New Rice Varieties for Whole Crop Silage Use in Japan

Transcription

1 Breeding Science 53 : (2003) Note New Rice Varieties for Whole Crop Silage Use in Japan Makoto Sakai* 1,3), Shuichi Iida, Hideo Maeda, Yoshihiro Sunohara, Hiroshi Nemoto and Tokio Imbe National Institute of Crop Science, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, , Nishifukatsu, Fukuyama, Hiroshima , Japan 3) Present address: Aomori Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 183 Osaka, Osaka, Towada, Aomori , Japan Key Words: rice, variety, whole crop silage, feed, Hoshiaoba, Kusanohoshi, Kusahonami. Rice consumption has been decreasing in Japan, and rice production has been restricted to balance between supply and demand of rice since the 1970s. The area of the paddy fields without rice cropping reached to 900,000 ha in On the other hand, the of self-sufficient food supply is only 40 % on a calorie basis in Japan. Furthermore, 75 % of the domestic demand of feed for livestock is imported from overseas. This striking shortage of selfsufficient supply against demand of feed causes serious problems in the livestock industry, such as damage to environment by waste feces and urine or increasing risk of livestock diseases through imported feed. The enhancement of selfsufficient feed supply and establishment of a recycling system between the livestock industry and agriculture are strongly required to solve these problems. Cultivation of forage crop in excess paddy fields is considered as a promising way to enhance feed supply. Trials of rice cultivation for feed in excess paddy fields have been conducted since 1970s. But the cost was too high for commercial production using grain of rice varieties for food. Whole crop silage (WCS) is one of the ways for efficient utilization of farm products as livestock feed. Recently the production of rice for WCS is markedly increasing in Japan. The area of paddy cropping for WCS reached 3,300 ha in The breeding of rice varieties for WCS has rarely been conducted in Japan. Exceptionally, a few rice varieties were developed for this purpose in 1980s such as Hamasari (Niwayama et al. 1988) and Hoshiyutaka (Sakai et al. 1989), but these varieties were rarely extended for commercial use. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan started a research project in 1999 to utilize rice as WCS. One of the main objectives of this project is to develop rice varieties for WCS use with high productivity and suitable for low-cost production. Institutes belonging to the National Agriculture Research Organization have been Communicated by K. Okuno Received December 11, Accepted March 3, *Corresponding author ( msakai@affrc.go.jp) carrying out programs for breeding WCS rice varieties. The characteristics of rice varieties required for WCS are not the same as those required for staple food. For example, high productivity of the whole plant including leaves, culms and grain is more important than grain weight compared to the varieties for food. Multiple resistances to disease and insect pests are also necessary to reduce chemical application. As a result of this project, three new rice varieties for WCS use, namely, Hoshiaoba, Kusanohoshi and Kusahonami (the new WCS varieties) were developed in In this note, we describe the breeding process and main traits of these new WCS varieties. Breeding process of the new WCS varieties The genealogies of Hoshiaoba, Kusanohoshi and Kusahonami are shown in Fig. 1. Hoshiaoba was selected from the pedigrees of a cross between Tashukei 174 (designated as Chugoku 113 later) and Hokuriku 130 (Oochikara). Kusanohoshi was selected from a cross between Tashukei 175 and Akenohoshi. Kusahonami was selected from a cross between Akenohoshi and Chugoku 113. Common parental lines of Hoshiaoba, Kusanohoshi and Kusahonami are Chugoku 113 (Tashukei 174) and Tashukei 175, which are sister lines derived from the same cross between Korean varieties and Japanese ones. These lines are characterized by their long erect upper leaves, long thick culms and panicles with dense setting of grains. Hokuriku 130, another parent of Hoshiaoba is a highyielding early variety with extra large grains (Kobayashi et al. 1990). Akenohoshi, another parent of Kusanohoshi and Kusahonami is a high-yielding variety with numerous grains of panicle (Kaneda 1986). The objectives of the crosses were to introduce high productivity from Indica ancestors, stability of production from Japonica ancestors and large sink size from parents with extra large grains or numerous grains of panicle. The crosses of Hoshiaoba and Kusanohoshi were carried out at the National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region (WeNARC) in In 1995, promising breeding lines were designated as Chugoku 146 and Chugoku 147, and their local adaptability evaluated. The cross of Kusahonami was also conducted at WeNARC in After the F 2 generation, the selection for the progenies of the cross was carried out at the National Institute of Crop

