John Byrd Extension/Research Professor of Weed Science Box 9555 Mississippi State, MS / /

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1 John Byrd Extension/Research Professor of Weed Science Box 9555 Mississippi State, MS / /

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22 Poison Ivy control New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1927 Most effective chemicals: iron or copper sulfate used at a rate of ½ to ¾ pound to 1 quart of water, and arsenate of soda used at the rate of 1 ounce to 6 quarts of water. For applications to be made on the soil for the purpose of destroying root parts, common salt may be used. 8 ounces to the square foot is recommended. (10.9 tons per acre)

23 Poison Ivy control New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1927 Arsenate of soda is a dangerous poison Under no circumstances should he (applicator) permit any of the material to get into his mouth or nose. This danger can be overcome by wearing a small wet sponge or fine piece of cloth over the nose while working the sprayer.

24 Poison Ivy control New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1927 Oils of various kinds are also excellent weed exterminators. Kerosene or waste oil from garages oils of this kind should not be used around buildings.

25 Poison Ivy control New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1927 Sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids are positively destructive to the plant. care must be exercised in their use, for they burn clothing and flesh instantly. They will also result in blindness if spattered into the eyes.

26 Poison Ivy control New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1927 Sodium arsenite, an effective chemical for poison ivy destruction, is not ordinarily purchased in ready-made form. A chemical formula which has proven valuable is 4 ounces of caustic soda and 8 ounces of white arsenic dissolved in 1 pint of water. The water should be added slowly to the mixture and stirred constantly because of the heat developed. About 1 pint to 10 square feet would seem a fair estimate.

27 Sulfuric Acid Spray: A practical means for the control of weeds University of Arizona Experiment Station Circular 206, July 1928 Used in Italy, France, Spain, Scandanavian countries for number of years 2 to 15% solution of sulfuric acid used, depending on species and size, which costs between $0.60 and $4.50 per acre at 200 gallons solution per acre 200 gallons solution per acre will control most weeds

28 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 For control of weeds on fence rows, firebreaks, ditches, and roadsides and to destroy biennials and perennials, oils are most economical and practical. Most widely used are diesel and stovetop. If an emulsion is desired, only diesel, grade between 24 o and 35 o Baume, more than 2 but less than 5% asphaltum, mixed with equal parts water is effective.

29 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 California State Highway Commission Maintenance Division applied 1/10 gallon per 9 ft 2 to 9 feet wide strip to serve as fire break at a cost of $80,000 on 1000 miles roadside. ($73.33 per acre) Most effective oils tested for puncturevine control were least refined, ie crude oil, waste cylinder oil, slop distillate, and diesel. Stovetop and special fuel oils were less effective.

30 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 According to the San Joaquin County Agricultural Commissioner data, 2 men with power sprayer cover 10 acres in 8 hours with 3000 gallons oil. Costs: oil 3 ¾ cents per gallon Labor $10 per day Total cost per acre including depreciation $12.25

31 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Chlorates Sodium chlorate Effective for Canada thistle, Johnson grass, wild morningglory, Russian knapweed, poison ivy Ineffective for tules, Bermuda grass, cat-tails, willows, hoary cress Applied to plants in full bloom 1 to 2 ½ pound in 1 gallon water as spray or 175 pounds dry applied per acre soil Most effective if applied on cloudy, humid days

32 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Chlorates are fire hazard (oxidizers) clothing, chaff, straw, sacks, wood, etc., covered with chlorate will readily ignite when dry. Ashes from smoking tobacco, a match thoughtlessly lighted, or a spark from an exhaust pipe of spray equipment may set a fire. Men should not work alone when using chlorates.

33 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Chlorate is particularly combustible with sulfur Accidents more likely after spraying and clothes dry This danger can be eliminated by having two pairs of overalls. Operators of chlorate sprays sometimes wear rubber boots.

34 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Carbon disulfide Highly explosive, volatile Successful for morning-glory, Russian knapweed, poverty weed, Canada thistle, Johnson grass, willows. Soil injections only Cost $260 to $400 per acre

35 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Arsenicals Sodium arsenite, arsenious acid (white arsenic), arsenic trichloride, arsenic acid, ALL DEADLY POISON TO LIVESTOCK AND HUMAN BEINGS. K.M.G. herbicide arsenic trichloride Sodium arsenite, arsenious acid soil sterilants

36 The Control of Weeds California Agricultural Extension Service Circular 54, June 1931 Other herbicides Salt 20 to 30 tons per acre Sulfuric acid 2% to 10% solution at 200 gallons per acre Iron sulfate Carbolic acid 1 quart per gallon per square rod

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55 It s time for Action We have until December 31, 2011 to voice need for MSMA on roadsides. Quantify your problems and the role MSMA provides in meeting them. Send Tom Myers an myers.tom@epa.gov Let your voice be heard.