Soil cultivation in organic production, depending on soil structure and crop, necessary machines for organic production. pictures: oekolandbau.

Transcription

1 Soil cultivation in organic production, depending on soil structure and crop, necessary machines for organic production pictures: oekolandbau.de 1

2 Soil organic Matter Capacity Factors (adapted from JENNY 1941, DICK & GREGORICH 2004) 2

3 Soil erosion: cause of wrong cultivation picture: Kainz, TUM 3

4 Easiest way of organic cultivation picture: Hülsbergen, TUM 4

5 Different types of soils Type light soils medium heavy soils properties sandy soils, gravelly, clay less <10% silt, alluvial soils, clay 10-35% water capacity bad medium good culture management seed plough tillage even in ligth moist condions possible intercrops are duty! compression with rollers is necessary deepness should be changed every year! 20-30cm moist condions are not acceptable! optimal seed date required cm deepness heavy soils clay > 35%; minute soils moist condions are not acceptable! intercrops are beneficial optimal seed date required, danger of silation/encrustation cm deepness out of: LWK Nordrhein Westfalen, Ratgeber

6 Soil assessment: Stages of possible tillage measures hard soil not ideal for tillage machines can drive on the field without damage crumbling soil ideal for tillage machines can drive on field but soil compression is possible! light machines should be used! plasty soil no tillage!!! compression is possible with every machine! pictures: Hasinger; oekolandbau.de 6

7 ph and Calcium is the glue of humus and soil particles! Ca - bridge between clay and humus clay humus alway look at your ph-level of your soils! Optimums is a ph of 6,5-7 picture: DSV-Saaten 7

8 Reaction of soybeans on soil properties Reaction of soybeans on: deep loosening of the soil (also in rows) ++ high amount of fine earth +++ intensive loosening/aereating on the whole field soil compaction in the top soil - - soil compaction in deeper soil regions 0 Crop residues of the previous crop: in the cultivated row - - beetween the cultivated rows 0 packeges of straw under the cultivated rows encrustation (lack of air) source:presentation Schönberger, Deutschbrodersdorf,

9 Plough - systems Gassner, doublelayer plough flat turning of the soil in combination with deep loosening pictures: Kverneland, Gassner 9

10 Sowing Combinations roll-disc coulter vs. drag coulter Lemken & pictures of own seeding machine 10

11 Tines-Seed machine for stoney acres beneficial especially for so called mussle-lime acres cross-kill pressure roller in the front serves to press the stones into the soil pictures: Schreyer, Naturland 2012 & Biohof Demann

12 Single-Seed-Systems for row cultures necessary for cultivating corn, soybeans and sunflowers favorable für peas, faba beans and lupins possible row width: 37,5cm, 50cm & 75cm (only for corn) picture: Horsch 12

13 Equipement for good soil cultivation - pressure rollers Self-Cleaning pressure roller picture: Güttler 13

14 harvest depression - soil compaction» analysis of the consequences» mechanical soil pressure 0 t 2,6 t 4,6 t of wheel loads» and the cultivation of peas pure peas seed vs. peas-oat-mixture» on the soil and the yieald of the peas Bearbeitung: M. Wild et al. 14

15 Soil compaction - Pressure propagation Pressure Onions in the soil after Tyres/tracks And Soil Compaction Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon LfL: M. Wild et al. 15

16 Ground pressure air capacities 10-15cm means of ± SE n > 72 sandy loam loamy sand silt with clay silty loam silty loam M. Wild et al. 16

17 Ground pressure mixture/pure seed means ± SE, Tukey p < 0.05 n= 12 pure peas yield mixture yield of peas in the mixture M. Wild et al. 17

18 Effect of soil pressure % % means ± SE, Tukey p < 0.05 n= % Erbse pure peas Reinsaat Erbse yield im of peas Gemenge in the mixture 0 0 t 2 t 4 t 18» M. Wild et al. 18

19 Solutions to reduce soil compaction Less pressure in the tires, from 1,5 bar 0,8 till 0,4 bar automatic air pressure control for tires lighter machines & wider wheels saddlemounted machines vs. machines direct at the tractor pictures: oekolandbau.de, rm-landtechniksysteme & own 19

20 First impression of the acre condition in the Ukraine Several soil compactions can be seen after extensive rainfalls Investment in Drainage systems should be considered 20

21 Weed control - Minimum equipement The Striegel pictures: own 21

22 Root - Weeds like thistle no chance for a Striegel! 1 - Seedling, 2 - same plant in the next year in august 3 - ploughed plant with a strong stem head on a stolon Developement of a thistle Expansion of the roots from 2 to 12 m per year in a deepness of 20-30cm Schmidtke, Naturland-thistle-day

23 Weed control/soil loosening machines - Cultivator pictures: Lemken & Maschinenbau Treffler 23

24 Kiew method to regulate thistles illustration: Kiew method for the mechanical regulation of thistles during the stubble management optimal stage for weekening the thistle when it has 6-8 leaves according to a height of 5-10cm Schmidtke, Naturland-thistle-day

25 Weed control/soil loosening machines - Harrows pictures: Lemken & Maschinenbau Treffler 25

26 Row hoe chopsters for cereals, maize... Camera - navigation in combination with a Striegel pictures: Einböck and own 26

27 Good old human navigation 27

28 Causes of damage with different kinds of hoe chopsters finger hoes can really pull out the main culture hoe equipment can t enter into the soil properly when it is too dry! 28

29 Conclusions the weigth of machines is the crucial point! affects the yield, especially of legumes saving water with intercrops and the right tillage measures are necessary intelligent use of rollers! Single seed systems are required/favorable for row cultures Hoe-systems are necessary for row cultures the weather is the boss of our farmers... 29

30 Thanks for your attention! 30