Chapter 10. Agriculture
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1 Chapter 10 Agriculture
2 Key Issue #1 Where Did Agriculture Originate?
3 Agricultural Origins & Regions Origins of agriculture Hunters and gatherers Invention of agriculture Location of agricultural hearths Vegetative planting Seed agriculture Classifying agricultural regions Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture Mapping agricultural regions
4 Key Terms Agriculture deliberate modification of the earth s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. Crop any plant cultivated by the people
5 Hunters and Gatherers Before the invention of agriculture, all humans obtained food by hunting and gathering. This practice slowed down after the invention of agriculture. Today about 250,000 people still are hunters and gatherers.
6 Invention of Agriculture Agriculture probably began with the cultivation of animals for sacrifice. Saw how old food would produce new food over time. The ability to pour water also helped.
7 Two types of cultivation Vegetative planting cloning from existing plants Seed planting reproduction of plants from annual planing of seeds.
8 Location of Vegetative Hearths First Vegetative planting took place in Southeast Asia. Other hearths were West Africa and north-western SouthAmerica.
9 Vegetative Planting Hearths Fig. 10-1: There were several main heaths, or centers of origin, for vegetative crops (roots & tubers, etc.), from which the crops diffused to other areas. Carl Sauer suggested that Southeast Asia was a primary hearth.
10 Location of Seed Hearths India, China, Ethiopia and Central America are seen as gthe primary seed hearths. Seed agriculture also used the domestication of animals to help work the land.
11 Seed Agriculture Hearths Fig. 10-2: Seed agriculture also originated in several hearths and diffused from those elsewhere.
12 Classifying Agricultural Regions Subsistence Farmers produce food for their own consumption, found in LDCs. Commercial Farmers produce food to make profits, mostly in MDCs. MDCs have a lower percentage of work force as farmers. MDCs also are more likely to use machinery. MDCs have larger farms.
13 Labor Force in Agriculture, 2005 Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.
14 Tractors, per cropland Fig. 10-4: Tractors per 1000 hectares of cropland. Use of machinery is extensive in most MDC agriculture, but it is much less common in LDCs.
15 Combines on Wheat in Kansas Combines can reap, thresh, and clean crops like wheat in a single operation.
16 Wheat Farm in Montana American grain farms can cover enormous amounts of land.
17 Farmland Loss in Maryland Fig : Overlaps of soil quality, environmental & cultural features, and population growth may show areas of greatest threat of farmland loss in Maryland.
18 Agribusiness Collection of businesses that work with farmers. Communications Machinery Fertilizers Legal status
19 Key Issue #2 Where are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries?
20 Agriculture in Less Developed Countries Shifting cultivation Characteristics of shifting cultivation Future of shifting cultivation Pastoral nomadism Characteristics of pastoral nomadism Future of pastoral nomadism Intensive subsistence agriculture Intensive subsistence with wet rice dominant Intensive subsistence with wet rice not dominant Plantation farming
21 World Climate Regions Fig. 10-5a: Simplified map of the main world climate regions (see also Fig. 2-2).
22 World Agriculture Regions Fig. 10-5b: Locations of the major types of subsistence and commercial agriculture.
23 Shifting Cultivation It has two characteristics Farmers clear land for farming for a couple of years. (Swidden) Farmers leave land alone for several years so soil can recuperate. Crops will vary by the people s local customs and taste. Traditionally land is owned by the village. Shifting cultivation uses 25% of the land, but is only used by 5% of the people. The number of land used in shifting cultivation is decreasing.
24 Shifting Cultivation in Guatemala Dense vegetation has been cut and is being burned to open land for farming.
25 Land Clearing in Colombia Bulldozers are used to plow a road through the rain forest in Colombia.
26 Pastoral Nomadism Process of herding and domesticating animals in subsistence farming. Nomads do not necessarily eat their animals, but mostly grains. Size of herds is a prestigious symbol. Movements are patterned and herds are very territorial. Pastoral Nomadism is on the decline because of modern technology and stigmas.
27 Pastoral Nomads in Iran Qashqai nomads using paved roads to move their animals near Shiraz, Iran.
28 Intensive Subsistence Farmers have to work harder to make the crop. Wet Rice dominates a large portion of Asian farming. Land is separated in Wet Rice dominant and Non-Wet rice dominant.
29 Wet Rice Terraces in Indonesia Terraces create flat land for wet (irrigated) rice on hilly land in Indonesia.
30 World Rice Production, 2005 Fig. 10-6: Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production.
31 Rice Harvesting, Indonesia Wet rice is often harvested by hand in Asia.
32 Key Issue #3 Where are Agricultural regions in More Developed Countries?
33 Agriculture in Developed Countries Mixed crop and livestock farming Dairy farming Grain farming Livestock ranching Mediterranean agriculture Commercial gardening and fruit farming Access to markets
34 Mixed Crop and Livestock Usually involve crop rotation. Choice of crops depend on markets.
35 World Corn Production, 2005 Fig. 10-7: The U.S. accounts for about 40% of world corn (maize) production. China is the 2nd largest producer. Much of the corn in both countries is used for animal feed.
36 Dairy Farming Provides dairy products to urban areas. Dairy farms are located near major urban areas. Milkshed is the ring surrounding a city where milk can be supplied without spoiling. Dairy products vary by region.
37 World Milk Production, 2005 Fig 10-8: Milk production reflects wealth, culture, and environment. It is usually high in MDCs, especially production per capita, and varies considerably in LDCs.
38 Milk Production in MDCs & LDCs Milk production has grown more rapidly in LDCs than in MDCs since the 1960s.
39 U.S. Dairy Production 2005 Fig. 10-9: Milk production is widely dispersed because of its perishability, but cheese production is far more concentrated.
40 U.S. Milk Production, 2005
41 U.S. Cheese Production, 2005
42 Grain Farming Grain is the seed from various grasses. He most important crop is wheat. Winter wheat planted in autumn and harvested in late spring and early summer. Spring Wheat is planted in spring and harvested in late summer. Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper and helped with the growth of wheat. John Deer also helped with the growth of farming.
43 World Wheat Production, 2005 Fig : China is the world s leading wheat producer, but the U.S. is the largest producer of wheat for sale and the largest exporter.
44 U.S. Wheat Farmer A U.S. wheat farmer in Idaho is selling wheat to Asian buyers.
45 Livestock Farming Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock. It is greater where land is to poor to supply vegetation. Texas was a large ranching hearth. Ranch Wars between cowboys over theft or cattle rustling as well as over territory were common in the early part. Cattle breeds were mixed and genetically engineered to survive.
46 The Chisholm Trail Fig : The Chisholm Trail became famous as the main route for cattle drives from Texas to the railheads in Kansas.
47 Cattle Drive on the Chisholm Trail
48 Meat Production on Ranches Fig 10-12: Cattle, sheep and goats are the main meat animals raised on ranches.
49 Mediterranean Farming Growth of trees for fruit. Found near Mediterranean coast. Olives and Grapes are the biggest cash crops.
50 Vineyard in Portugal Grapes loaded in vineyards on slopes above the Douro River in northern Portugal.
51 Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming Predominant in Southeast US.
52 Plantation Farming Are more commonly found in LDCs but are owned by MDCs. They try to grow products year round to take advantage of imported labor. Until the Civil War, plantations were a big part of the US South.
53 Key Issue #4 Why do farmers face economic difficulties?
54 Economic Issues of Agriculture Challenges for commercial farmers Overproduction Sustainable agriculture Challenges for subsistence farmers Population growth International trade Increasing food supply
55 Access to Markets Because the purpose of commercial farming is to sell the product, the distance influences the choice of crops to grow and sell. (Milk) Von Thunen s Model looks at transportation costs to determine the benefit of growing crops.
56 Von Thünen Model Fig : Von Thünen s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.
57 Overproduction of Commercial Farming Farmers are producing more food than there is a demand for. This creates lower prices for their food. In million cows made 57 million gallons of milk. Today 10 million cows make 68 million gallons of milk.
58 US Government Policies Farmers are encouraged($) to avoid planting certain crops or to plant fallow crops. Government pays farmers when prices are too low. Government buys excess crops to sell or donate to other countries. Government provides food stamps to buy certain foods.
59 Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural practices that help the environment. These farmers have lower costs but generate lower revenues. Farmers use less chemicals and use ridge tillage. Integrate crops and livestock to avoid using more chemicals and steroids.
60 Organic Farm in Washington There is limited use of chemicals and heavy machinery on organic farms such as this one in Whatcom County, Washington state.
61 Free-range Chickens Free-range chickens on an organic farm in England.
62 Genetically Modified Foods Genetically modified foods must be labeled in Europe but not in the U.S.
63 Subsistence Farming and Population Growth Rapid population growth is tough on subsistence farmers who grow a limited amount of food. To accommodate, land was left fallow for shorter periods of time. Also new technology allowed for more food production.
64 Subsistence Farming and International Trade As more technology is needed, LDCs need to invest and thus sell more crops to MDCs. Subsistence farms convert to commercial farms. However the money raised goes to feed people who are no longer providing enough domestic food Drug crops bring lots of money, but also much violence and loss of control. Coca Leaf is grown in South America Pot in Mexico Opium in Asia
65 Strategies to Increase Food Supply Expanding Agricultural Land Increase the productivity of land. Identify new Food Sources. Increase exports of other countries.
66 Expanding Agricultural Land Only 11% of land is used. Some countries have arable land that can be used but has not been for economic reasons. Other Countries do not have enough arable land and agriculture creates a process of desertification.
67 Desertification Hazard Fig : The most severe desertification hazard is in several parts of semiarid Africa, and parts southwestern Asia, North and South America, and Australia.
68 Higher Productivity Green Revolution Use of Fertilization Plant modification (higher yield seeds)
69 Green Revolution Experiments Scientists at the International Rice Research Institute try to develop improved crop varieties.
70 Identify New Food Sources Cultivate Oceans Higher Protein Cereals Improve Consumption of rarely consumed foods.
71 Increase exports from other countries The top three grains exported are wheat, maize and rice. Largest exporters are the US, Thailand, India, China, Argentina and Canada. Mexico and South Korea import corn, Egypt and Italy import wheat.
72 Grain Importers & Exporters Fig : Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.
73 Crisis in Africa Growth in farming cannot keep up with rapid population growth. Sub Saharan Africa is in danger of more mass famine.
74 Undernourished Proportion Fig : The proportion of undernourished population has declined in most LDCs, but is much higher in sub-saharan Africa than in other areas of the world.
75 Population and Grain Production in Africa, Fig : Cereal production has not kept up with the high rate of population growth in sub- Saharan Africa. (The graph is set to a base of 1.0 in 1961).
76 The Sahel Fig : The Sahel, which is south of the Sahara, frequently faces drought and food shortages, as does the Horn of Africa.
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