Evaluation of New Chemical and Biological Nematicides on Strawberries and Vegetables. Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC

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1 Evaluation of New Chemical and Biological Nematicides on Strawberries and Vegetables Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC Agritech- April 17, 2018

2 Methyl Bromide RIP

3 New fluorine (3-F) nematicides Chemical name Trade name Structure Soil movement / solubility (water) Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat. Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d? Danger Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d? Caution Fluopyram Velum Poor 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI Warning Fluazaindolizine Salibro (reg 20) Medium ppm Medium 30 d? TBD New products are less toxic and more selective true nematicides New modes of action or unknown; Different soil behavior efficacy and application

4 Gall index (0-10) 5/31/2018 Efficacy 3-F nematicides? Tomato root-knot nematode trial GCREC ( ) 4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks a cde cde bc b b bcd e bc de 0 7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 lb 1 lb + Vydate 2 Qt Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 60 gal Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC

5 Plant-parasitic Nematodes in FL strawberry fields 1. Sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus Common in Florida, native 2. Northern root-knot Meloidogyne hapla Less common, probably introduced 3. Northern lesion Pratylenchus penetrans Less common, probably introduced 4. Foliar/Bud nematodes Aphelenchoides spp. Uncommon, probably introduced

6 Strawberry trials GCREC and FSGA farms Pre-plant Treatment Rate/A Application time None Nimitz 7 pt 7 d pre-plant Salibro 1 lb At plant 1 lb At plant + 30 days Velum 6.5 oz At plant UTC K-pam Nimitz 3.5 pt At plant 62.5 gal/acre Salibro d post-plant and 40 d post-plant At plant DAP Velum 6.5 oz d post-plant UTC

7 Nematodes per 200 cc soil 7 Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus longicaudatus) mid and end of strawberry season No significant effect of nematicides or K-pam 200 Mid season Late season pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x0.5 lb x pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None

8 Nematodes per 5 g roots 8 Lesion nematodes in roots mid and end of strawberry season No significant difference for K-pam or nematicide applications mid season late season pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None

9 Fruit yld (kg/plot) Strawberry fruit weight (picks 1-10)± K-pam K-pam No K-pam No difference early season, more fruit later in K-pam beds (disease control) Overall K-pam-fumigated rows yielded higher than non-fumigated rows No effect of nematicides on total yield

10 5/31/2018 Impact on non-plant-parasitic nematodes in soil? Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e) omnivore.

11 # nematodes/200 cc soil 11 Fungivorous nematodes with/without K-pam, strawberry FSGA, 2016/ early (P<0.01) mid (P<0.01) late (P=0.05) K-pam No K-pam Fumigants reduce non-parasitic nematode levels 3-F nematicides are more selective less impact on non-parasitic nematodes

12 12 Organic / Biological Nematicides New Majestene Bacterial toxins, Burkholderia spp. Dazitol Capsacin (Capsicum) and allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil) Melocon NemaKill Nematode parasitc fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus Cinnamon, clove and thyme oil

13 13 Two on farm nematicide rescue trials March-April 2017: (1) cantaloupe double crop after strawberry, Dover FL Northern root-knot nematode! 7 pts 7 days pre-plant 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant Vydate and Majestene 1 day preplant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal Root galls after 6 and 8 weeks

14 Gall Index (0-10) 14 Nematode infection on double-crop cantaloupe, Dover, FL, 2017, M. hapla, northern root-knot 6 M. hapla root gall ratings on Cantaloupe 5 a 40 days 60 days 4 ab 3 a a b ab b b 2 ab b 1 0 Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz

15 5/31/2018 (2) cucumber(pickle) double crop after cucumber, Plant City High level of Javanese root-knot nematode (M. javanica) Applied Nimitz, Velum, Vydate, Majestene, Dazitol and Nemakill thru drip

16 Gall Index (GI) (0-10) 16 Nematode infection on double-crop cucumber, Plant City, FL, 2017 M. javanica Javanese root-knot M. javanica Gall Ratings Cucumber, BG Farm, Plant City, 2017 a ab ab 6 ab ab ab 5 4 c Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Dazitol Vydate

17 Conclusions 5/31/ F nematicides and biologicals are less toxic and safer to use no more danger label 3-F nematicides good efficacy on root-knot nematodes, more data needed from strawberry (sting and lesion nematodes) More selective true nematicides less impact on non-parasitic nematode feeding groups NOT REPLACEMENTS FOR SOIL FUMIGANTS Biological nematicides are under further investigation

18 Fruit weight (kg) per plot Total strawberry fruit weight ( 10 picks) for different nematicides (± K-pam) pt 6.5 oz 0.5 lb 0.5 lb x 0.5 lb x pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None No effect of nematicides on total yield

19 Gall index (0-10) 20 Infection rate of temperate (M. hapla) vs tropical (M. javanica) rootknot nematode (tomato greenhouse test with field soil, GCREC, 2017) M. hapla M. javanica Dazitol Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Vydate After 60 days: 4,000 nematode eggs per plant (M. hapla) vs 300,000 eggs per plant (M. javanica)