ITL PUBLIC SCHOOL. Pre-SA2 ( ) Social Science Handout Class VIII Subject: Geography

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1 ITL PUBLIC SCHOOL Pre-SA2 ( ) Social Science Handout Class VIII Subject: Geography Instructions: For 1 mark questions write one line and underline the key word. For 3 mark questions give three points and each point should be framed into one proper sentence or two. For 5 mark questions at least five points are to there again frame each of these points in one proper sentence or two. CHAPTER-6 HUMAN RESOURCES Distribution Of Population More than 90% of the world s population lives in 10% of the land surface. Many more people live in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. 60% of the world s population lives in just 10 countries. Out of every 100 people in the world: 61 people live in Asia, 12 people live in Europe, 13 people live in Africa, 8 people live in central and South America, 5 people live in northern America and 1 people live in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands). Density Of Population: The number of people living in a unit area is called density of population. It is usually expressed as number of persons per square km. The average population density of the world is 51 persons per square km. South Central Asia have the highest population density; followed by East and South East Asia. The population density in India is 382 persons per square km. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS Q1. What do you understand by distribution and the density of the population? VALUE POINTS Distribution of population by topography. Distribution of population based on continents. Density of population FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Geographical Factors 1. Topography: A larger number of people live in the plains than in the mountains or plateaus. Plains are suitable for farming, manufacturing and most of the other activities. The Ganges plains are the most densely populated area of the world. 2. Climate: People prefer to live in moderate climates and avoid extreme climates. Hence, less number of people lives in the Sahara Desert and in the polar regions of Russia, Canada. 3.Soil: Fertile plains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra (India), Hwang-he, Chang Jiang (China) and the Nile (Egypt) are the areas with a high population density. 4.Water: Water is essential for survival of people and hence, more people live in the river valleys than in the deserts. 5.Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits attract people because of potential of economic development. 6.Social, Cultural and Economic Factors 7. Social: Areas with better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated. Pune, Bangalore and Delhi are the cities which attract people because of better facilities.

2 8.Cultural: Places with religion or cultural significance always attract people. Due to this, Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican City are densely populated. 9.Economic: Industrial areas give lot of opportunities to people. Mumbai s population grew because of this reason. In recent years, areas around Delhi have attracted a large number of migrants from across the country; because of industrial development. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS Q1. List down the factors affecting the distribution of population. Value Points: Geographical(topography, climate, water, resources, soil) Social Cultural Economical POPULATION CHANGE zuntil the 1800s, the world s population grew at a slow and steady pace. The birth rate and death rate were very high during this period. There were no proper health facilities. Agricultural production was low and hence food availability was a problem. 1. The world s population reached one billion in Within 150 years after that, the world s population reached 3 billion in This is usually referred to as the population explosion years after that, the world s population doubled and became 6 billon in This could happen because of better food supplies, health facilities. Death rate reduced and birth rate remained fairly high during this period. 3. Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people is called birth rate. 4. Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people is called death rate. 5. When the death rate is more than the birth rate, it will lead to de-growth in population. When the birth rate is equal to death rate, there will be no growth in population. When the birth rate is higher than death rate, it will lead to growth in population. The difference between birth rate and death rate is called natural growth rate of population. 6. Life expectancy: The number of years that an average person is expected to live is called life expectancy. 7. Migration: When people move from one place to another in search of livelihood; it is called migration. 8. Emigration: When people move outside their country, it is called emigration. 9. Immigration: When people come from another country, it is called immigration. 10. The population of the USA and Australia has increased because of immigration. On the other hand, the population of Sudan has decreased because of emigration. People from less developed countries usually migrate to the developed countries in search of better employment opportunities.] 11. In case of internal migration, people from rural areas usually migrate to urban areas. Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but changes the composition of population in a particular area. PATTERNS OF POPULATION CHANGE 1. Some countries are showing high population growth, e.g. Kenya. Some countries, on the other hand, are showing de-growth in population, e.g. UK and many European countries. 2. Population Composition 3. The population composition of a country tells about age profile, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and income level. Thus, the structure of the population is called population composition. 4. Population Pyramid: A population pyramid is a graphical representation of population composition. In a population pyramid, the total population is divided into various age groups, e.g. 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, etc. For each age group, the percentage of the total population is subdivided into males and females. 5. Population Pyramid of Kenya: The population pyramid of Kenya is very wide at the bottom and very narrow at the top. This means that while the birth rate is very high; so is the death rate. A larger proportion of people below 15 years of age show that the relative number of dependents is very high in Kenya. 6. Population Pyramid of India: The population pyramid of India shows a wider base but the middle portion of the pyramid is in healthy shape. The top is narrow. This shows that there is sizeable proportion of people in

