Kenya continues to benefit from the resources made available through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, the World Bank, the European Union and bilateral development assistance

10 CP2002 KENYA: Page 2 of 69 from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), DFID (UK), USAID, the Dutch government among others. The programmes supported by bilateral or multilateral assistance have covered investment, capacity building, governance, development of regional agreements, awareness creation, scientific, law, policy, promotion of cleaner production and environmental management projects at both national and regional levels. Examples of projects supported include the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP); the Tana Delta Biodiversity Conservation Project; East Africa Cross Border Biodiversity Project; Kenya Climate Change Enabling Activities; Energy Efficiency Project, Rehabilitation of Nairobi River; the Nairobi Convention; the Nile Basin Diagnostic Studies; and the Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre. Cooperation: Cooperation between UN agencies, regional organizations and donors has helped Kenya meet her commitments made at Rio to a large extent over the years. * * *

11 CP2002 KENYA: Page 3 of 69 CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACCELERATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND RELATED DOMESTIC POLICIES - TRADE Decision-Making: The main coordinating body for the decision-making process for this sector is the Ministry of Trade and Industry. The government of Kenya has formulated and adopted policies and strategies that have promoted and enhanced international cooperation to accelerate sustainable national development. Policies on Kenya s entry and participation in the international multilateral trading system are in place. Other policies in place are those on environment, population and agriculture among others. Kenya supports the recent and emerging initiatives for sustainable development focusing on the continent of Africa. Kenya welcomes initiatives such as African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), European Union/African Caribbean and Pacific (EU-ACP) Cotonou Agreement and New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). Programmes and Projects: At national level, the government of Kenya has and continues to formulate programmes/projects with explicit elements of international cooperation. On the trade sector, Kenya has attempted to diversify investments so as to stimulate economic growth and meet the needs of the population. In particular, Kenya is focusing on the following: expanded and diversified market-access of its exports globally; ensuring that environment and trade policies support sustainable types of development; ensuring government and private sector input in the formation, negotiation and implementation of relevant trade policies; reducing subsidies that lead to unequal forms of competition; ensuring eradication of corruption and ensuring effective, efficient, honest, equitable and accountable public administration; and ensuring the reduction of public debt repayments. Status: The programmes outlined above are ongoing. Capacity Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: For Kenyans to appreciate the mult iple and complex interrelations of international cooperation, sustainable development and trade issues, continuous activities focusing on capacity building, expanded education and training has been formulated by the government. The government has emphasized participation in meetings of international nature, e.g., WTO, UNCTAD and FAO meetings. Other elements of capacity building such as exposure, short-term training and workshops for awarenessraising have been incorporated. Information: Information generated through international cooperation vis-à-vis domestic policies is well documented and available in the relevant institutions. Research and Technologies: There is very little research conducted at national level. Financing: The government of Kenya invests and finances many activities in this sector. Other sources of funding are from our partners in development and aid agencies. Cooperation: This is an area that the government of Kenya has shown a lot of interest and cooperation with development agencies and non-governmental organizations has always come in handy. * * *

12 CP2002 KENYA: Page 4 of 69 CHAPTER 3: COMBATING POVERTY Decision-Making: The Government of Kenya (GoK), recognizing that the main challenge to promoting sustainable development lies in reducing poverty, adopted the poverty Reduction Strategy paper (PRSP), which aims at addressing poverty from various dimensions. Various sectoral policies and the budgetary allocations have all takes poverty issues into consideration. The GoK has further established the Poverty Eradication Commission (PEC), whose sole mandate is to coordinate and manage the poverty eradication strategies outlined in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The Commission also liaises with aid agencies, development partners and civil society organizations whose focus is poverty eradication. The PRSP focuses on realization of poverty as contained in Agenda 21, the millennium declaration, as well as the income generation strategies of the Government, including: promotion of good governance, democratization participation in the development and decision making through empowerment; the requisite action to raise awareness of the complexity and importance of linkages between poverty and the environment; identification of regions of particular poverty environment stress through baseline data collection in representative districts; awareness raising and human resource development through improved access and of quality education, strengthening capacity building. Programmes and Projects: See under Decision-Making. Status: Poverty in Kenya has reached alarming proportions. Over 50% of the population, the rural poor constitute the majority, amongst them women. Geographically, the highest incidence of poverty is found in the Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya. Few of these districts have more than 1% of the country s areas of High and Medium Potential (HMPSAs) but most of the rural population or many of the rural poor are concentrated in these areas. The causes of poverty are many and diverse, ranging from unemployment, high cost of living, over reliance on cash crop economy, slow growth in the industrial sector, drought and lack of water for irrigation, crop failure due to climatic variability, invasive alien species in fresh water lakes and landlessness among others. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: All programmes and projects at national level address this aspect in one way or the other. Information: As poverty levels are felt greatly in all segments of the Kenyan population, there is a wide range of information-sharing among the public and private sector, NGOs and civil society. The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) keeps important information and data from Welfare Monitoring Surveys (WMS), which trucks welfare variables on a national scale. Research and Technologies: All government and donor funded projects provide useful information as some of them are cross-cutting and cross-sectoral in nature and they provide useful research information, which can be replicated in future. The research projects are regionally and ecologically sited and at times, they produce very useful information on new technologies that can be adopted to combat poverty. Financing: Budgetary allocations and donor funds across sectors are directed towards addressing poverty issues in line with the PRSP. Cooperation: The donor community in Kenya is keen to seeing the PRSP implemented, ongoing donor funded projects in this regard seek to address poverty issues alongside the main focus of the programmes. * * *

