INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM IS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE IN AGRICULTURE WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING AT FARM LEVEL By NURPILIHAN BAFDAL ** *Paper Presented on International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development; Purwokerto, 2013 **Dosen Fakultas Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran 1

2 Abstract. In general the water requirement of low land rice such as paddy needs more water 1 liter/second/ha on his growth, but the planning for the improvement of the development of irrigation should be different to the historical kind of agricultural uses, environment such as soil physics, the size of land climate conditions especially rainfall, growing stage period and paddy varieties. In Asia countries the traditional form of agricultural water used still exist. Traditional way of irrigation water management on farm level for low land rice is countinos flooding water with 8-15 cm depth during whole paddies growth. This type could make finite amount of water area and needs high amount of water. On farm level should introduce a technology which is low amount of water for low land rice. Nurpilihan (2000) was carried out experiment and obtain that the direct seeding plantation rice system (DPRS), with various water flooding treatment should contribute to improve irrigation from paddies stage. The objective of the study were to determine the effect of varying flooding depths of the stages (vegetative and reproductive) with direct seeding plantation rice system on respon water use efficiency. se of paddy yield, number of tillers, paddy height and Results of the study showed that: 1. The number of tillers under all treatment were found decreasing after 78 days after transplanting. More number of tiller (68,3) were observed in treatment A1 while least number of tillers were found at treatment A4 with 28 days after transplanting. 2. All treatment resulted in different amount of growth paddy yield but no significantly effect between flooding irrigated water on paddy yield 3. The treatment A3 gave the highest per liter of water used (0,770 gram). Water used efficiency shallow flooded treatment was higher while treatment lowest return per liter of water used (0,550 gram) A5 gave the 4. Muddy condition during whole paddy growth could give available water and show significant effect for all treatment, so muddy condition good technology to introduced for the farmers. Key word: Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System (DSPRS); muddy condition 2

3 I. INTRODUCTION Paddy (Oryza sativa) is dominantly on Asia crop, which is requires an effective water management practice during its growth periode. In the Asia region, Indonesia is one of the major paddy producing country,although the average yield reported is only 5 ton/ha. One of reasoning the low yield is due to the inadequate supply of water; hence in order to maximize the production and irrigation water application system as a whole, researcher should be found of new plantation rice system such as effective water management. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to the soil for the purpose of increased crop production. In many parts of the world the amount and timing of rainfall are inadequate and inappropriate to meet the moisture requirement of crops, and irrigation becomes essential to raise crops near to their maximum yield in such areas. The demand for water in various sectors is increasing day by day, due the climate change water is no longer considered to be an unlimited resources, so its efficient utilization in agriculture demands very careful study. In general the water requirement of low land rice such as paddy needs 1 litre/second/ha, but the planning for the improvement of the development of irrigation should be different to the historical kind of agricultural uses, environment such as soil physics, the size of land, climate conditions especially rainfall, growing stage periode and paddy varieties. Indonesia have two season; these are wet season and dry season.during the dry season, irrigation water availability is limited for crop production so the efficient and judicous use of this water is neccesary in order to get maximum crop yields. For the optimum paddy growth needs to optimise the allocation of water and reducing the amount of water needed for irrigation efficiency with create new technology of water conservation engineering that are available for low land rice. Nurpilihan (2000), was carried out the reseach on Study of The Influence of Water Flooding to the Growth, Yield and Water Management of Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System 3

4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Water Requirement For Low Land Rice Generally in the dry season the water requirements of paddy growth are higher. Williams (1999) reported that a normal paddy crop of 4,5 ton/ha yield with an irrigation periode of 100 days consumed on an average 6,5 mm/day of water by transpiration. The yield increased to 7,5 ton/ha when transpiration was recorded as 10,5 mm/day; while if transpiration decline to 1,4 mm/ha when the yield decreased to 1 ton/ha. Surface irrigation is used 100% of the low land rice in the Asia countries, because surface irrigation has lower initial cost, lower energy demand, but generally higher water use, and higher labor requirements. Runn of and deep percolation of water often cause low application efficiencies with surface irrigation system. More efficient surface irrigation application methodes are needed for good water management. De Datta (1999), has reported that the water requirement of IR8 (the paddy variety) found in experiments conducted at the IRRI with different water management practice, 600 t0 800 mm of water was consumed during days of field duration (from transplanting to crop maturity); and when flooding standing depth 2,5 to 7,5 cm was maintained. The experiment showed that no difference in yield between 2,5 to 7,5 cm of flooding standing depth of water. Water use efficiency was lower (0.6 g/l) at 150 mm as compared to water use efficiency at shallow flooding (1.2 g/l). Continuous flooding irrigation, which may be useful when the irrigation water temperature is higher, the environmental requirements of the evapotranspiration (ET) and seepage, percolation losses were similar to static flooding at the same depth. During the wet season total use for rainfed paddy was about half (457 mm) of that with 100 mm of continuous flooding (803 mm). Percolation losses were considerably lower under rainfed conditions (Lohani, 1982). Evapotranspiration rates were found to be high due to higher temperatures. 4

