Proceedings of the 21st International Pig Veterinary Society Congress IPVS

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1 Proceedings of the 21st International Pig Veterinary Society Congress IPVS Jul , 2010 Vancouver, Canada Next congress: 22nd International Pig Veterinary Society Congress June 10-13, 2012 Jeju, Korea Reprinted in IVIS with the permission of the IPVS

2 P.793 Performance of sows in rural villages of Western Kenya Florence K. Mutua 1 Cate Dewey 2 Samuel Arimi 3 Michael Levy 2 William Ogara 3 Esther Schelling 4 1. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 2. University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; 3. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; 4. Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland Local pig farming is an important source of livelihood in many rural communities of Western Kenya (1, 2). Sows are important in sustaining this important sector. Data on their performance is currently lacking. Such information is crucial for the pig farmer to identify target areas for farm improvement. Studies on the performance of pigs have only been done on commercial farms keeping exotic breeds (3). The purpose of this study was to provide baseline information on the reproductive performance of sows raised by small-holder pig farmers in rural villages of Busia and Kakamega districts, Western Kenya. Materials and Methods We studied a random sample of 288 local pig farmers in the two districts of Western Kenya. Farms were randomly identified and visited three times in the course of the study period (June 2006 to October 2008). Information on sow productivity was gathered by means of questionnaires administered to sow owners in face to face interviews. All data were managed and analysed in Stata statistical software. Student s t-tests were used to compare data between districts. Results The mean number of sows owned per farm per visit was 1.3 (SD=0.62) on farms where at least one sow was present when the farm visit was made. Farmers in Kakamega bred their sows more times (2.4) compared to farmers in Busia (1.8) (p<0.05). The average prices for sows purchased as piglets ( 4 weeks), growing pigs (4-8 weeks) or adults were Ksh 619 (SD=178), Ksh 813 (SD=457) and Ksh 3060 (SD=684) respectively. Piglets were cheaper in Busia (Ksh 509 SD=57) than in Kakamega (Ksh 777 SD=174) (p< 0.05). Pigs were weaned at an average age of 5.4 (SD=3.3) weeks. The mean number of piglets born alive was 7.87(SD 2.67) and the mean number of piglets weaned was 6.60 (SD 3.25). A median and mean pre-wean mortality of 0% and 13% (SD=26) was reported. The median and mean age for sows at first breeding was 6 and 8.25 (SD=4.8) months, respectively. Sows were bred months after piglets were weaned. Sows were sold at Ksh 2286 (SD=934), Ksh 2603 (SD=996) and Ksh 2830 (SD=1114) for the lowest, highest and expected price respectively. Most sows (91%; 74/81) were sold to pork butcher men who slaughtered them for immediate local consumption. Many sows were sold immediately after their first litter (56%; 33/59). Sources of breeding boars included; boars that were borrowed from a neighbour (77%), farmer s-own boar (14%), group-owned boars (0.4%) and boars that were free-roaming in the villages (2%). Discussion This study has provided important production data that was previously lacking. Increasing the productivity and profitability of small-holder pigs directly contributes to the social and economic wellbeing of households in low-income countries. Some of the opportunities that may increase sow productivity include; improved sow feeding, shorter wean to breed interval, breeding more than one in an estrus, keeping sows for more than one litter by lowering the female culling rate, introduction of improved genetics with better litter size. There is need for more detailed research particularly on potential management factors influencing sow productivity (number of born alive piglets, farrowing rate, sows age at first farrowing and piglet mortality). 1 Mutua et al (2007). J Swine Hlth Prod, 15(4); Githigia et al (2005). The Kenya Veterinarian, 29: Wabacha et al (2004). Pre Vet Med, 63; Proceedings of the 21 st IPVS Congress, Vancouver, Canada July 18-21,