13 CP2002 KENYA: Page 5 of 69 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS Decision-Making: The Ministry of Finance and Planning plays the leading role. However, a wide range of stakeholders are also involved. The government of Kenya has formulated and adopted policies and implementation measures geared towards changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production processes through: reviewing the process of performance of the existing policies in the manufacturing sector; and generating more efficient and appropriate technologies, including energy with specific focus on the informal sector and human resources development and institutional capacity building. See also under Status. Programmes and Projects: The programmes and projects focusing on private and informal-sector manufacturing that have been initiated include: developing waste management, including recycling, reduction and safe disposal; supporting the Cleaner Production Centre to assist enterprises especially small and medium enterprises to identify, acquire, adapt and integrate technologies that improve productivity; reducing pollution and conserving natural resources; and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises to enhance industrial productivity and competitiveness. See also under Status. Status: The programmes outlined above are on-going with a lot of stakeholder participated at all levels. Changing consumption and production patterns at national level should not ignore the elements of globalization and the international/multilateral trading system. Although globalization offers many opportunities, the Government of Kenya has to come to terms with some of the negative outcomes of globalization and has to put in place checks and balances to this effect. At national level the issue of changing consumption and production patterns is complex, mainly because of the country s level of development, income distribution, macro-economic policies and a host of other factors. Capacity Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: In order to ensure Kenyans to enjoy a clean and hospitable environment, the Government of Kenya has invested heavily in capacity building elements, education and awareness-raising at all levels, and continues to do so. This is done through public, private sectors and civil society training and awareness-raising campaigns. Specifically, the following activities are important: raising consumer awareness on the importance of sustainable consumption and production patterns, and especially in packaging, transport, energy and waste management; creating awareness among the general population on the urgent need for participation and involvement in maintaining a clean environment; and, improving the role of the media and other public information tools on sustainable consumption and production patters. Information: Statistics and data on manufacturing in both the formal and informal sectors are available from industries and government of Kenya public documents such as the yearly Economic Survey and monthly trade statistics. Research and Technologies: The government of Kenya has recognized the following important elements in changing consumption and production patterns: encouraging industry and publicly funded research and development institutions to engage in strategic alliances in order to enhance research and development of cleaner production technologies for sustainable development; encouraging industry to adopt voluntary initiatives on the application of Cleaner Production (CP) technologies including the certification of ISO 14000; promoting voluntary eco-design, eco-labelling and other transparent verifiable, non-misleading and non-discriminatory consumer information tools. Financing: Much investment has been put by the private sector and the government (waiver of taxes and subsidies) into manufacturing sector with an objective of changing consumption and production patterns. Cooperation: The government of Kenya has good relationships with the private sector, manufacturing and other stakeholders including donor agencies such as UNIDO, FAO and UNDP. * * *