3 economically productive age group. This is a good sign for the economy of India as the number of dependents is not too much. 7. Population Pyramid of Japan: The population pyramid of Japan shows a wider middle and narrower base and top. This indicates towards a low birth rate and death rate. The relative size of dependent population is less compared to the relative size of population in the economically productive age group. While this is ideal for the present, it does not hold good omen for the future. In future, there would be more elderly and less people in the working age group. Possible questions: Q.1 How does the topography affects the population? Value Points: People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains Plains are suitable for farming, manufacturing and service facilities. The Ganga plains are one of the most densely populated areas Mountains like Andes, Alps, Himalayas are sparsely populated. Q2. What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country? Value Points: studying the population composition. present number of males and females in a country. The age-group distribution of population number of dependents number of economically active individuals. Q3.What is meant by population composition? Value Points: structure of the population. the number of males or female Their age-groups, literacy, occupation their income level and health conditions etc. Q4. The world population has grown very rapidly. Why? Value Points: death rate has gone down birth rate quite high. Q5. Why are people considered a resource? Value Points capabilities they can create new resources. Nature s bounty,people make it useful. an important and potential resource, the society. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:- CHAPTER: AGRICULTURE The transformation of a plant to a finished product is known as material processing. This process involves three types of economic activities; a. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES it includes all those related to extraction and production of natural resources. e.g. Agriculture, fishing etc. b. SECONDARY ACTIVITIES it involves the processing of these resources. Eg. Manufacturing steel, baking of bread etc.

4 c. TERTIARY ACTIVITIES it provides support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. e.g.transport, trade, insurance etc. Q.1 Discuss the different activities involved in the transformation of a plant into finished product. Material processing Primary activities Secondary activities Tertiary activities AGRICULTURE:- 1. The practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products is known as agriculture. 2. Agriculture is a primary activity and more than 50 % of the people in the world are engaged in it. Two third population of our country is dependent upon it for their livelihood. 3. Topography of soil and the climatic conditions are the most important for the production of crop. The land on which crops are grown is known as arable land. Q.2 What do you understand by the term agriculture? Cultivating crops and rearing animals Population dependent upon it for survival Required conditions Arable land FARMING SYSTEM:- Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system: 1. The important inputs are seed, fertilizers, machinery and labour. 2. The processes involved in the agricultural operations are ploughing, soughing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. 3. The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry products. Q.3 Why do we consider agriculture as a farm system? Inputs Processes involved Outputs Subsistence farming is practiced to meet the requirements of a farmers family. The output obtained is less, low level technology and household labour are used to produce it. It can be further classified into: 1. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE (i) In this type of agriculture farming system the farmer cultivates on a small plot of land using simple tools and small labour. (ii) Bright sunshine, favourable climatic conditions and fertile soil permit growing more than one crop annually on the same land.