3 P.794 Reproductive parameters in pregnant sows adapted from a conventional system to an organic system Roberto G. Martinez; Yadira Miranda; Jorge R. Lopez; Roberto Martinez-Rodriguez; Mario E. Haro Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, DF, Mexico An alternative to the industrial pork production is the development of market niches. An example o f this is the production of organic pork meat, in order that a product goes through one system to another, it is necessary a conversion process. However, there is not study that indicates any change in breeding parameter with sows which have been adapted from one system to the other. It is known that sows in conventional system could have breeding problems when there are some food changes or environmental changes; that why the reason of knowing the breeding behavior in sows which have been adapted from a conventional system to an organic one. Material and Methods It was carried out in a pig farm localized 100 km northeast from México City in a separated area from the rest of the farm (term established by IFOAM). Six yard with concrete floor (28.26m2 each one) and an outside area with land floor (197.62m2) were used for this research. This space fulfills the specifications that are established by certifying organizations (2.5m2/sow in inside area, and 1.9m2/sow in outside areas). It was used 17 adult sows, 11 of them were placed in yards with outside area and the other 6 in confinement. At the moment of weaning they were separated in 3 groups. A. 6 sows in an organic management and also organic food; B. 6 sows in equal conditions but conventional food. C. 6 sows in an intensive management. It was registered number of births, number of services, length of estrus, length of gestation, physical conditions at the moment of birth, dorsal grease at the moment of birth, length of the birth, internal between birth, number of mail piglets meconium, total number of newborn piglets, number of dead piglets and weight at the moment of birth. Each variable was analyzed using AND- EVA in a new design completely randomized. Results The result are presented in the following table. Table 1. Group A B C Services Estrus (hrs) Gestation length (days) 116.3a 115.4a 113.8b Backfat mm 17.8a 20.7b 20.7b Colostrum (hrs) Farrow lenght (hrs) 4.03ab 6.6a 2.9b Birth Interval (hrs) 37.7A 31.9a 17.1b Total born average 9.66A 12.6ab 13.5b Dead born average L.Meconium 0.33a 0.8a 3.33b Weigh (kg) Different literals in the same line indicate (P<0.05) Discussion The sows in the organic system with both types of diet had similar parameters to the control sows, except with parameters related with the length of birth, they were higher than the controls; the previous is related with less stress conditions at birth. 1. Estienne, J.M et al. J. Journal of Swine Health and Production. 14 (5): Mc Glone; et al. Professional Animal Scientist. 4: CERTIMEX, Xactualizadas2005%5B4%5D.pdf 4. Kuehl RO. (2001). Thomsom Learning México. México D.F Acknowledge PAPIIT IN Proceedings of the 21 st IPVS Congress, Vancouver, Canada July 18-21,

4 P.795 The removal of gilts and primiparous sows from swine breeding herds in Thailand Atthaporn Roongsitthichai 1 Em-on Olanratmanee 1 Seri Koonjaenak 2 Mongkol Techakumphu 1 Padet Tummaruk 1 1. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand In general, the removal of sows from breeding herds consisted of planned (i.e., old and low productivity) and unplanned (e.g., reproductive failure, lameness, sudden dead) reasons (1). It has been demonstrated that at least three litters are required from sows before a positive cash flow could be obtained (2). Unfortunately, 15-20% of the removal sows produced only one litter (1, 2) and most of these were culled due to unplanned reasons (1). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pattern and reasons for culling gilts and primiparous sows in swine herds of Thailand. Materials and methods Data from 38,323 gilts and sows culled from eight swine herds in Thailand between 2006 and 2009 were included. The herds are located in the eastern, western, middle, and northeastern parts of Thailand between latitude N and longitude E. The sow on production in the herds was between 1,600 and 4,000 sows. The sow breeds were chiefly Landrace x Yorkshire (LY) crossbred and some were L and Y. Conventional artificial insemination (AI) was used in all herds. Most gilts and sows were housed in a conventional open-housing system with water sprinklers and fans. They were kept in individual stalls during gestation and in individual farrowing pens during lactation. All herds produced replacement gilts within the herd by their own grandparent (GP) stocks (L and Y). In general, the gilts were mated at 32 weeks of age with 135 kg of body weight at the second or later observed estrus. Vaccination for gilts and sows included foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, Aujeszky s disease, porcine Parvovirus, and arthrophic rhinitis. The gilts and sows received ad libitum water via water nipples. The feed was provided once or twice a day (about kg/day/head during gestation and kg/day/head during lactation). The feed was rice-maize-soybean-fish base containing g crude protein, MJ metabolizable energy and 8 10 g lysine/kg. Generally, the planned removal was performed after the sows reached the sixth parity. Results and Discussion Of all slaughtered females, 14.5% (n=5,543) and 13.8% (n=5,302) were removed as gilts and primiparous sows respectively (Figure 1). Of all the removed females, 93.2% was sent to slaughterhouse, 6.8% was found dead, and 0.02% was euthanized. The reasons for culling of gilts and primiparous sows are demonstrated in Table 1. Figure 1 Percentage of gilts and sows removed from herds by parity number at removal (n=38,383 females) Table 1 Reasons for culling in gilts (n=5,543) and primiparous sows (n=5,302) in 8 swine herds in Thailand Reasons for culling Gilts (%) Primiparous sows (%) Anestrus Not pregnancy Vaginal discharge Abortion Lameness Illness Others The present study indicated that reproductive disorders are the most common reason for culling gilts and primiparous sows, in agreement with earlier studies (1,2). Most of the reproductive problems of the female included anestrus, not pregnancy, vaginal discharge, and abortion. In addition, it also indicates that at least 28.3% of the female produced only one litter or less when they were culled. 1. Engblom et al., Livest. Sci. 106: Lucia et al., Livest. Prod. Sci. 63: Proceedings of the 21 st IPVS Congress, Vancouver, Canada July 18-21,