5 2.2. Growth Stages of Paddy De Datta (1999), has divided the development of paddy into three stages, these are: (i). The vegetative stage This stage starts with the germination of rice seeds. The periode from emergence untill just before the appearence of the fist tiller in defined as seedling stage. This stage is followed by tillering stage. The increase in number of tiller continuous up to a certain point designated as the maximum tillers number stage. After the maximum tiller number stage, some tillers die and the number of tillers declines. (ii). The reproductive stage This stage begins just before or just after maximum tillering stage. At this stage, the panicle becomes visible and panicle development starts. The latter of panicle development is referred as booting. Flowering occurs about 25 days after visual panicle initation regardless of paddy varieties. Flowering continuous successively until most spikelets in the panicle have bloomed. (iii). The Ripening Stage During this stage, the development of paddy grain occurs. In the tropics climate, the repening stage taken days regardless of paddy varieties. Ripening stage involves milk grain stage; dough grain stage and mature grain stage. At milk grain stage, the content of the grain is a liquid which can be squeezed out. In dough grain stage the milky portion if the grain turns fist into a soft and later a hard dough. The colour of grain changes from green to yellow during mature grain stage.this stage completes until % of the filled spikeletes have turn yellow. Matsushima (1992), reported that the paddy crops is most sensitive to moisture stress from 20 days before heading and to 10 days after heading. During the reproduction stage of the paddy crops, a large amount of water is consumed which indicates that the paddy is sensitive to moisture stress during reproductive growth. 5

6 III. Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System In Asia countries the traditional form of agricultural water used still exist. Traditional way of irrigation water management on farm level for low land rice is continuous flooding water with 8 15 cm depth during whole paddies growth. A representative type is of plot to plot irrigation which is characterized on mutual water use. This type could make finite amount of water area and needs a high amount of water. Nurpilihan (2000), noted that direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) is a rice planting system in low land rice without any nursery seeding. Researchers have been developed DSPRS because it enables to manage the used of water efficiently, on other hand it could also keep available water conservation sustainable during whole rice plant growth. Direct seeding plantation rice system with various water flooding treatments should could contribute to improve water use efficiency to sustainability. The new technology of DSPRS could conserved irrigated from paddies stage. The significantly different between transplanting system of rice with DSPRS is a efficiency apply of water especially at nursery stage. DSPRS could safe of irrigated water on stage nursery paddy bed, because days of paddy growth less 20 to 40 days, depend on paddy varieties. Widyantoro and Ardjasa (1999) reported that application DSPRS could safe water 21% while production rise 25%. DSPRS suitable for low land rice with smooth land with muddy irrigated condition. The advantage this system are to protect paddy seed, weeds growth and efficiency of water irrigated. Nurpilihan (2000), noted that two advantages of DSPRS, these are: 1. Could safe Irrigated water for nursery bed more less 20%, and 2. Muddy conditions good enough to supply water requirement during whole paddies growth and could conserved 50 to 60% irrigation water, but still give the best results of paddy yield. DSPRS needs intensive management, especially to make a muddy condition and to protect seed from flooding depth of water. necessary to through out exceeds water. Design of open channel at paddy field areas 6