5 (iii) Major crops grown by this process are rice wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds etc. (iv) It is mostly practiced in thickly populated areas of monsoon regions of south, southeast, east Asia. 2. PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING (i) It includes shifting cultivation and nomadic herding. (ii) Shifting cultivation - (iii) It is practiced in areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. (iv)under this practice a small plot of land is cleared and the trees are cut that are found in this area. (v) these trees are burned and their ashes are mixed with the soil that provides nutrients to the soil. (vi) Further crops like maize, cassava and potatoes are grown on this plot of and cultivation is continued till the time the soil loses its fertility. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivators move to a new plot of land. (vii) This technique is also known as slash and burn and is majorly practiced in thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, southeast Asia and north east India. a) Nomadic herding. It is a practice that entails moving from one place to another with cattle in search of pasture, food, fodder etc.. Herders/ Pastoralists sell their animals to get products that they don't produce, and they also depend on the animals for food.. This type of movement arises in response to climatic constrains and terrain.. Some reared animals are sheep, camel, yak and goats..some products obtained from rearing these animals are milk, meat, wool, hides etc.. This type of herding is practiced in semi arid regions and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia, in India in Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir etc. Q.4 What is subsistence farming? Classify it further to explain its significance. It is practiced to meet the basic requirements of one s family Technology level, count of labours Favourable climatic conditions. Major outputs obtained Places/Regions where it is practiced Ways in which it is practiced Size of plot of land required In commercial farming crops are gown and animals are reared for sale purposes in the market. It is practiced on large areas with the help of modern technology and large number of labours. It can be further classified into : 1. COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING. Commercial grain farming is an extensive and mechanised form of agriculture.. It Is practiced on sparsely populated regions with farms spreading hundreds of hectares.. During winters a single crop can be grown that is wheat.. It is practiced in temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia. 2. MIXED FARMING. It a system of farming which involves the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock.. It is mostly practiced in Europe, New Zealand, South Africa etc. 3. PLANTATIONS. A plantation is a large piece of land where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers.. Single crops like tea, coffee, cotton, cashew, rubber, banana etc. are grown.

6 . The produce is either processed on the farms itself or is produced in the nearby factories and thus a transport network is essential at times.. These type of plantations are mostly practiced in tropical regions like rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India etc. Q.5 Explain Commercial faring and also different ways to practice it. Why is it practiced. Level of technology Count of labours Major outputs obtained. Regions where they are produced. Ways in which it is practiced SUBSISTENCE FARMING It is practiced to meet the needs of farmers family. The level of technology is low. Household labours is used to produce on a small output. It can be classified as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming. COMMERCIAL FARMING In this type of farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in markets. The level of technology is high. Most of the work is done by machines. Most of the work is done by machines to produce on a large scale. It can be classified as commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture Q.6 Differentiate between subsistence and commercial farming. Why is it practiced Level of technology Count of labours Output obtained. Further classification There are a large number of crops grown in the world to meet the growing demand of increasing population. These crops supply raw materials for the agro based industries. Some major crops are: CROP SOIL OTHER CONDITIONS DISTRIBUTION Rice Wheat Millets Alluvial clayey soil Well drained loamy soil Less fertile and sandy soil High temperature, high humidity,less rainfall Moderate temperature, moderate rainfall and bright sunshine Low rainfall and high to moderate temperature China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Egypt USA, Canada, India, Russia, Argentina India, Nigeria, china, Niger

7 Maize Cotton Jute (golden fiber) Coffee Tea Well drained fertile soil Black and alluvial soils Alluvial soil Well drained loamy soil Well drained loamy soil Moderate temperature and rainfall with lots of sunshine High temperature, light rainfall an bright sunshine Height temperature, heavy rainfall, humid climate Warm and wet climate Cool climate and well disturbed high rainfall North America, Brazil, China, Russia China, USA, India,Pakistan India and Bangladesh Brazil, Columbia and India Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka Q.7 What are major crops? Write names of some major crops and define them in a tabular form. What are major crops Why are they practiced Type of soil required Varied climatic conditions necessary Places where they are produced. (i) Agricultural development refers to the efforts made to increase the farm production in order to meet the growing demand of increasing population. (ii) It can be achieved in many ways: (iii)increasing the crop area (iv) Increasing the number of crops grown (v)improving irrigation facilitie (vi) Use of fertilizers (vii)using of high yielding variety of seeds. Mechanization of agriculture should be implemented. Q.8 What is agricultural development? How can it be achieved? What is agricultural development. Why it is produced. Necessary conditions to achieve it. FARMS IN INDIA ( DEVELOPING COUNTRY) FARMS IN USA (DEVELOPED COUNTRY) Generally the farms are small of about 1.5 Generally the farms are big as 250 hectares hectares House of the farmer is in the main village. The farmer generally lives in the farm Major crops grown are wheat, rice and pulses. Major crops grown are corn, soya bean, wheat, cotton etc. The farmer lacks in the storage facilities. The grains are stored in the storage tanks. They are forced to sell their products even when the market is not favourable to them. Their grains if not stored are directly dispatched to market agencies Bullocks and tube wells are used be the The farmer uses tractors, harvesters,