5 P.796 Productive life and reasons for removal of sows in four pig farms in Yucatan Jesús E. Ek-Mex; José Segura-Correa; Alejandro Alzina-López; Joaquín Rodríguez Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, University of Yucatan, Merida, YUC, Mexico An alternative to increase the profitability of hog farms is to increase the length of productive life (PL) of sows, which is interrupted by different causes that affect their productivity. The establishment of the causes of removal of sows is critical in the culling and replacement programs to implement preventive measures. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of farm, number of piglets born alive at first farrowing (NBA) and age at first farrowing (AFF) on the length of the PL and number of parity (NP), and the main causes of removal sows. Materials and Methods We used data from four pig farms representative of the central area of Yucatan Mexico. The farms are of the intensive system and technically. Production records to estimate PL and causes of removal of sows were the year and were obtained from Pigchamp program. The variables used were: identification of farms and sows, NP, NBA, AFF, date and cause of removal. The PL was defined as the number of days between first farrowing and removal, or termination of data collection (1). To determine the length of the PL and NP will use a model with fixed effects of farm, NBA and AFF. The data of the causes of removal were analyzed in general and by NP using descriptive statistics. Resulted and Discussion Table 1 shows the results for PL and NP of sows per farm, NBA and AFF. Other studies also reported an effect of these factors on the PL and NP (1, 2). The main causes of removal were reproductive problems (26.75%), which agree with other studies (3, 4). The highest percentage of removal occurred in the parities 6 to 14 with 28.7%, of which 83% were removal because of advanced age. In the party 0 the 51.3% of sows were removal for reproductive reasons (Table 2). Similar results have been reported by other authors (3). Table 1. Least Square Means and standard errors (±EE) for NP and PL of sow removal. Sources of variation n NP (±EE) PL (±EE) Farm (0.04)a (6.32)a0% Farm (0.17)c (25.80)c Farm (0.32)ab (49.32)bc Farm (0.11)b (16.59)c NBA (0.10)a (15.15)a NBA (0.10)b (16.22)b NBA (0.10)b (16.10)b AFF (0.11)b (16.70)c AFF (0.10)b (16.15)b AFF (0.09)a (14.82)a Different literal in column indicates significant difference (P <0.05). Table 2. Frequency (%) of removal reason of sows by parity number (NP) at removal Reasons of removal NP at removal Total % Reproduction Locomotion Productivity Diseases Old age Miscellaneous No. of Sows Total (%) In conclusion difference was found between farms, NBA and AFF on the length of the PL and NP of the sows. The main causes of removal of sows were reproductive problems. 1. Engblom et al., (2008) J. Anim. Sci. 86: Serenius and Stalder. (2007) Animal. 1: Lucia et al., (2000) Livest.Prod.Sci.63: Engblom et al., (2007) Livest.Sci.106: Proceedings of the 21 st IPVS Congress, Vancouver, Canada July 18-21,