7 Table 1 showed the different between DSPRS with intensification of paddy growth on paddy yield. Table 1 : Different Between DSPRS With TAPIN on Paddy Yield Varies Treatments Treatments Paddy Yield (Kg/ha) DSPRS TAPIN P * P * P tn P ** TAPIN : Intensification of Paddy Growth 3.1. DSPRS (selected case study for water conservation engineering in agriculture at farm level) Objective of The Study The objective of the study were to determine the effect of varying flooding depths of the stages (vegetative and reproductive) with direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) on responses of paddy yield, number of tillers, paddy height, and water use efficiency Methods Nurpilihan (2000),was carried out the experiment: The Influence of Water Flooding to the Growth, Yield and Water Efficiency of Rice on DSPRS. The experiment was carried out from September at Sukamandi of low land rice Membramo variety at West Java Indonesia. The altitude 10 meters above sea levels. The experimental design was Randomized Block Design with four replication. The experimented treatments were water flooding (A), the irrigation treatment consisted of continuous flooding depth of water and muddy conditions with varies of paddy crop stages these are: a1: continuous flooding with 2-3 cm standing depth of water a2: muddy condition (0 1 cm water depth) a3: muddy condition on vegetative stage, continuous flooding with 2 3 cm standing depth of water on reproductive phase and muddy condition on maturing stage a4 : muddy condition on vegetative and reproductive stage and continuous flooding with 2-3 cm standing depth of water on maturing stage 7

8 a5 : continuous flooding with 2-3 cm muddy condition on reproductive until maturing stage Results and Discussion A. Paddy Plant Height standing depth of water on vegetative stage and Measured of plant height will start when paddy growth is 28 days after planted and with 10 days interval. Table 2 below showed the effect between flooding standing depth water of DSPRS with days after planting on heights of paddy. Table 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights of Paddy Crops of Varies Days After Planting. Treatments Heights of Paddy Crop 28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 DAP A1 54,32 a 65,32 a 76,4 a 84,25 a 94,8 a 96,85 a 95,5 a 95,15 a A2 47,97 c 55,97 b 63,52 c 70,97 c 78,02 c 81,7 c 82,95 c 84,45 c A3 51,2 b 55,97 b 62,6 c 67,87 d 77,07 c 82,3 c 84,65 c 84,47 bc A4 44,62 d 51,02 c 58,05 d 62,37 c 69,1 b 73,5 d 75,4 d 77,07 d A5 54,8 a 65,5 a 71,67 b 78,47 b 85,25 d 87,37 b 87,9 b 87,97 b Note: The mean values of heights of paddy crop not followed by the same small letters are significantly defferent of test level at 5 % of Duncan test. Figure 1 below showed chart of the effect between flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on heights of paddy crops of varies days after planting. Figure 1: The Effect Between Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights of Paddy Crop of Varies Days After Planting. Plant height were different in all treatments and periode stage of paddy crop. Taller plants were noticed in treatnebt A1 (96,85 cm) with 78 days after planting; were observed 8

9 in continuous flooded with 2-3 cm standing depth of water(treatment A1) and shorted plants ( 44,62 cm) were noticed in treatment A4 with 28 days after planting. The results from Table 2 showed that flooding irrigated water give not significantly effected after reproductive stage of paddy height; while on vegetative stage of paddy showed high water requirements. B. Number of Tiller Results showed that were significantly the effect of flooding standing depth water on number of tillers with DSPRS (Table 3 below): Table 3 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers of Varies Days After Planting. Treatments The Number of Tillers 28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 APD A b 49.4 ab 54.6 a 60.7 a 68.3 a 65.7 a 63.3 a 65.7 a A b 46.5 bc 49.4 b 51.9 b 56.1 b 64.7 bc 54.4 b 64.2 a A b 47.3 bc 49.6 b 53.6 b 57.5 b 55.5 b 55.2 b 55.8 a A b 45.0 c 47.6 b 49.3 b 50.7 c 52.1 c 50.3 c 48.7 b A a 51.6 a 52.8 a 63.7 a 66.7 a 65.9 a 61.2 a 50.2 a Note : The mean values of number of tillers not followed by the same small letters are significantly different of test level 5% of Duncan test. Figure 2 below showed the effect of flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on number of tillers of varies days after planting. Figure 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers of Varies Days After Planting 9

