Juan has a small vegetable garden on his land where he produces just enough food for his family.

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1 Geography 3202 Test Unit IVa Farm and Forest Name: Part One Shade in the BEST ANSWER on the scantron sheet provided: 30 Marks 1. Which would be an output in a farming operation? (A) carrots (B) maintenance (C) tractor (D) weeding 2. Which is a human input in a farming operation? (A) climate (C) quality and depth of soil (B) genetically altered seed (D) sunlight 3. Which item is an input in a potato chip plant? (A) marketing (B) potato chips (C) quality control (D) salt 4. Which type of farming operation is described below? (A) agribusiness (B) nomadic (C) extensive (D) subsistence 5. Which would best represent a commercial intensive farming operation in the developed world? A 6. Which type of agriculture involves slash and burn methods and is normally associated with extensive farming? (A) agribusiness (B) mixed farming (C) shifting cultivation (D) nomadic herding 7. Which condition is necessary for a natural material to be considered a resource? (A) accessible location (B) appropriate technology (C) correct climatic conditions (D) transportation infrastructure 8. Which form of agriculture is usually found in areas with low land value where high revenues are unimportant? (A) agribusiness (B) extensive (C) intensive (D) shifting 9. If nobody wanted to buy potatoes anymore, which of the following statements would be true? (A) potatoes would still be a resource (B) potatoes would no longer be a resource (C) potatoes would only be considered capital (D) none of the above are correct 10. Which type of farming operation is described below? Juan has a small vegetable garden on his land where he produces just enough food for his family. (A) agribusiness (B) subsistence (C) extensive (D) commercial 11. Which combination determines if a natural material is actually a resource? (A) inputs, culture, outputs (B) need, process, inputs (C) technology, profit, need (D) process, culture, outputs 12. Which would be considered a process in an agribusiness industry? (A) capital (B) climate (C) technology (D) transportation

2 13. In which form of agriculture would you find high levels of technology on a small parcel of land? (A) extensive (B) intensive (C) shifting (D) subsistence 14. Which farming operation is described in the scenario below? Mr. Smith has a mixed vegetable farm which specializes in potatoes, carrots, and turnip, and employs 10 workers. (A) agribusiness (B) commercial (C) shifting cultivation (D) subsistence 15. Within the context of a farming operation, which would describe a truck or tractor? (A) capital resource (B) natural input (C) human resource (D) process 16. Which type of farming operation involves the growing of rice to sell? (A) agribusiness (B) commercial (C) extensive (D) subsistence 17. Which farming operation is described in the diagram below? (A) agribusiness (B) commercial (C) shifting cultivation (D) subsistence 18. According to the triangular graph, which soil texture would be most suitable for farming? (A) 10% sand; 10% clay; 80% silt (B) 40% sand; 30% clay; 30% silt (C) 53% sand; 43% clay; 14% silt (D) 65% sand; 15% clay; 20% silt 19. Which is the largest particle in soil? (A) clay (B) silt (C) gravel (D) sand 20. One of the greatest factors that determine whether a forest will grow in a region is (A) amount of precipitation. (B) sunshine days (C) soil temperature (D) prevailing winds 21. Which refers to saw milling in a forestry operation? (A) capital (B) process (C) output (D) input 22. Which refers to a tree harvester in a forestry operation? (A) capital (B) input (C) output (D) process

3 23. Which farming operation is described in the diagram below? (A) agribusiness (B) commercial (C) shifting cultivation (D) subsistence 24. Which continent is experiencing the highest amount of deforestation? (A) Africa (B) Australia (C) Europe (D) North America 25. Which of the following is a strategy for a sustainable forest which we covered in class? (A) develop a logging program (B) refit saw mills (C) Improve what we input into forest (D) redesign and upgrade logging roads 26. Which represents selective cutting? C

4 27. The diagram shows how prime marketable logs are harvested and removed from the forest by helicopter. This is a type of which harvesting method? (A) clear cutting (B) strip cutting (C) selective cutting (D) shelter wood cutting 28. Which harvesting method is best illustrated below? (A) clear cutting (C) shifting cultivation (B) selective cutting (D) slash and burn 29. Which set of descriptions identifies harvesting of trees by clear cutting? 1. All timber in the area is harvested at the same time. 2. It is the most economical form of harvesting to 100 meter wide areas are harvested. 4. It is the least dangerous form of tree harvesting. (A) 1, 2, and 3 (B) 2, 3, and 4 (C) 3, 4, and 1 (D) 4, 1, and Which harvesting method requires replanting with tree seedlings? (A) clear cutting (B) selective cutting (C) shifting cultivation (D) strip cutting

