Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture

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1 Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture

2 Francisco J. Villalobos Elias Fereres Editors Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture

3 Editors Francisco J. Villalobos Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) & Universidad de Cordoba, Spain Cordoba, Spain Elias Fereres Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) & Universidad de Cordoba, Spain Cordoba, Spain ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 Preface This textbook is the result of a long experience teaching general agronomy at the University of Cordoba (Spain). After many years of teaching the subject to agronomy engineering students in Spanish, we now offer a separate class, taught in English, and this book reflects the organization and materials used in the class. The book reflects our vision of agronomy as a complex, integrative subject at the crossroads of many disciplines (crop ecology, agrometeorology, soil science, agricultural engineering) with a strong emphasis on providing quantitative answers to specific problems. Our experience has been primarily with water-limited agriculture; hence, there is an emphasis throughout the book on the role of water in the agronomy of agricultural systems. We also seek to leave behind artificial boundaries that have been created in the past among crop production areas such as horticulture, pomology, and field crops that have led to separate journals and professional careers in the past. In this book, we cover all common aspects of crop management and productivity that should concern anyone dealing with the management of agricultural systems, and we provide relevant examples from different cropping systems, from herbaceous to woody crops. Our quantitative approach is based on providing the ideas and concepts needed as foundations in all the quantitative assessments required for making informed, technical decisions in farm management. Farmers operate along the philosophy of learning by doing (adaptive management), and agronomists should also follow the same path, but they should have the knowledge and tools that are needed to first correctly interpret the complex responses of the system to change and then provide reasonable options for subsequent actions. This book does not fall in the category of those that focus on providing prescriptive agronomic recommendations or blueprints that cannot be generalized because of their empirical nature. Rather, we have tried to concentrate on the analysis of crop productivity processes which lead to identifying the main factors affecting management decisions and on how to get quantitative answers to agronomic problems in the context of making current agricultural systems more sustainable. v

5 vi Preface From a teaching perspective, the book includes two short blocks on the environment and crop productivity that could serve as an introduction for students with no background in soil science, crop ecology, or agrometeorology. The third, larger block, is devoted to specific crop production techniques (sowing, soil management, irrigation, fertilizers, etc.). A number of our colleagues have contributed to the writing, all with the aim of providing future agronomists and practitioners with the quantitative tools required to calculate the adequate level of inputs (such as water, nutrients, or energy) for sustainable crop production and to assess the yield responses as a function of climate and soil conditions and of management options. Cordoba, Spain Francisco J. Villalobos Elias Fereres

6 Acknowledgements We greatly appreciate the assistance of Carmen Ruz and Jose Luis Vazquez in preparing the figures and tables of the book. We also would like to thank the University of Cordoba and the Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS-CSIC) for supporting our teaching and research activities which formed the basis for this book. Thanks are due to our colleagues that have contributed to the writing of specific chapters. The feedback from hundreds of our students with their questions and suggestions greatly helped in refining its structure and content. We have been extremely lucky for the interactions with so many of our colleagues from all around the world that have inspired many of the ideas presented here. Finally we dedicate this book to our families, whose love and support has been the engine moving us forward. vii

7 Contents 1 Agriculture and Agricultural Systems... 1 Elias Fereres and Francisco J. Villalobos Part I The Crop Environment 2 The Soil. Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties Antonio Delgado and José A. Gómez 3 The Radiation Balance Francisco J. Villalobos, José Paulo De Melo-Abreu, Luciano Mateos, 4 Wind and Turbulent Transport Francisco J. Villalobos, Elias Fereres, and Luca Testi 5 Air Temperature and Humidity Francisco J. Villalobos, Luciano Mateos, Luca Testi, 6 Soil Temperature and Soil Heat Flux Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, Luciano Mateos, 7 The Energy Balance Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, Luciano Mateos, 8 The Water Budget Francisco J. Villalobos, Luciano Mateos, Francisco Orgaz, 9 The Components of Evapotranspiration Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, ix

8 x Contents 10 Calculation of Evapotranspiration and Crop Water Requirements Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, Part II Crop Productivity 11 Crop Development and Growth Victor O. Sadras, Francisco J. Villalobos, 12 Plant Density and Competition Francisco J. Villalobos, Victor O. Sadras, 13 Radiation Interception, Radiation Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity Victor O. Sadras, Francisco J. Villalobos, 14 Effects of Water Stress on Crop Production Victor O. Sadras, Francisco J. Villalobos, Francisco Orgaz, 15 Limitations to Crop Productivity Victor O. Sadras, Francisco J. Villalobos, Part III Crop Management 16 Sowing and Planting Francisco J. Villalobos, Francisco Orgaz, 17 Tillage José A. Gómez, Francisco Orgaz, Helena Gómez-Macpherson, Francisco J. Villalobos, 18 Soil Conservation Helena Gómez-Macpherson, José A. Gómez, Francisco Orgaz, Francisco J. Villalobos, 19 Irrigation Systems Luciano Mateos 20 Irrigation Scheduling Using the Water Balance Francisco J. Villalobos, Luciano Mateos, 21 Deficit Irrigation Elias Fereres and Francisco J. Villalobos 22 Control of Salinity Francisco J. Villalobos, Luciano Mateos, Miguel Quemada, Antonio Delgado, 23 Fertilizers Antonio Delgado, Miguel Quemada, and Francisco J. Villalobos

9 Contents xi 24 Nitrogen Fertilization I: The Nitrogen Balance Miguel Quemada, Antonio Delgado, Luciano Mateos, and Francisco J. Villalobos 25 Nitrogen Fertilization II: Fertilizer Requirements Miguel Quemada, Antonio Delgado, Luciano Mateos, and Francisco J. Villalobos 26 Fertilization with Phosphorus, Potassium and Other Nutrients Antonio Delgado, Miguel Quemada, Francisco J. Villalobos, and Luciano Mateos 27 Fertigation Francisco J. Villalobos, Miguel Quemada, and Antonio Delgado 28 Manipulating the Crop Environment Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, and Luciano Mateos 29 Frost Protection José Paulo De Melo-Abreu, Francisco J. Villalobos, and Luciano Mateos 30 Control of Weeds and Other Biotic Factors Francisco J. Villalobos, Luciano Mateos, 31 Application of Herbicides and Other Biotic Control Agents Francisco J. Villalobos 32 Harvest and Conservation Francisco J. Villalobos 33 New Tools and Methods in Agronomy Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Luciano Mateos, Elias Fereres, and Francisco J. Villalobos 34 Cropping and Farming Systems Helena Gómez-Macpherson, Francisco J. Villalobos, 35 Agronomy and the Sustainability of Crop Production Elias Fereres and Francisco J. Villalobos Appendix Index

10 Contributors José Paulo De Melo-Abreu DCEB, ISA & LEAF, ULisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Antonio Delgado Dpto. Ciencias Agroforestales, ETSIA, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Elias Fereres Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) & Universidad de Cordoba, Spain, Cordoba, Spain José A. Gómez Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Helena Gómez-Macpherson Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Luciano Mateos Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Francisco Orgaz Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Miguel Quemada ETS de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Victor O. Sadras South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, Australia Luca Testi Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain Francisco J. Villalobos Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC) & Universidad de Cordoba, Spain, Cordoba, Spain Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain xiii

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