14 CP2002 KENYA: Page 6 of 69 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS - ENERGY Decision-Making: Decisions on energy issues are made by the Ministry of Energy in close consultation with other relevant government bodies, including: the ministries of: Transport and Communications; and, Environment and Natural Resources, as well as stakeholders. However, when necessary, especially on legislation, the parliament must give an approval. Decision-making is delegated to the lowest through District Development Committees. Related legislation and regulations include: Petroleum Act; Kenya Traffic Act; Electric Power Act; Environmental Management and Coordination Act; higher taxes on gasoline to discourage wasteful and conspicuous consumption; and the exemption of duty of solar panels. Kenya s strategies in energy issues include: promoting renewable energy exploration; promoting energy conservation for various end-users; developing pre-investment environment impact assessments; accelerating the share of renewable energy sources in overall energy supply; promoting energy conservation; developing thermal power generation through Independent Power Producers (IPPs); and developing hydro and geothermal resource (long-term). Major groups involved are as follows: NGOs involved especially in renewable energies, mostly as advisory services; Workers and Trade Unions represented in Electricity Regulatory Board; Business and Industry Consulted whenever necessary as stakeholders; and, Private sector, involved in energy production and distribution, and coordinated with state agencies through Independent Power Producers (IPPs) areas involved in power production and sell the same to state agency for distribution. Private sector also dominates the marketing and distribution of petroleum products and the sales of PV panels and is also in wind energy pilot schemes. NGOs, consumer groups, scientists and other major interest groups influence the energy consumption pattern in Kenya through: system support especially in development; capacity building; empowerment; and information dissemination. Programmes and Projects: The following programmes and projects have been initiated: Rural Electrification Programme; Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiatives of the GEF Programme; Kenya Wood fuel and Agro forestry Programme (KWAP) I & II, which ended in 1998; Agro-forestry (Supply Side Management); zero-rated VAT and reduced duty on PV Panels; Exemption from VAT on the first 200Kwh consumed has ensured that lowincome households benefit; and Kerosene outlets. Main programmes or project undertaken to cut down emission of greenhouse gases and reduce GHG concentration into the atmosphere include: on-farm fuelwood supply programme; efficiency improvement at energy transformation, transmission and end-use activities which include loss reduction in power transmission, promotion of improved wood and charcoal coal stoves; and exploitation of renewable energy resources-solar, wind, biogas and mini/micro hydro to enhance woodfuel substitution. Main mechanisms undertaken to reduce emissions from the usage of petroleum-based fuels for transport, including legislation and fiscal policies, aim at reducing consumption of fuel and limit the age of imported second-hand vehicles. Programmes or projects aimed at promoting energy conservation in Kenya include: Improved Kilns and Cook Stoves; Energy Audits and Advisory Services; and Demand Side Management Project in the power sub-sector. Agro-Forestry Programme under the National Soil and Conservation Programme provides fuel wood to household in a sustainable manner and to enhance productivity. Rural Electrification Programme, which is coordinated by the Ministry of Energy as a national endeavour, has been undertaken to sift the pattern of energy consumption towards modern forms of energy in order to protect the environment, which is the priority of the Government s development strategies. The Government plans to invest US$ 13 million annually to increase access to electricity in rural areas under this programme. Use of biomass fuel in form of biogas from domestic livestock exists and other sources of biomass are also encouraged among the rural household. Second Coffee Improvement Project (SCIP II), among other activities, supplied electricity to coffee pulping factories in the coffee growing areas of the country.

