Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Transcription

1 Soil Biology 10 Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems Bearbeitet von Petra Marschner, Zdenko Rengel 1. Auflage Buch. xx, 397 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 789 g Recht > Öffentliches Recht > Umweltrecht > Abfallrecht, Bodenschutzrecht Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Part I Principles of Nutrient Cycling 1 Composition and Cycling of Organic Carbon in Soil Jeffrey A. Baldock 1.1 Introduction Composition of Soil Organic Carbon Chemical Fractionation of SOC Physical Fractionation of SOC Consistency between SOC Fractionation Methods and Pools of SOC in Simulation Models Factors Controlling SOC Contents Biochemical Recalcitrance Biological Capability and Capacity for Degrading Organic Materials Physical Mechanisms of Protection Rate Modifiers and Duration of Exposure Conceptual Model of the Role of Stabilising Mechanisms in Defining Chemical Structure Conclusions References The Nitrogen Cycle in Terrestrial Ecosystems Ann McNeill, Murray Unkovich 2.1 Introduction N Transfers within the Terrestrial N Cycle Decomposition, Mineralisation-Immobilisation Turnover, and Nitrification Plant Uptake of Soil N Herbivores and N Transfers Inputs of Nitrogen to Terrestrial Ecosystems Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Deposition

3 VIII Contents 2.4 N Losses Ammonia Volatilisation Processes Producing Gaseous Oxides of Nitrogen and N Leaching Erosion Conclusions References Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems Else K. Bünemann, Leo M. Condron 3.1 Introduction Forms and Amounts of Phosphorus and Sulphur in Terrestrial Ecosystems Cycling of Phosphorus and Sulphur in Terrestrial Ecosystems Chapter Aims Methods and Approaches to Study Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling Analytical Methods Experimental Approaches Examples of Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling at Different Scales Microbial Immobilisation and Mineralisation Processes Impact of Anthropogenic Sulphur Deposition on Sulphur Cycling as Revealed by Stable Isotope Techniques Changes in Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycling Following Afforestation of Grassland Conclusions References Cycling of Micronutrients in Terrestrial Ecosystems Zed Rengel 4.1 Introduction Spatial Considerations in Micronutrient Cycling Recycling Nutrients from Deep Soil Layers Off-Site Impact Micronutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems Fertilisers Biofertilisers Crop Residues Manures, Composts and Other Organic Amendments Contribution of Livestock to Micronutrient Cycling on Grazed Pastures Crop and Variety Selection Micronutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems

4 Contents IX Litterfall, Stemflow and Throughfall Burning Organic Amendments Fertilisers Conclusions Future Research References Root Exudates and Nutrient Cycling Günter Neumann 5.1 Introduction Root Exudates and Organic Rhizodeposition Rhizodeposition Definition and Quantity Release Mechanisms Rhizodeposition as Affected by External Factors Root Exudates and Chemical Mobilisation of Nutrients Phosphorus Mobilisation by Carboxylates Root Secretory Phosphohydrolases Mobilisation of Iron and Micronutrients by Phytosiderophores Protective Functions of Root Exudates Against Abiotic Stress Aluminium Toxicity Drought Stress Bicarbonate Stress Root Exudates and Plant-Microbe Interactions Knowledge-Gaps and Perspectives References Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere and Nutrient Cycling Petra Marschner 6.1 Introduction Colonisation of the Rhizosphere by Microorganisms Nitrogen Cycling Nitrogen Mineralisation Dinitrogen Fixation Phosphorus Cycling Iron Cycling Manganese Cycling Mycorrhiza Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms Rhizosphere Priming Effect Conclusions References

5 X Contents Part II Nutrient Cycling Budgets in Terrestrial Ecosystems 7 The Role of Crop Residues in Improving Soil Fertility Bhupinderpal-Singh, Zed Rengel 7.1 Introduction Effects of Crop Residue Management on Soil Chemical Properties Soil Organic Matter Nutrient Status and Availability in Soil Soil ph Effects of Crop Residue Management on Soil Physical Properties Soil Temperature Soil Moisture Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Infiltration Soil Bulk Density and Porosity Soil Aggregation and Soil Structure Soil Erosion Water Repellence of Soil Effects of Crop Residue Management on Soil Biological Properties Soil Microorganisms Soil Meso- and Macro-fauna Conclusions References Nutrient Cycling Budgets in Managed Pastures David Scholefield, Elaine Jewkes, Roland Bol 8.1 Introduction Developments in Nutrient Budget Keeping Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Potassium Sulphur Other Nutrients Nutrient Budget Methods Relationships of Nutrient Budgets to Efficiency of Nutrient Use Nutrient Supply to the Soil and Nutrient Availability Nutrient Flows through the Plant Nutrient Flows through the Herbivore Excretal Returns Outputs and Losses Effects of Management and Site Conditions

6 Contents XI 8.5 Nutrient Surpluses for some Typical European Pasture Systems and their Interpretation Conclusions References Natural Grasslands a Case Study in Greece Z. Koukoura 9.1 Introduction Biomass Loss during Decomposition of Plant Residues Effect of Residue Composition on Decomposition Rates Mineralisation and Immobilisation of Nutrients Conclusions References Dryland Ecosystems Anne Hartley, Nichole Barger, Jayne Belnap, Gregory S. Okin 10.1 Introduction Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Inputs from Biological Fixation Nitrogen Losses Summary of N Budgets in Dryland Ecosystems Phosphorus Phosphorus Inputs Geochemical and Biological Controls on Phosphorus Availability Other Nutrient Cycles Conclusions References Nutrient Cycling in the Tundra Sari Stark 11.1 Introduction Components of Tundra Nutrient Cycling Mineralisation, Nitrification, Denitrification, and N Fixation Microbial Turnover and Mineralisation-Immobilisation Dynamics in Tundra Nutrient Cycles Can Plants Compete with Soil Microorganisms for Nutrients in Tundra Soils? Organic Nutrient Sources Factors Affecting the Rate of Nutrient Cycling in Tundras Regulation of Decomposition and Mineralisation by Soil Temperature During the Growing Season

7 XII Contents The Significance of Soil Temperatures Outside the Growing Season Feedback Mechanisms between Soil Nutrients and Organic Matter Decomposition Mammalian Herbivores and Nutrient Cycling in the Tundra Conclusions References Nutrient Cycling in Forests and Heathlands: an Ecosystem Perspective from the Water-Limited South Mark A. Adams 12.1 Introduction Internal Cycles of N and P Ratios of Nutrients in Forest and Heathland Plants are they Useful? Australian Case Study Nutrient Remobilisation and Nutrient-Use Efficiency Australian Case Study N and P Uptake Ammonium / Organic N Uptake a Point of Difference to Herbaceous Species and their Interaction with Water External Cycles of N and P in Forests and Heathlands Soil Processes N Patterns in Nitrogen Availability and Processes Soil Processes P Fire and Nutrient Cycling Climate Change and Nutrient Cycling Conclusions References Modelling Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Systems at Field and Regional Scales Peter de Willigen, Oene Oenema, Wim de Vries 13.1 Introduction N and P Cycling Processes and their Modelling Scaling Issues Models at Plot Scale ANIMO DAISY MACRO Comparison of Models

8 Contents 13.5 Models at Regional Scale STONE INITIATOR The Johnes Model Comparison of Models Conclusions Future Developments in Modelling Validation Up-Scaling Integrated Models References Subject Index XIII