5 Part TWO ANSWER ALL the questions in the space provided 20 Marks CASE STUDY 1: The State of the World s Forests The world s forest area was estimated to be 34.5 million km 2 in This area corresponds to a quarter of Earth s land area. Between 1980 and 1995, 1.8 million km2 of forest was harvested. The earth has lost almost half of the forest that covered it years ago. Most of this 30 million km 2 of forest has disappeared in the past three decades due to expanding populations, mining operations, hydro-electric power development, and agricultural expansion. While Canada has also experienced a decline in its size of forests, this reduction is due primarily to its harvesting techniques. Canada s allowable cut is attained for the most part by clear cutting areas that have never been commercially logged before. Clear cutting, also known as even-aged forest stand management, has been the main method of harvesting in Canada since the introduction of heavy machinery. Partial (selective) cutting methods are being promoted and investigated as alternatives where clear cutting may have unacceptable impacts on wildlife habitat or water resources. In Canada, 337 communities are considered to be heavily dependent on the forest. In each of these communities, employment income derived from forest products industries accounts for at least half of the community s income. These communities are generally small, reliant on few industries, and more vulnerable to changes in their industries and local environment. Forest dependent communities may be more unstable than larger urban areas, and this instability affects the social structure and the welfare of their residents. Generally, larger forest-dependent communities tend to perform better economically than their smaller counterparts 31. From the Case Study, list and explain two examples of major threats to forest resources. (4)

6 32. The new highway in Labrador has increased access to Labrador s vast forest resources. As the forestry manager for this area, describe the three methods of harvesting timber. With reference to sustainability and information from the case study, explain which method of timber harvesting you would choose to harvest the forest (6)

7 CASE STUDY 2: Agriculture and Development During the 1950s, world leaders began to focus on how to close the gap between food production and food consumption in the developing world. In their attempt to address the problem, they engaged the help of agricultural researchers who developed a series of improvements in agriculture, referred to as the Green Revolution. One strategy was the development of high yield varieties of seeds aimed at increasing food production. In the mid-1960s, new high-yield varieties of wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, and millet were introduced to parts of Latin America and Asia. The yields were two to four times greater than traditional varieties and the shorter growing season meant that an extra crop could be grown in some regions. Looking back, shortcomings of the Green Revolution are now evident. The high yield seeds required expensive farming practices that replaced less expensive traditional approaches. Irrigation systems had to be installed and maintained, and expensive seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides bought. Some farmers could not afford the gasoline to operate some of the equipment.yields were high for up to a decade, but then declined as soils were depleted, badly eroded, and became toxic from salts left by irrigation. The surplus food that did come from higher yields, however, could only benefit the farmer when it was transported to the buyer. In marketing the surplus, transportation costs became another expense. These factors put the benefits of the Green Revolution beyond the reach of many farmers in developing countries. The richer farmers, who did benefit, were usually the landowners; as their incomes rose, they bought more land and forced off farmers who were renting it. As well, the benefits of the Green Revolution were not felt evenly throughout the developing world, particularly in Africa. For example, high yield wheat or rice seeds were planted on only 36% of the arable land in Asia; 22 % in Latin America; and a mere 1% in Africa. It may be said that food shortages exist in Africa because the Green Revolution did not make an impact there. In India and Asia, however, where surpluses provide food for export, up to one-third of the population are still poverty-stricken. The challenges that the Green Revolution was aimed at continue to exist. Poor farmers still can not afford to buy the fertilizer and other inputs in high volumes in order to get discounted prices; poor farmers can not hold out for high prices for their crops; poor farmers do not have the money up front to install deep wells; poor farmers can not borrow money at low interest rates. Cuba has attempted to address these issues. When large state farms experienced declining yields in spite of the use of new scientific methods in the late 1980s, the Cuban government began a new agricultural program. It included distributing small plots of land to former employees of state-farms, promoting organic farming on vacant lots in cities, helping farmers establish farmers-markets where they could get better prices, and assisting farmers with techniques that were environmentally sensitive. The solution came from within the country and used local knowledge. Let me (beg) you to recognize the role of local farmers in the conservation of plant genetic resources. By conscious and continuous selection they have created the immense genetic variations on which agriculture depends. Not enough use has been made of farmer s knowledge acquired through long years of practical agricultural activities. It is time this knowledge is harnessed to save food security. - Statement by M. Masilo, Lesotho s Permanent Secretary for Agriculture

8 33. What was the goal of the Green Revolution? (2) 34. How does appropriate technology help explain the failure of the Green Revolution in the developing world during the 1960s and the success of Cuba s experiment during the 1980s? Support your answer (8)