Climate change adaptation strategies in mixed crop-livestock systems
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1 Climate change adaptation strategies in mixed crop-livestock systems Asaah Ndambi ILRI Nairobi Livestock and climate change workshop 2 nd 3 rd February 2015 ILRI Nairobi, Kenya
2 Outline 1. Importance of crop-livestock systems 2. Adaptation strategies in crop livestock systems 3. Adaptation example: Integrated Manure Management
3 Importance of crop-livestock systems Mixed (crop-livestock) systems are sustaining the world s milk and food supply. They produce over 90% of the world s milk and 80% of the meat from ruminants. Mixed systems are important for livelihoods and food security, providing most of the staples consumed by low-income families. What threat do we have
4 The length of growing season: a key threat Source: IFPRI 2014
5 2 facts we must live with 1. Population growth: Africa has the highest population growth rates in the world and this will continue throughout the century 2. Consumption growth Total consumption of cereals and livestock products will increase in Africa due to increasing population and growing consumption per capita These are additional pressures to climate change
6 Why do mixed systems have a good chance to adapt? 1. Good chance for nutrient recycling 2. More options for variations 3. Subsistence farmers get most of their food from this system 4. They are cost effective 5. The have more potential to increase productivity and mitigate GHG emissions
7 Outline 1. Importance of crop-livestock systems 2. Adaptation strategies in crop livestock systems 3. Adaptation example: Integrated Manure Management
8 Adaptation approaches for crop-livestock systems Adaptation approaches can be classified in several ways. Our approach distinguishes three types: 1. Increasing system resilience Enhancing production systems to face climate change 2. Diversification Expanding the activities on the farm, exploring other possibilities outside the farm 3. Risk management Taking measures beforehand to reduce risk There are no clear cuts between these three types
9 Increasing resilience of crop-livestock systems Soil nutrient and manure management: - Composting manure and crop residues - Biogas digesters bio-slurry - Cover cropping, conserved tillage - Use of legumes for nitrogen fixation + dry season fodder - Controlled release of nutrients Using maximum yield systems - sequential cropping - extended cropping - grafting Increasing genetic variability: - Using crop varieties or animal breeds which are drought resistant, flood tolerant, pest and disease resistant, early maturing, etc.
10 Increasing resilience of crop-livestock systems Improved water retention: - Using pits, pools, dams, retaining ridges - Increasing soil organic matter (improve water retention) Photo: Watersmart Initiative Improved ecosystem management and biodiversity: - Pest and disease control, crop rotation - Regulation of micro-climates, nutrient cycles, stocking densities Right timing of farm activities Planting, weeding, harvesting
11 Diversification of crop-livestock systems Agricultural diversification: - Using more crop species and varieties, including forest species - Using more animal species and breeds Landscape diversification: - Different crops and cropping systems interspersed in space and time
12 Diversification of crop-livestock systems Diet diversification: - Consuming more drought-tolerant crops eg. millet, sorghum cassava - Integrating more adaptable species or their residues to animal diets - Collecting and consuming wild plants and animals Effects of local by-product supplementation on cost of milk production and GHG emissions Livelihood diversification: - Processing farm products - More farm and off-farm activities Source: Alqaisi et al 2014
13 Diversification - Example Off farm income vs systems intensity in East Africa 100 On farm income out of total income (%) 25 Labor availability (working members/ha total area) 0.8 Food self-sufficiency index Kobo Ethiopia (extensive) Nekemte Ethiopia (semiintensive) Kakamega Kenya (Intensive) 0 Kobo Ethiopia (extensive) Nekemte Ethiopia (semiintensive) Kakamega Kenya (Intensive) 0 Kobo Ethiopia (extensive) Nekemte Ethiopia (semiintensive) Kakamega Kenya (Intensive) As systems intensify, more income is derived off-farm, more labour is available per area which is used off farm and off farm income is used to provide family needs Source: Systemwide Livestock Programme Crop Residues project (Duncan et al, submitted)
14 Risk management in crop-livestock systems Farming practices: - Expansion of farmland (where available) - More plantings per season + saving enough seeds - Intercropping long and short cycle crops - Preservation of seasonal foods (drying, etc.) - Opportunistic production (aiming at producing for crops but use for livestock in case of bad weather) - Sending more family members on migration - Selling animals to buy grains or seeds Information and security systems: - Weather forecasts - Social media systems - Hiring security guards for animals at night
15 Risk management in crop-livestock systems Communal pooling: - Increased water rationing - Labor sharing - Reserve communal grazing land Insurance systems: - Local insurances, savings and credit groups - Weather indexed insurance e.g. Index based Livestock Insurance (IBLI)
16 Risk management Index based Livestock Insurance Based on satellite data on forage availability- Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI): Pays out when forage scarcity is predicted to cause livestock deaths in an area. Contract is for Asset Replacement Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) 1-10 May 2010 good vegetation 1-10 May 2011 bad vegetation Source: Mude et al. 2014
17 Outline 1. Importance of croplivestock systems 2. Adaptation strategies for crop livestock systems 3. Adaptation example: Integrated Manure Management
18 Why manure management? 75 95% of the nutrient intake of production animals is excreted via dung and urine Proper management retains most of the nutrients which can be used for crops If not managed properly manure will affect the quality of the environment and our health and other animals Conflicts arise from the nuisance of odors from livestock operations especially closer to urban areas Pollution potential of surface or groundwater 18
19 inputs Cycle principle Animals outputs Manure Crops emissions inputs Soil
20 Integrated Manure Management always site specific Collection Treatment Storage Application Collection Storage Application Collection Application Collection Treatment Application
21 Our on-going study Review the state of manure management in Sub-Saharan Africa: 1. Describe management practices in various countries, 2. To categorize policies which influence the adoption of good manure management practices and 3. To identify potential entry points for improved manure management, aiming at better adapting to climate change, reducing emissions and improving the livelihood of rural farmers. 21
22 Our approach Three steps have been applied in this analysis: Secondary data collection Questionnaires to corresponding partners from 14 countries + meeting and exchange between these experts In depth field analyses in Ethiopia and Malawi (more countries envisaged in 2015) 22
23 Key findings Most sub-saharan African countries: a) do not have a stand-alone manure management policy, b) have shared responsibility for manure management with more than one government ministry in charge c) sometimes have non-coherent policies d) take very limited action to promote good manure management practices or to punish defaulters of related restrictions All farmers, regardless of size, are generally able to access training and extension services from both government and nongovernment agencies however, manure management was not a strong component. The major challenge is lack of information by farmers on IMM 23
24 Thank you Mercie Asante Photo: Oxfarm international
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