8 farmer for ploughing and irrigating. They practice intensive subsistence agriculture. Farmers are not educated and take advise of friends and elders. combiners for agricultural operations. They practice commercial farming. Farmers are educated and have knowledge of modern equipments. Q.9 Give difference between the agricultural practices of a developing country and a developed country. Size of farms Location of farms Major outputs obtained Availability of facilities Modern technology Type of farming practiced CHAPTER-5 INDUSTRIES Important points: Secondary activities or manufacturing changes raw materials into products of more value to people. E.g. Pulp is changed into paper. Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services. Like: iron industry, coal mining industry etc. Classification of indusries 1) Raw materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based depending on the type of raw materials they use. Agro based industries: use plant and animal based products as their raw materials. E.g. Cotton textiles, leather industries etc. Mineral based industries: are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries. E.g. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based industry Marine based industries: use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples. Forest based industries: utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings. 2) Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries. Small scale: Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. Large scale industries: Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries. 3) Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector. a) Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. b) The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Activity.

9 c) Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry. d) Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For ex: Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS Q1.Classify the types of industries on the basis of ownerships. VALUE POINTS Small scale and large scale industries. Capital occupied Labour count Level of technology Investment Produce obtained Important points: Industrial system- An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it. Industrial regions- emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness Distribution of major industries The world s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. The iron and steel and textile industry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry. 1) Iron and steel industries-the process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages- i) The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting. It is then refined. ii) The output obtained is steel which may be used by other industries as raw material. a) Steel industry in India-Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO).Sakshi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons. This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line. It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a large market b) Steel industry in U.S.A- The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys locational advantages. Some of the raw material such as coal is available locally, while the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh. Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world s best routes for shipping ore cheaply the famous Great Lakes waterway. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS Q2. Differentiate between the mining steel industries of India to that of U.S.A. Location Rivers Location of resources Labour Transportation facilities Access to markets

10 2) Cotton textile industry- Weaving cloth from yarn is an ancient art. Cotton, wool, silk, jute, flax have been used for making cloth. The textile industry can be divided on the basis of raw materials used in them. i) Fibres are the raw material of textile industry. Fibres can be natural or man-made. Natural fibres are obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen and jute. Man-made fibres include nylon, polyester, acrylic and rayon. ii) The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, cotton cloth was made using hand spinning techniques (wheels) and looms. Cotton textile industry in India- Ahmedabad is located in Gujarat on the banks of the Sabarmati river. The first mill was established in It soon became the second largest textile city of India, after Mumbai. Ahmedabad is often referred to as the Manchester of India. Favourable locational factors were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. Cotton textile industry in Japan- Osaka is an important textile centre of Japan, also known as the Manchester of Japan. The textile industry developed in Osaka due to several geographical factors. The extensive plain around Osaka ensured that land was easily available for the growth of cotton mills. Warm humid climate is well suited to spinning and weaving. The river Yodo provides sufficient water for the mills. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS Q3. Justify why was Ahmedabad known as Manchester of India. VALUE POINTS Easy access to water Skilled labour available locally Raw material available locally Port connections for import