2 272 Sakai, Iida, Maeda, Sunohara, Nemoto and Imbe Science (NICS). In 2000, one of promising breeding line was designated as Kanto-shi 206 and its local adaptability evaluated. In 2002, Kanto-shi 206, Chugoku 146 and Chugoku 147 were recognized for their superior productivity as a whole crop, and then officially registered as Paddy Rice Norin 378, Paddy Rice Norin 379 and Paddy Rice Norin 380 in MAFF and named Kusahonami, Hoshiaoba and Kusanohoshi, respectively. Fig. 1. Genealogies of the new WCS varieties. A parental line derived from IR667-98/3/Hoyoku/Mudgo// Kochikaze/4/Nakate-shinsenbon. A Korean semi-dwarf Indica variety. 3) A line with extra-large grain. Agronomic characters of the new WCS varieties These three varieties are characterized by their long erect upper leaf, long and thick culm and less tillering, compared to ordinary Japanese varieties (Table 1 and Fig. 2a, b, c). Their unique statue may be inherited from Indica ancestors. Their plant type is classified into extra-heavy panicle type with long culm. They showed superior yielding ability either as a whole crop or as grain to control varieties in yield trials at the breeding s (Table 3), by local adaptability tests or regional trials (Fig. 3). They also showed high productivity under direct seeding conditions (Table 4). In spite of their long culm, they have high lodging resistance in both transplanting (Table and direct seeding conditions (Table. They show true resistance to blast disease, but their field resistance to blast has not been evaluated. The new WCS varieties are also resistant to rice stripe virus. Table 1. Agronomic traits of the new WCS varieties under transplanting WeNARC WeNARC Heading Maturing Days of maturing Culm Panicle No. of panicles per unit area (No./m 2 ) Lodging degree Hoshiaoba Nipponbare (cont.) Kusanohoshi Nipponbare (cont.) Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi NICS Kusahonami Nipponbare (cont.) Hamasari Lodging degree was 0 for standing and 5 for lodged. Table 2. Agronomic traits of the new WCS varieties under direct seeding Seeding condition WeNARC Upland Heading Maturing Days of maturing Culm Panicle No. of panicles per unit area (No./m 2 ) Lodging degree Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi Nipponbare (cont.) Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi NICS Paddy Kusahonami Nipponbare (cont.) Hamasari Lodging degree was 0 for standing and 5 for lodged.

3 New rice varieties for whole crop silage use 273 Fig. 2. Plant type of the new WCS varieties. Varieties were cultivated at NICS in 2000 under transplanting. a: Hoshiaoba, b: Kusanohoshi, c: Kusahonami Fig. 3. Whole crop yield of the new WCS varieties by local adaptability tests or regional trials. Harvesting stages are from yellow-ripe stage to maturing stage. was expressed as air-dried weight or as oven-dried weight. The maturities of Hoshiaoba, Kusanohoshi and Kusahonami are classified into medium, late, and medium late, respectively in the temperate region of Japan. The adaptable regions of the new WCS varieties are as follows. Honshu excluding northern part of Tohoku region for Hoshiaoba. Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu excluding Tohoku and Hokuriku regions for Kusanohoshi. Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu excluding Tohoku region for Kusahonami. Other agronomic traits of each variety are as follows. Hoshiaoba is a large grain variety with a grain weight of brown rice of 30 mg (Table 3 and Table 4). Its heading is similar to that of Nipponbare (a standard Japanese

4 274 Sakai, Iida, Maeda, Sunohara, Nemoto and Imbe rice variety in the temperate region of Japan), and its maturing is 6 days later than that of Nipponbare under transplanting conditions at WeNARC (Table. It has a yield as a whole crop and as brown rice of 112 % and 129 % of those of Nipponbare, respectively (Table 3). Hoshiaoba is estimated to possess resistance genes Pib and Pita-2 to blast disease. Its resistance to bacterial leaf blight is classified into medium. Its shattering habit is classified into moderately hard. It is not suitable for cooked rice due to its poor grain appearance and eating quality. Kusanohoshi is characterized by extremely numerous setting of grain per panicle. Its heading and maturing are 13 days and 20 days later than those of Nipponbare, respectively, under transplanting condition at WeNARC (Table. It has a yield as a whole crop and as brown rice of 120 % and 126 % of those of Nipponbare, respectively (Table 3). Kusanohoshi is estimated to possess resistance genes Pib and Pita-2 to blast disease. Its resistance to bacterial leaf blight is classified into resistant. Its shattering habit is classified into hard. It is not suitable for cooked rice due to its poor grain appearance and eating quality. The plant type of Kusahonami is similar to that of Kusanohoshi, and its panicles have numerous setting of grains. Its heading and maturing are 9 days and 18 days later than those of Nipponbare, respectively, under transplanting condition at NICS (Table. It has a yield as a whole crop and as brown rice of 119 % and 133 % of those of Nipponbare, respectively (Table 3). Kusahonami is highly resistant to blast disease with unknown resistance genes. Its resistance to bacterial leaf blight is classified into moderately resistant. Its shattering habit is classified into hard, and its leaf and hull are glabrous. Its grain appearance is poor, though eating quality of cooked rice is comparable to that of Nipponbare. Feeding value of the new WCS varieties Total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents in the whole crop of the new WCS varieties are about 60 % (dry matter basis, harvested at yellow-ripe stage) by the near-infrared spectroscopic analysis (NIR). Digestible crude protein (DCP) contents in the whole crop of them ranged from 4.9 % to 6.5 % (dry matter basis, harvested at yellow-ripe stage) by Table 3. ing ability of the new WCS varieties under transplanting WeNARC WeNARC of whole crop (kg/a) (whole crop) of brown rice (kg/a) (brown rice) Grain weight (mg) Hoshiaoba Nipponbare (cont.) Kusanohoshi Nipponbare (cont.) Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi NICS Kusahonami Nipponbare (cont.) Hamasari Samples were harvested at the maturing stage in WeNARC and at the yellow-ripe stage in NICS. Air-dried weight (assumed moisture contents are approximately %). Data at NICS were investigated in Table 4. ing ability of the new WCS varieties under direct seeding Seeding condition WeNARC Upland of whole crop (kg/a) (whole crop) of brown rice (kg/a) (brown rice) Grain weight (mg) Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi Nipponbare (cont.) Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi NICS Paddy Kusahonami Nipponbare (cont.) Hamasari Samples were harvested at the maturing stage in WeNARC and at the yellow-ripe stage in NICS. Air-dried weight (assumed moisture contents are approximately %). Data at NICS were investigated in 2001.