15 CP2002 KENYA: Page 7 of 69 Actions taken towards mobilization of the potential of agriculture as a major producer of biomass energy include advocacy through: agricultural extension services targeted at personnel and Non-governmental organizations on the use of biomass as an alternative energy source in the rural areas; the development of biogas plants; and the use of appropriate technologies such as energy conserving wood burners, i.e. Maendeleo jikos in Kenya popularized and distributed through the Ministry of Agriculture with the support of GTZ of Germany. Status: Kenya is dependent on three forms of energy namely woodfuel which comprises 70% of the total energy consumption; Petroleum 21% and Electricity 9%. Alternative sources of energy-wind, Solar and Biogas are used to a limited extent mainly for lighting and water pumping. The country imports all her petroleum needs. Electricity is locally generated except for the 30MW imported from Uganda. Heavy dependence on woodfuel has led to a situation where supply is unsustainable resulting into rapid depletion of the country s forest resources. Kenya is faced with the following challenges in this sector: authopogenic pollution mostly from hydrocarbons; environmental impacts on the dam construction and the reservoir; and biomass harvest. The area requiring immediate attention is improving energy and efficiency in renewable energies. Institutional or structural barriers against development and usage of renewable energy sources and cleaner fossils fuel techniques include: high initial (upfront) costs for renewable energy technologies; high taxes and duties; lack of legislation; and lack of articulated/comprehensive policy guidelines. Major challenges in meeting the financial requirements for implementing environment-friendly energy policies and strategies include: high up-front costs and week financial bases; technology transfer often very expensive in third world countries; and poverty. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: Energy-related information is disseminated to the public through feature articles, workshops, seminars etc. Environmental issues are incorporated in the schools curricula. Major programmes or measures introduced to educate consumers on energy and environment related issues include: catchment protection by regional authorities, and farmers field visit. Energy saving campaign geared at consumers has been introduced. Awareness rising campaigns aimed at promoting energy conservation have been launched to educate consumers to reduce consumption of energy. See also under Programmes and Projects. Information: Regular surveys, e.g. Household Energy Surveys and Continuous Data Gathering, have been made by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Information is disseminated through: monthly publication of data on all major sectors by the Central Bureau of Statistics; Annual Economic Survey Publication; and workshops/conferences, etc. Information on energy is contained in both monthly and annual publications by Central Bureau of Statistics. Their publications are made public at a fee. However, the wider public has limited access to this information. Research and Technologies: Research and Development (R&D) in sources of energy involves: hydro power (a unit producing 80 Mw has been completed); wind (currently developing Wind Resource Atlas); petroleum exploration (in progress); wind/solar energy increased promotion of these forms of energy; geothermal exploration (in progress); and coal exploration (in progress). Potential risks of the above technology options in Kenya are: hydropower- risk of land degradation; petroleum risk of atmospheric pollution when drilling; coal risk of pollution when drilling; and geothermal emission of hydrogen sulphide, Co2, mercury, Benzene and steam heat. A new transportation mode is being devised with a view to improving fuel efficiency and promoting cleaner environment, including: pipeline transportation for petroleum products; rail transport instead of road transport this limit the fuel consumption by vehicles and reduce Green House Gases emission. Financing: The activities in the energy sector are financed by: public source 12-13% of the national budget; private sources such as Independent Power Producers, private individuals and companies dealing with PVs and other energy equipments; development partners; Petroleum Development Fund and Rural Electrification fund, which are to be used specifically for energy projects; etc.

16 CP2002 KENYA: Page 8 of 69 The Government has also introduced private sector into power generation through Build-Own-Operate (BOO) arrangements for the sale of power to Kenya Power & Lighting Company (KPLC) through agreed Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Cooperation: Kenya participates in: the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Household Energy Programmes covering all the concerned countries; the activities of the East Africa Community, such as a Regional Energy Master Plan for all sectors, for which Kenya is currently engaged in the dialogue to assess its potential benefits. In addition, CDM national guidelines are about to be complete. * * *

17 CP2002 KENYA: Page 9 of 69 CHAPTER 4: CHANGING CONSUMPTION PATTERNS - TRANSPORT Decision-Making: The coordinating body on issues related to transport is the Ministry of Transport and Communications, which works in collaboration with a wide range of government institutions and the private sector. Relevant legislation and regulations include: Traffic Act cap 403; Petroleum Act; Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999; Land Act; and Local Authorities by-laws; exemption of duty on solar panels; lower taxes on diesel and kerosene for transport and agricultural sectors and domestic lighting; and, higher taxes on gasoline to discourage wasteful and conspicuous consumption. Vehicle inspection manual (July, 1999) is enforced annually. Criteria for measure of motor vehicle smoke opacity and criteria for inspection of ignition system performance have been established. Programmes and Projects: Programmes to respond to oil spill have been provided by Oil Spill Mutual Aid Group (OSMAG) and National Oil Spill Response Committee (NOSRC). The programmes and projects related to transport sector include: Kenya Urban Transport Infrastructure Programme (KUTIP) for 26 urban centers; El Nino Roads Maintenance Project. Status: Transport is vital to the movement of people and goods. The physical mobility forms the basis for assessing useful information, opportunities and other forms of socio-economic and political capital. Road transport accounts for over 90% of passengers and freight movement. Railway transport serves major centers. Major challenges faced by Kenya s transport sector are: the inability of the local refinery to meet the Standards Act; the lack of legislation to enforce clean air emission regulations; adopted visual vehicle inspection practices; uneven distribution of major transport network; low budgetary allocation on trunk roads; the lack of legal framework for the NOSRC; and inadequate by-pass systems to avoid inter-city traffic passing through cities. There are difficulties in: monitoring movement of hazardous materials and wastes; enforcing various land use planning laws; enhancing optimum operations of existing oil separators; promoting, facilitating and increasing the availability of public transport. The Government aims to: promote non-motorized road transport; develop pathways for non-motorized transport; establish and implement vessel traffic central surveillance; and develop measures to reduce noise pollution. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: The Government will: create capacity for appropriate vehicle inspection technologies; develop procedures for transportation of hazardous waste and toxic substances; and enhance pre-shipment inspection of imported vehicles. Information: The Government is committed to: changing driving habits through the electronic media; incorporating course on fuel efficiency in driving schools curricula; creating awareness through the media on good and bad driving habits; creating awareness about the fuel consumption tax levy; creating awareness on advantages of using alternative fuels, e.g., gasohol; educating the masses on the importance of using the fly-over bridges; privatizing vehicle inspection to enhance efficiency; collecting and creating a data centre; enhancing data exchange between various authorities that deal with transport; and, making external funding a prerequisite for the various activities. Research and Technologies: Vehicle inspection technology is to be imported and updated. Researches on impacts of leaded petrol on the environment, and the uses and recycling of used or waste oils are going to be promoted. The development of intermediate technology in the production of non-motorized transport equipment will also be promoted. Financing: There is a need of fund for National Oil Spill Response Committee (NOSRC) for larger spills and bypass systems. Cooperation: The government cooperates with its development partners in an effort to develop infrastructure. * * *

18 CP2002 KENYA: Page 10 of 69 CHAPTER 5: DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY Decision-Making: The Central Bureau of Statistics under the Ministry of Finance and Planning is charged with the responsibility of conducting population census and the Ministry provides demographic data to all ministries and agencies. The Government of Kenya adopted an explicit population policy in The thrust of the policy was to reduce population growth rate, which was perceived to be high for the achievement of the development goals. In 1982, the Government established the National Council for Population and Development, which is currently the main government body, charged with the responsibility of developing population policy guidelines. Government has adopted a National Population Policy for Sustainable Development (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2000). Programmes and Projects: Some of the strategies that are undertaken include: special public education and information programmes on population issues; sound macro-economic policies that enhance accelerated and sustainable development; stakeholder participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of projects and programmes addressing their needs; and, linking population to environment and sustainable development. See also under Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising. Status: The Kenyan population has been growing rapidly from 7.8 millions in 1962 to about 30 millions in In recognition of the fact that such a high growth rate can lead to unsustainable use of natural resources and straining the government expenditure especially in the provision of social services, produced Sessional paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development, which provide a wide range of measures that can be taken. While national sustainable development strategies, including population policies have been formulated in Kenya, much remains to be done in terms of implementation. This is due to the following constraints: the lack of a crosssectoral conceptual framework based on the complex interrelationships between population, environment and sustainable development; the lack of suitable and accurate data; and the lack of financial and human resources to implement policies and programmes. Resource limitations in Kenya have constrained the efforts of Government to address population and environmental concerns inadequate infrastructure and competing financial priorities have reduced access to a range of basic social services, particularly quality health care and reproductive health services. It is important to note the following changes: the Total Fertility rate declined from 6.7 children per woman in 1989 to 5.4 children per woman in 1993 and to 4.7 in 1998; the population growth rate declined from an all time high of 3.8 percent in 1979 to 3.3 percent per annum in 1989 and to 2.8 in 1999; knowledge of family planning methods increased from 81 percent to 97 percent between 1984 and 1998; the reported ideal family size among married women declined from 4.4 children in 1989 to 3-9 children in 1993 and 4.1 in 1998; this means the Kenyan women still desire to have a small family size of about 4 children; the contraceptive Prevalence Rate among married women for all methods almost doubled from 17 percent in 1984 to 33 percent in 1993 and to 39% in 1998; and, child immunization coverage reached 80 percent in 1993 although in 1999 it dropped to 65%. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: To ensure the translation of goals, objectives and strategies into actual programmes leading to adequate implementation of population policy at both the national and local levels, the government has made commendable efforts to raise awareness. Health institutions in the country have been made accessible to people needing family planning assistance. This has been successful in ensuring that population growth slows down. Adult education programmes have been set up at all levels to uplift literacy level to the country. The mass media has also been very useful in airing programmes to supplement other government s effort. Public universities offer training courses on population issues which helps to build capacity for demographic affairs together with the National Council for Population and Development (NCPD), Population Studies and Research Institute (PSRI), Population Association of Kenya (PAK), National Environment Secretariat (NES) and Women Bureau are key partners in this area. Girl child education has been greatly encouraged due to the cultural constraints that has usually relegated women to low status due to poor education, early marriages and the retrogressive practices of female genital mutilation has been abolished.

19 CP2002 KENYA: Page 11 of 69 Information: The government has made efforts to avail printed information to all. Publications are usually distributed to the various institutions of learning to keep the learners informed on the latest developments. The Central Bureau of Statistics provides information on the population census, which is usually disaggregated by, in ter alia, sex and age in order to take into account the implications of the gender division of labour for the use and management of natural resources. Various libraries are open to the public to ensure accessibility of information to the Kenyan people. Local authorities are usually in-charge of these public libraries and in the remote rural areas the government support mobile libraries. Information is also disseminated to the various departments and Non governmental organizations, religious institutions, political parties with the intention that they integrate population issues into their social and development agenda. Research and Technologies: Public universities, colleges and health institutions have undertaken some research activities on population, environment and development. Financing: The government is committed to providing the necessary resources to facilitate the implementation of population policy. The process is supplemented by contributions from international donor agencies and nongovernment organizations. Cooperation: The government in collaboration with international donor agencies such as UNFPA has been working closely on population issues over years. There are plans to involve all the stakeholders in the country to promote population issues. * * *

20 CP2002 KENYA: Page 12 of 69 CHAPTER 6: PROTECTING AND PROMOTING HUMAN HEALTH Decision-Making: The main coordinating body on health issues has been the Ministry of Health. Also involved are a wide range of other institutions, including: NGOs, religious organizations, private sector and certain development partners. Programmes and Projects: Major health-related activities deal primarily with preventive and curative health services, HIV/AIDS programmes, health education and public health services. Maternal and child health programmes have received much attention. National Aids Control Council has been established to coordinate all the HIV/AIDS programmes in the country. There were programmes for free health care especially for infants, children and mothers. Both government and donors supported immunization, hospital supplies and equipment projects. However, these programmes suffered from budgetary constraints, reduced donor support and the phenomenal rise in the demand for health care services. Status: There are 4378 health facilities in Kenya. 52% administered by the government through the Ministry of Health. Community health care services have in the past received very little attention; however, the government through the National Health Sector strategic plan, , has addressed this disparity. Maternal health (1998 survey) indicates an average of 3.7 ante natal visits per pregnancy and maternal mortality ration of 590 deaths per 100,000 lives deliveries. Progress in health services delivery was achieved during the first three decades after independence ( ), when the government goals in this sector focused on provision of free health care for all (See under Programmes and Projects ). The situation has changed in recent years following budgetary constraints, reduced donor support and the phenomenal rise in the demand for health care services. Between 1992 and 1998, infant mortality increased from 51 to 71. Under-five mortality also increased from 74 to 105. Crude death rates increased after Reemergence of malaria, poor agricultural performance, which reduced food security and declining income per capita have contributed to, increased mortality. HIV/AIDS is wiping out the energetic and productive part of the Kenyan population. Infected people and care givers lose a lot of time for productivity taking care of those with HIV/AIDS related illnesses. Patients, caregivers and women lose time, which would have been used engaging in meaningful economic activities such as farms, offices and businesses. In addition, the caregivers spend a lot of their resources meant for capital formation and investment. Capacity-Building, Education, Training and Awareness-Raising: Health education programmes are run by the Ministry of Health and several NGOs. Information: Information is provided by the government, NGOs and development partners. Research and Technologies: Public universities and research institutions, such as the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) have been very active. Financing: State health expenditure has been low amidst increasing demand for health. As a proportion of total government expenditure, the health budget has since 1980 averaged only 8%. Of this, 67% goes to curative health, 13% to rural health and 6% to preventive health. The rest goes to general administration and planning (6%), health training (5%), medical research (1%), medical supplies coordinating unit (1%) and National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF 1%). The key actors in health financing in the country are the central government through the Ministry of Health, NGOs, religious mission/bodies, private sector for profit, and local authorities. The Ministry of Health is by far the most important player controlling about 51% of the health facilities in the country. The government finances about 50% of the recurrent health care costs while the rest is accounted for through private arrangements.