10 The number of tillers of paddy plants were observed increasing upto 38 days after transplanting (Tabel 3). The number of tillers under all treatments were found decreasing after 78 days after transplanting and it continued upto 98 days after transplanting. More number of tiller (68.3) were observed in treatment A1 while least number of tiller were found at treatment A4 with 28 days after transplanting. At harvest stage all treatments had almost equal number of tillers and were significant effect except treatment A4.. C. Grain Yield No significantly effect between flooding irrigated water on grain paddy yield of all treatments. Table 4 showed that effect of flooding irrigated water with DSPRS on paddy yield as below: grain Table 4. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield/Plot (gram) Treatments Grain Paddy Yield /plot (gram) A a A a A a A a A a Note: The mean values of paddy yield not followed by the same small letters are significantly different of test level at 5% of Duncan test. All treatments resulted in different amount of grain paddy yield but no significantly effect between flooding irrigated water on paddy yield. Although no significantly effect of paddy grain yield of all treatment but the yield under treatment A4 was 5895 gram which was highest among all treatments, were the least paddy grain yield was found under treatment A5 (5165 gram).the problems are could the farmers good enough skills to apply irrigated water to the paddy fields as the all treatments?; and could the farmers knows the correlation between scheduling of irrigation with the critical mass of paddy stages?. The experts and researchers should give special attentions to the new technology such as DSPRS; paddy growing stages and water application training to farmers especially for low land rice s farmers. 10

11 Figure 3 below showed the effect of flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on grain paddy yield. Figure 3: The Effect Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield D. Water Used Efficiency Water used efficiency is a ratio between grain paddy yield/ plot (gram) with total water requirements for experiment per plots (liter) Water used efficiency = Paddy yields (grams) Total water requirement/plot (liters) The treatment A3 gave the higest per litre of water used (0,770 gram). Water used efficiency shallow flooded treatment was higher while the treatment A5 gave the lowest return per litre of water used (0,550 gram). Muddy condition during whole paddy growth could give available water and showed non significantly effect for all treatments, so muddy conditions good way to introduced for the farmers (Table 5). Table 5: The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency Treatment Water Used Efficiency (gram/liter) A1 0,410 c A2 0,825 a A3 0,770 ab A4 0,665 ab A5 0,550 bc Note: The mean values of water used efficiency not followed by the same small letters are significantly different of test level at 5% of Duncan test. 11

12 Figure 4 below showed the effect flooding standing depth water of DSPRS on water used efficiency. Figure 4 : Chart the Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency IV. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1. Conclusions 1. Direct seeding plantation rice system (DSPRS) responses of paddy yield, number of tillers, paddy height, and water efficiency and also effect of varying flooding depths of paddy growing stages such as vegetative and reproductive 2. The methode with 0-1 cm flooding depth or muddy condition results in best yield of rice, and become an alternative better way for an efficient water management on paddy field especially during dry season when water resources is stricly limited. 3. Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is one of altenative way in which could conserved the water supply to the minimum volume of water requirement of low land rice. It could also keep available a water conservation sustainable during whole paddies growth. 4. No significantlly effect between flooding standing depth water with muddy condition on grain paddy yields (Tabel 4).So if farmers have a good enough skill to determine paddy periode stages, better applied a muddy condition compared with flooding standing depth water at paddies field. 12

13 5. The treatment A2 gave a highest grain per litre of water used (0,825 gram/litre) while the treatments of A3 (0,770 gram/litre) and A4 (0,665 gram/litre) gave a non significantly effect on water used efficiency. So treatment A2 is one of alternative ways ia agriculture water management engineering at paddy field especially during dry season Recomendations 1. Agricultural reseachers need to create and desimination a new technology for low land rice based on high water used efficiency 2. In the future governments in Asia countries need to sets autonomous local policy of allocating water especially agriculture, industry and community sectors maybe the best methods of allocating water is to price them in the most economically efficient ways. 3. Without any effort and awareness of the government and water users, the sustainability water conservation engineering will disappear in the year References De Datta, SK., Principles and Practices of Rice Production. John Willey & Son. New York. Matsushima, S.,1992. The Stage of Water Resources Development and The Macro Classification of the Existing irrigation in Japan. Seminar Paper on Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Indonesia. Nurpilihan B., The Influence of Water Flooding to The Growth, Yield and Water Efficiency of Rice on Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System. Research Report ; Agriculture Industrial Technology Faculty of Padjadjaran University, West Java Indonesia. 13

14 Nurpilihan B,., Estimation of water Requirement of Evavotranspiration by Using Models Penman; Radiation; Blaney Criddle and Pan Evaporation. Thesis Master of Agriculture Engineering. AIT s Library Bangkok Thailand. Widyantoro and Ardjasa Development of Direct Seed Plantation Rice System. Seminar Paper in Aplication of Technology Packet, Bandar Lampung Indonesia. Suzuki, and Nurpilihan B., 1992., Water Requirements of Low Land Rice at Babakan Siliwangi West Java Indonesia. Joint Research Between Universitas Padjadjaran and Public Services West Java Indonesia. 14

15 DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM IS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE IN AGRICULTURE WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING AT FARM LEVEL BY: NURPILIHAN BAFDAL

16 PADDY (Oryza sativa) IS PREDOMINANTLY ON ASIA CROP NEED FLOODING STANDING WATER WITH 8-15 cm DEPTH IN GENERAL WATER REQUIREMENT OF LOW LAND RICE 1 LITRE/SEC/HA DEPEND OF ENVIRONMENT INADEQUATED SUPPLY OF WATER WILL IMPACT OF LOW YIELD IRRIGATION IS THE ARTIFICIAL SUPPLY OF WATER FOR THE PURPOSE OF INCREASED OF PADDY PRODUCTION

17 SURFACE IRRIGATION IS USED 100% OF THE LOW LAND RICE IN THE ASIA COUNTRIES - LOWER INITIAL COST - LOWER ENERGY DEMAND - HIGHER WATER USE - HIGHER LABOR REQUIREMENTS EFFICIENT SURFACE IRRIGATION APPLICATION METHODS ARE NEEDEN FOR GOOD WATER MANAGEMENT

18 DIRECT SEED PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM (DSPRS) IS A RICE PLANTING SYSTEM IN LOW LAND RICE WITHOUT ANY NURSERY SEEDING ENABLES TO MANAGE THE USED OF WATER EFFICIENCY WITH VARIOUS WATER FLOODING TREATMENTS AND GROWTH STAGE OF PADDY COULD CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVE WATER USE EFFICIENCY

19 DSPRS COULD SAFE OF IRRIGATED WATER ON STAGE NURSERY PADDY BED PADDY GROWTH LESS 20 TO 40 DAYS SAFE WATER 21% PRODUCTION RISE 25%

20 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WERE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF VARYING FLOODING DEPTHS OF THE STAGES (VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE) WITH DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM (DSPRS) ON RESPONSES OF PADDY YIELD, NUMBER OF TILLERS, PADDY HEIGHT, AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY

21 RESEARCH OF DSPRS EXPERIMENT DESIGN TREATMENTS: - FLOODING WATER DEPTH - GROWTH STAGE OF PADY A 1 : CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm DEPTH A 2 : MUDDY CONDITION (0-1 cm DEPTH) A3: MUDDY CONDITION ON VEGETATIVE STAGE CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm DEPTH ON REPRODUCTIVE STAGE AND A4: MUDDY CONDITION ON MATURING STAGE A5: MUDDY CONDITION ON VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE STAGE ANG CONTINUOUS FLOODING 2-3 cm ON MATURING STAGE

22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS PADDY PLANT HEIGHT Table 2. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights of Paddy Crops of Varies Days After Planting. Treatments Heights of Paddy Crop 28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 DAP A1 54,32 a 65,32 a 76,4 a 84,25 a 94,8 a 96,85 a 95,5 a 95,15 a A2 47,97 c 55,97 b 63,52 c 70,97 c 78,02 c 81,7 c 82,95 c 84,45 c A3 51,2 b 55,97 b 62,6 c 67,87 d 77,07 c 82,3 c 84,65 c 84,47 bc A4 44,62 d 51,02 c 58,05 d 62,37 c 69,1 b 73,5 d 75,4 d 77,07 d A5 54,8 a 65,5 a 71,67 b 78,47 b 85,25 d 87,37 b 87,9 b 87,97 b

23 Figure 1. The Effect Between Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Heights of Paddy Crop of Varies Days After Planting. TALLER PLANTS HEIGHT (96,85 cm) WITH 68 DAYS DAP WITH CONTINUOUS FLOODED 2-3 cm. SHORTED PLANTS HEIGHT (44,62 cm) IN TREATMENT A4

24 NUMBER OF TILLER Table 3. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers of Varies Days After Planting. Treatments The Number of Tillers 28 DAP 38 DAP 48 DAP 58 DAP 68 DAP 78 DAP 88 DAP 98 APD A b 49.4 ab 54.6 a 60.7 a 68.3 a 65.7 a 63.3 a 65.7 a A b 46.5 bc 49.4 b 51.9 b 56.1 b 64.7 bc 54.4 b 64.2 a A b 47.3 bc 49.6 b 53.6 b 57.5 b 55.5 b 55.2 b 55.8 a A b 45.0 c 47.6 b 49.3 b 50.7 c 52.1 c 50.3 c 48.7 b A a 51.6 a 52.8 a 63.7 a 66.7 a 65.9 a 61.2 a 50.2 a

25 Figure 2 : The Effect of Flooding Standing Water of DSPRS on Number of Tillers of Varies Days After Planting THE NUMBER OF TILLER INCREASING 38 DAYS DAP; DECREASING AFTER 78 DAP. MORE NUMBER OF TILLER (68,3) TREATMENT A1 WHILE LEAST NUMBER OF TILLER WERE FOUND A4 (28 DAP)

26 GRAIN YIELD Table 4. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield/Plot (gram) Treatments A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Grain Paddy Yield /plot (gram) 5820 a 5330 a 5510 a 5895 a 5165 a

27 Figure 3. Effect Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Grain Paddy Yield NO SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECT BETWEEN FLOODING IRRIGATED WATER ON GRAIN PADDY YIELD

28 WATER USED EFFICIENCY Table 5. The Effect of Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency Treatment A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Water Used Efficiency (gram/liter) 0,410 c 0,825 a 0,770 ab 0,665 ab 0,550 bc

29 Figure 4. Chart the Flooding Standing Depth Water of DSPRS on Water Used Efficiency TREATMENT A3 GAVE HIGHEST WATER USE EFFICIENCY (0,770 GRAM) WHILE TREATMENT A5 GAVE THE LOWEST RETURN PER LITRE OF WATER USED (0,550 GRAM)

30 CONCLUSION 1. DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM (DSPRS) RESPONSES OF PADDY YIELD, NUMBER OF TILLERS, PADDY HEIGHT, AND WATER EFFICIENCY AND ALSO EFFECT OF VARYING FLOODING DEPTHS OF PADDY GROWING STAGES SUCH AS VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE 2. THE METHODE WITH 0-1 CM FLOODING DEPTH OR MUDDY CONDITION RESULTS IN BEST YIELD OF RICE, AND BECOME AN ALTERNATIVE BETTER WAY FOR AN EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT ON PADDY FIELD ESPECIALLY DURING DRY SEASON WHEN WATER RESOURCES IS STRICLY LIMITED

31 CONCLUSION 3. DIRECT SEEDING PLANTATION RICE SYSTEM IS ONE OF ALTERNATIVE WAY IN WHICH COULD CONSERVED THE WATER SUPPLY TO THE MINIMUM VOLUME OF WATER REQUIREMENT OF LOW LAN RICE. IT COULD ALSO KEEP AVAILABLE A WATER CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE DURING WHOLE PADDIES GROWTH 4. NO SIGNIFICANTLLY EFFECT BETWEEN FLOODING STANDING DEPTH WATER WITH MUDDY CONDITION ON GRAIN PADDY YIELDS (TABEL 4). SO IF FARMERS HAVE A GOOD ENOUGH SKILL TO DETERMINE PADDY PERIODE STAGES, BETTER APPLIED A MUDDY CONDITION COMPARED WITH FLOODING STANDING DEPTH WATER AT PADDIES FIELD.

32 RECOMENDATION 1. AGRICULTURAL RESEACHERS NEED TO CREATE AND DESIMINATION A NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW LAND RICE BASED ON HIGH WATER USED EFFICIENCY. 2. WITHOUT ANY EFFORT AND AWARENESS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND WATER USERS, THE SUSTAINABILITY WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING WILL DISAPPEAR IN THE YEAR IN THE FUTURE GOVERMENTS IN ASIA COUNTRIES NEED TO SETS AUTONOMOUS LOCAL POLICY OF ALLOCATING WATER ESPECIALLY AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMUNITY SECTORS MAYBE THE BEST METHODS OF ALLOCATING WATER IS TO PRICE THEM IN THE MOST ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT WAYS.

33 THANK YOU