5 Table 5. Feeding value of the New WCS varieties Site WeNARC New rice varieties for whole crop silage use 275 TDN content DCP content TDN yield per (% of dry matter) (% of dry mater) unit area Percentage of TDN yield Hoshiaoba Kusanohoshi Nipponbare (cont.) Kusahonami NICS 1999, 2001 Hamasari(cont.) Nipponbare Samples were harvested at the yellow-ripe stage from transplanting plots. TDN: Total digestible nutrients. DCP: Digestible crude protein. Data were investigated in Data were investigated in NIR (Table 5). The TDN or the DCP contents of these varieties are comparable to those of Nipponbare or Hamasari, a former WCS variety. As their higher whole-crop yield, the new WCS varieties have a TDN yield per unit area (TDN content whole crop yield) superior to those of Nipponbare or Hamasari. The feeding value of round-baled silage made from Kusahonami was estimated by chemical analysis and feeding trials to Holstein cows. Cows fed Kusahonami WCS had equivalent milk yield and superior fat content of milk as compared with those fed timothy hay (Ishida et al. 2000). Hoshiaoba WCS also showed a feeding value equivalent to timothy in milk yield of Holstein cows. Kusanohoshi WCS was comparable to Italian ryegrass silage in palatability, digestion and daily weight gain of rearing cows (unpublished data). Prospect of extension and utilization The new WCS varieties have advantages in yield as a whole crop, grain yield, lodging resistance and disease resistance, as compared with the Japanese varieties for food. Compared to Hamasari, these new varieties have advantages in grain or TDN yield per unit area. The new WCS varieties are considered to be adaptable to low-cost feed production by direct seeding. Therefore, these varieties should be cultivated as the main rice varieties for WCS in Japan. For commercial cultivation of the new WCS varieties, Japan Grassland Farming Forage Seed Association has been carrying out a seed supply program since The following points should be noted for cultivation of the new WCS varieties. The optimum stage for harvesting is considered as yellow-ripe stage from their TDN content or silage quality. Changing the dominant pathotype of blast may cause break down of their resistance to the disease. To control the pathotype with virulence to their resistance, chemical application may be required. 3) These varieties require heavy fertilizing to obtain higher yield: The breeding recommends a total of more than 1.0 kg/a of nitrogen application for Kusahonami. However the risk of lodging may increase under excessively fertilized, although these varieties are resistant to lodging. Acknowledgements We thank Dr. M. Ishida, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, and Dr. N. Yoshida, Saitama Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, for their helpful advices for providing WCS and feeding value estimation. We are also grateful to Okinawa Subtropical Station of Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences for generation advancement of Hoshiaoba. Literature Cited Ishida, M., M.R. Islam, S. Ando, M. Sakai and N. Yoshida (2000) Preliminary observation on milk yield and nutrients utilization by Holstein cows fed the round baled silage of the newly developed variety of whole crop rice, Kanto-shi-206. Kanto Journal of Animal Science 50: (in Japanese with English Summary). Kaneda, C. (1986) Rice breeding for extremely higher yielding ability by Japonica-Indica hybridization. JARQ 19: Kobayashi, A., Y. Koga, H. Uchiyamada, S. Samoto, H. Horiuchi, K. Miura, K. Okuno, Y. Fujita, Y. Uehara, S. Ishizaka, M. Nakagahra, T. Yamada and K. Maruyama (1990) Breeding a new rice variety Oochikara. Bull. Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station 32: (in Japanese with English Summary). Niwayama, T., K. Suzuki, K. Tokura, K. Yagasaki, K. Morita, H. Shiohara, H. Hasegawa, M. Tamura and N. Minegishi (1988) On the new rice variety Kusanami and Hamasari. Bull. Saitama Agricultural Experiment Station 43: 1-19 (in Japanese with English Summary). Sakai, M., H. Shinoda, T. Hoshino and M. Okamoto (1989) A high yielding Indica-Japonica-hybrid rice variety Hoshiyutaka. JARQ 23: