Moderator: John Swanson, Michigan Vegetable Council Board / EXPO Board. 9:00 a.m. Using Herbicides to Manage Weeds in Cucumbers Effectively

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1 Pikling Cuumber Tuesdy morning 9:00 m Modertor: John Swnson, Mihign Vegetble Counil Bord / EXPO Bord 9:00.m. Using Herbiides to Mnge Weeds in Cuumbers Effetively Bernrd Zndstr, Hortiulture Dept., MSU 9:20.m. Using Cover Crops to Extend Produtivity of Pikle Fields Mthieu Ngoujio, Hortiulture Dept., MSU 9:40.m. Pikle Pkers Interntionl Progrms in Support of the Pikle Industry Brin Bursiek, Pikle Pkers Interntionl, Wshington, DC 10:00.m. Advnes in Pikle Prodution in Delwre Ed Kee, Univ. of Delwre. Georgetown, DE 10:30.m. Impts of Downy Mildew on Pikle Prodution Mry Husbek, Plnt Pthology Dept., MSU

2 Using Herbiides to Mnge Weeds in Cuumbers Effetively Bernrd Zndstr Mihign Stte University Est Lnsing, Mihign Current Herbiide Registrtions for Cuumbers Curbit (ethlflurlin) PRE Commnd (lomzone) PRE Strtegy (ethlflurlin+lomzone) PRE Snde (hlosulfuron) PRE & POST Prr (bensulide) PRE Alnp (nptlm) PRE & POST Trln (triflurlin) PRE Post & Selet (grss killer) POST Grmoxone, Roundup POST Review of 2005 Weed Control Hot nd dry during most of the growing seson. Curbit ws less fetive with no moisture. Grsses were diffiult to kill POST. Some fields beme weedy bore hrvest nd yields my hve been redued. Irrigted fields hd better weed ontrol. Wht did we lern in 2005? Poor grss ontrol slowed rop growth nd redued yield. One grss ws estblished it ws hrd to kill under the hot, dry onditions. Brodleves were esier to ontrol thn grsses nd hd less negtive fet on yield. A uumber weed ontrol progrm my inlude PRE nd POST herbiides. Potentil New Lbels for Vine Crops Dul Mgnum Pumpkin, sqush, gourd Mtrix Cuumber, melon Chteu Cuumber, melon Rlex Cuumber, melon, summer sqush Cuumber Weed Control Reommendtions 2006 Curbit 2 pt + Commnd 0.67 pt PRE Snde 0.5 oz + Selet 0.5 pt + NIS POST, if needed or Strtegy 3-4 pt PRE Snde + Selet + NIS POST, if needed; delete NIS if you hve hd injury

3 Using Cover Crops to Extend Produtivity in Pikle Fields Mthieu Ngoujio Deprtment of Hortiulture, Mihign Stte University 428 Plnt nd Soil Sienes Building, Est Lnsing, Mihign, USA INTRODUCTION Mihign ontinues to be the ntionl leder for pikling uumber prodution. In 2004, pikling uumber prodution in Mihign represented bout 30% of the totl ntionl prodution. Vlue of the prodution totled $35.4 million out of $246 million for the entire Mihign vegetble industry. Most pikling uumber in Mihign is produed under intensive systems, with lrge portion of the rege grown for one-over mehnil hrvest. Beuse of the short growing yle of mhine hrvested pikling uumber, some growers hve dopted double ropping (two rops per seson) s tehnique to optimize yields nd redue the risks ssoited with environmentl onditions. Both double ropping nd lk of good lnd for long term rop rottion hve put more pressure on pikle grounds. Pikle growers hve generlly mintined good gronomi prties to improve soil qulity; however, yields under systems with low biodiversity nd short rop rottions hve been below optimum. The verge stte yield hs fllen from 6.7 tons/a in 1987 to only bout 5.4 tons/a in 2003 nd 5.0 tons/a in One wy of improving biodiversity nd soil qulity without mjor impts on urrent prties ould be integrtion of over rops into uumber rottions. The objetive of this study ws to determine if over rops ould be used to extend the produtivity of pikle fields under intensive prodution systems. We estblished long term experiment in 2002 using 4 overs rop tretments. 1) Sorghum sudngrss; 2) Cerel rye; 3) Hiry veth; nd 4) bre ground ontrol without over rops. We hve been monitoring pikle yield in those plots from 2002 to This report presents some of the benits of using over rops, quntifies nutrient ontent of hiry veth nd erel rye, nd finlly, presents pikling uumber yield under over rops nd bre ground systems. SOME BENEFITS OF COVER CROPS - Redues weed popultions - Redues the development of resistnt weeds - Prevents the buildup of insets nd diseses (breks disese yle) - Improves soil qulity (orgni mtter, wter holding pity, mirobil popultion, nd struture) - Redues the ost of nitrogen fertilizer - Inreses yield - Improves yield stbility (redues risks)

4 RESEARCH RESULTS ON COVER CROPS AND PICKLE PRODUCTION 1. Nutrient ontent of erel rye nd hiry veth. Cerel rye nd hiry veth re mong the most widely used over rops in Mihign. Beuse they re ble to survive through the hrsh winter, they n be plnted reltively lte in the fll. Therore, erel rye nd hiry n fit in most ropping systems under Mihign growing onditions. Tble 1. Biomss prodution nd nutrient ontent of winter hrdy over rops used in uumber prodution in Mihign. Nutrient ontent in over rops Cover Crops Biomss N P K Mg C Fe Mn Cu Zn Lbs/A % ppm Hiry Veth Cerel Rye Lbs/Are Hiry Veth Cerel Rye Beuse of the lrge mount of N produed by hiry veth, it is reommended to djust N fertiliztion ordingly. Too muh N ould foster exessive vegettive growth nd ultimtely low yield. Our preliminry results show improved yield nd fiieny of the prodution system when hiry veth residues re llowed to deompose for 2 to 3 weeks bore plnting of uumber. Rye should be killed t young stge to void nutrients tie up by the residue. 2. Cn Cover Crops Improve Cuumber Yield Over the four yers of this study, the bre ground system hs onsistently produed low yields. The only exeption ws the low uumber yield in the hiry veth system during 2003 growing seson. Mrketble yield of uumber ws high nd firly stble in the sorghum sudngrss nd erel rye system throughout the yers. Averge yield inrese under those two over rops vried between 41 nd 112% depending on yer ompred to the bre ground system. Exept for 2003, yield inrese in the hiry veth vried between 45 nd 89%. In 2003 yield in the hiry veth system ws exeptionlly low. Not enough time ws llowed for hiry veth to deompose nd soil moisture ws limited during the seson due to low preipittions. Additionl studies hve indited tht to optimize uumber yield in the hiry veth system, grower should void plnting uumber within the first 2 to 3 weeks following inorportion of residue. Overll mrketble yield of uumber ws lower in 2005 thn in the previous two yers. This my be n erly wrning tht even with over rops, it is not prtil for long term sustinbility to grow four onseutive uumber rops on the sme ground.

5 Tble 2. Long term fets of soil mngement with over rops on pikling uumber yield. Cover rop 1 Cuumber totl nd mrketble yield in Lbs/100 ft 2 Totl yield Mrketble yield Sudngrss Cerel Rye Hiry veth Bre ground AVERAGE Individul over rops were mintined in the sme plots during four yers. The soil is sndy lom. Mrketble yield inludes Grdes 1, 2, nd 3. Totl yield inludes oversized fruits nd other ulls. Tble 3. Long term fets of soil mngement with over rops on pikling uumber yield. Cover rop 1 Cuumber totl nd mrketble yield in % of the bre ground ontrol Totl yield % of the bre ground Mrketble yield % of the bre ground Sudngrss Cerel Rye Hiry veth Bre ground Individul over rops were mintined in the sme plots during four yers. The soil is sndy lom. Mrketble yield inludes Grdes 1, 2, nd 3. Totl yield inludes oversized fruits nd other ulls. CONCLUSION Our dt from the 4 yers of work on over rops indite tht over rops n help mintin high produtivity of pikle fields. However, this should not be regrded s substitute for rop rottion but rther tool to supplement rop rottions. Also, ontinuous use of the sme over rop should be voided when possible. Aknowledgements This work ws supported in prt by PPRC MSU (Pikle nd Pepper Reserh Committee for Mihign Stte University), PPI (Pikle Pkers Interntionl In), NC-SARE, nd the Mihign Vegetble Counil. Pikling uumber seeds were provided by Seminis.

6 Impts of Downy Mildew on Pikle Prodution Mry K.Husbek, Professor, Brin Cortright, nd Amnd Gevens Mihign Stte University, Deprtment of Plnt Pthology (517) On August 5, downy mildew ws onfirmed for the first time on uumbers in Mihign. Lter in the summer, it ws lso onfirmed on yellow sqush nd zuhini. The widespred uumber mosi virus mde mtters worse. Downy mildew developed in severl regions in Mihign inluding mjor vegetble prodution regions, nd thousnds of res, primrily of uumbers, were ffeted (Fig. 1). All uurbit rops (pumpkin, sqush, melons, zuhini, gourds) re potentilly t risk from this disese. Downy mildew lso used devstting losses for growers in Delwre, North Crolin, Georgi, nd other sttes in the southest lst yer. Downy mildew ws doumented in Wisonsin (uumber), Illinois (pumpkin, sqush, wtermelon), Indin (pumpkin), nd Missouri (wtermelon). Downy mildew uses symptoms on the leves similr to mosi or ngulr lef spot. The telltle symptom of downy mildew is the drk, purplish/gry fuzz on the underside of the lef giving somewht dirty or velvet pperne. This fuzz my be most evident in the morning. Downy mildew is well-known for using tstrophi losses in bri period of time. When the onditions re fvorble, unproteted folige n beome ompletely infeted nd pper to be frosted within 10 dys of initil infetion. To win the wr ginst downy mildew, hemil ontrol must be foused on using the most fetive produts, lternting the produts, nd pplying fungiides t short intervls. Results from our downy mildew reserh indite tht the most fetive spry progrms inlude the following: Previur (propmorb hydrohloride, Byer CropSiene) plus Brvo (hlorothlonil, Syngent Crop Protetion) lternted with Tnos 50DF (ymoxnil + fmoxdone, DuPont Crop Protetion) plus mnozeb (or Tnos plus Brvo) (Fig. 2). Our study ws onduted in young pikling uumber field tht ws lredy showing erly downy mildew symptoms nd sporultion. Overll, fungiides re more likely to be fetive when pplied prior to the pperne of downy mildew. Previur ws ritil omponent of the fungiide progrm (Fig. 3). It ppered to be espeilly Fig. 1. Confirmed downy mildew reports in Mihign, 4 August-5 September, Numbers represent the order of downy mildew onfirmtion. fetive nd offered different mode of tion from tht of Tnos 50DF. Tnos 50DF hs three-dy PHI nd Previur hs two-dy PHI. The ddition of mnozeb inreses the PHI to five dys. Brvo hs 0 dy PHI. In ddition to fungiide pplition, it ws reommended tht ny infeted vines remining fter hrvest should be killed with n herbiide or plowed under immeditely so tht they do not serve s soure of downy mildew for nerby rops. The downy mildew pthogen nnot survive Mihign winters.

7 Nerosis (%) f Nerosis (%) Aug 13 Sep b b b b f d b bd b de f b Mrketble yield (lb per 20 ft x 4 rows) f Untreted Previur +Brvo (-lt-) Tnos 10 oz d Previur +Brvo (-lt-) Tnos 10 oz (-lt-) Gvel 2 lb Previur +Brvo (-lt-) Tnos 10 oz (-lt-) Arobt 0.4 lb b Previur +Brvo d Tnos Arobt 10 oz 50WP 6.4 oz Gvel 75WG 2 lb Mrketble yield Six tretments pplied t 5-dy intervls Ridomil Gold MZ 76WP 2.5 lb Mnzte Pristine 38WG 1.17 lb Amistr 80WG 5 oz Flint 50WG 4 oz e Aliette 80WG 5 lb e Rnmn 3.6SC 2.75 fl oz Omeg 4FL Brvo Wether Stik 6SC b Previur +Brvo (1-2,4-5,7-8) Tnos 10 oz (3,6) Fig. 2. Downy mildew tril on pikle. Six tretments were pplied t 5-dy intervls from 17 August to 12 September. Disese ws rted on 30 August nd 13 September, nd yield ws tken on 15 September. Brs with letter in ommon re not signifintly different.

8 Fig. 3. Downy mildew fungiide tril yield omprison. Untreted ontrol (lt) versus reommended progrm (right), Previur + Brvo lternted with Tnos + mnozeb. One downy mildew ws onfirmed s serious thret to Mihign uumber growers, uumber ultivrs in germplsm tril were evluted for this disese. Four ultivrs remined disese-free during this tril: Cross Country, Lynx, PI nd PI Industry stndrds Vlspik nd Vlssper were suseptible. As it ppers tht downy mildew is signifint thret to U.S. uumber growers, disese resistnt ultivrs re n importnt prt of n overll disese mngement progrm.